Corruption (Kick-back)

Source:https://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/kickback.asp

How a Kickback Works

While kickbacks can take many different forms, they all feature some sort of collusion
between two parties. For example, the bookkeeper for a business or government office
might approve an invoice for goods, knowing that the bill is inflated. The seller of the goods
might then pay the bookkeeper part of the difference (or some other kind of reward).
Kickback schemes are among the most difficult white-collar crimes to detect and investigate.

Kickbacks can also be used to buy a positive recommendation for the kickback provider. For
example, a government employee responsible for managing contractors on an infrastructure
project–such as the building of a bridge–might receive a kickback for choosing one
contractor over another. This may result in a better-qualified contractor not winning the bid.

ontracts can be fertile ground for kickback schemes. For example, in the granting of a
government contract for office equipment, contractors interested in winning the business are
typically required to bid against each other. Rather than playing fair, a contractor might reach
out to a procurement officer and indicate that, if the contractor were to win, the officer would
be rewarded. The reward might be cash, concert tickets, etc.

These are some common kickback warning signs. They don't necessarily mean that
anything nefarious is going on, but the more of them there are, the greater the likelihood of a
kickback scheme.

● No competitive bidding process (or lower bids are ignored)

● Lack of appropriate supervision during the purchasing process
● Higher-than-average prices for goods or services
● Recommendation to use a vendor that others shun
● A vendor with frequent legal or regulatory problems
● Employees are too friendly with vendors
● Management pressures staff to use a particular vendor
● Vendors are in an industry where kickbacks are common
● Employees continue to use vendors that provide poor products or services
● Delivery dates are repeatedly missed

Kickbacks increase the cost of doing business in countries around the world; they also form
the basis for much of the world's government corruption. Companies looking to supply
products or services to countries known for corruption may find that they have to pay
numerous officials in order to be considered for a contract. The perception that a kickback
scheme will go unpunished—or that punishment will be light—is a primary driver for officials
willing to take bribes. In some cases, they may be poorly paid and see kickbacks as a way to
supplement a meager salary.
Even if it is the local custom, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes bribing foreign
officials illegal for all companies listed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),
any company organized in the United States, or any citizen or resident.1

Example of a Kickback
On Wall Street, brokers sometimes route all orders to a particular exchange (even though
they are required by law to execute trades with the one that offers the best terms, or
best-execution, for their clients). Rather than choosing the exchange that offers the most
competitive price and has the highest likelihood of completing the trade in a timely manner,
the broker may take a kickback in exchange for routing all of their trades to that particular
exchange. This can ultimately lead to slower execution and higher transaction costs for
clients. The industry refers to the practice as "rebates." While rebates may amount to only a
fraction of a cent of each share traded, over time, considerable sums can be accrued.

In the advertising business, kickbacks can take the form of rebates or fraudulent billing for
nonexistent services. Clients pay the price with higher costs or a lower level of service than
they normally would expect for their money. Shrinking agency fees and a hard-to-understand
digital marketplace are providing the motivation and cover for such actions.

The Complete Introduction to Economics

Learning the basics of economics is easier than you think, especially when courses are
taught by instructors from all over the world. With Udemy, you’ll be able to understand what
economics is all about and the difference between microeconomics and macroeconomics.
You’ll also be able to take courses that span over 65 languages and have a 30-day
money-back guarantee. Learn more about Udemy and get started today.