Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Computer Systems

1.1 Introduction to Computer Systems

 Definition of a Computer System: A computer system is a combination of hardware

and software components that work together to perform tasks.
 Basic Components:
o Hardware: Physical components like CPU, memory, input/output devices.
o Software: Programs and operating systems that control the hardware and
enable user interaction.

1.2 Components of a Computer System

 CPU (Central Processing Unit): Processes instructions and performs calculations.

 Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for data and programs currently in use.
 Storage Devices: Long-term storage for data and programs (e.g., hard drives, SSDs).
 Input Devices: Devices that input data into the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse).
 Output Devices: Devices that output processed data (e.g., monitor, printer).

1.3 Input, Process, Output (IPO) Cycle

 Input: Data entered into the computer through input devices.

 Process: CPU processes data according to instructions provided by software.
 Output: Results are displayed or printed via output devices.

1.4 Types of Software

 System Software: Controls basic operations of computer hardware (e.g., operating

systems).
 Application Software: Programs that perform specific tasks for users (e.g., word
processors, web browsers).

1.5 Types of Hardware

 Input Devices: Convert human-readable data into machine-readable form (e.g.,

keyboard, mouse).
 Output Devices: Convert machine-readable data into human-readable form (e.g.,
monitor, printer).
 Storage Devices: Hold data and programs permanently or temporarily (e.g., hard
drives, USB drives).
 Processing Devices: Perform calculations and execute instructions (e.g., CPU).

1.6 Data Representation

 Binary System: Computers use binary (base-2) system consisting of 0s and 1s to

represent data.
 Bits and Bytes: Basic units of data storage (8 bits = 1 byte).
 Character Encoding: ASCII and Unicode are standards for representing characters.

Summary
 Understanding computer systems involves knowledge of hardware and software
components, their functions, and how they work together to process data and perform
tasks.
 Key concepts include the CPU, memory, storage devices, input/output devices,
software types, and data representation.