The Effect of Water Influx on p/z-Cumulative Gas
Production Curves
J. R. BRUNS
MEMBER AIME
M. J. FETKOVICH
JUNIOR MEMBER AIME
V. C. MEITZ EN
Abstract
The relationship between p/z and cumulative gas pro-
duction for typical gas reservoirs was studied by calcu-
lating pressure response to various modes of gas produc-
tion and water encroachment. Water encroachment meth-
ods considered were Schilthuis, Hurst simplified and van
Everdingen-Hurst. In the method, the assumptions normal-
ly made in water encroachment calculations were accepted.
Normally, pressures are measured and the gas reserves
and water encroachment found implicitly. Conversely, in
this work various encroachment factors, reserves and res-
ervoir-aquifer geometry were assumed and the pressures
solved implicitly.
The results show the spectrum of p/z shapes that can
be expected for real reservoirs. With normal encroach-
ment rates for closed aquifers the p/z chart exhibits the
typical inflection at early times. This has sometimes been
interpreted as all measurement error. These studies have
shown that a new look should be taken at interpretation.
It is rather dangerous to extrapolate "straight-line" p/z
charts if encroachment from an aquifer is slispected.
Introduction
A common method of predicting gas reserves is the
graphical solution to the gas material balance equation.
A special case of the material balance equation is linear
in p/z with cumulative gas production (G p ) which pre-
dicts the initial in-place gas when p/z is extrapolated to
zero. Derivation of this form is based on the equation of
state, corrected for compressibility (p V = znRT), and,
particularly, on the reservoir being closed (no water en-
croachment). A straight line on the p / z chart results when
these conditions hold. However, an apparent straight line
on the chart does not assure that the reservoir is closed.
Many of the curves show a rapid decline in the early stages
of production after which they flatten out. Confusion arises
as to whether these characteristics are caused totally by
pressure measurements. To answer this question in part,
a series of controlled mathematical experiments was per-
Original manuscript received in Society of Petroleum Engineers office
July 13. 1964. Revised manuscript received Feb. 2', 1965. Paper presented
at SPE 39th Annual Fall Meeting held in Houston, Tex., Oct. 11-14, I!lC4,
MARCH, 1965 SPE 898
PHILlIPS PETROLEUM CO.
BARTLESVILLE, OKLA.
formed in which a typical gas field was produced subject
to various forms of water encroachment. These runs .vere
specifically designed to eliminate measurement errc . by
calculating pressures at the inner boundary of the aquifer.
The resultant p/z charts were thus made available for study
and direction in predicting reserves and to indica!'! the
curvature that can be expected in addition to that caused
by normal measurement error.
Solution of the Basic Equation for p/z
The basic equation solved for p and p/z is derived in
Appendix A. It is
K,S( p.f)
G" = G, + B - B--
(J YI
(1)
G" and G, are the apparent and real values of original gas
in place and are derived by assuming a closed reservoir
for G,,, and one open to an aquifer for G, .. The function
S(p,t) is defined by three methods-Schilthuis, durst
simplified or van Everdingen-Hurst. '-' The definitions of
these functions are given in Appendix B.
Eq. 1 is the linear function that is commonly plotted
(G a vs S(p,t) / B - B,) with the intercept predicting the
original gas in place and slope predicting the water en-
croachment factor."" This is a graphical solution of Eq.
1 when histories on pressure and cumulative productions
are known. In some cases the equation has been rear-
ranged so a plot can be made such that the encroach-
ment factor is predicted by the intercept and the reserve
by the slope.'
In the calculations presented in this paper, in-place
values, water encroachment factors, rock fluid properties,
and cumulative production were set. Eq. I was solved
implicitly for p/z.
The equivalent of Eq. 1 in terms of p/z is
p/z = ~z, [
G-G, 1 (2)
G"
L,p,K,S(P,t)
lReferences given at End of paper,
281
 Setting K, S (p,t) = 0 (no water encroachment), pro- assumed for runs shown in Figs. 4 through 9, and the
duces the linear form. Obviously, whether the p/z curve aquifer was assumed closed and radial. Combinations of
is linear or not when K. S(p,t) =F 0 depends upon the three variations in relative aquifer size, two water compres-
S(p,t) function. sibilities and nine aquifer permeabilities were represented
The cumulative productions were determined from pro- in the runs.
duction rates calculated from wellhead operating curves Curves with inflections, which have been observed in
subject to the maximum allowables.' The wellhead curve practice, were produced for the closed aquifers.
IS defined by In most cases the families of curves appear to approach
a common slope at zero time. At zero time this slope
qy = C(p,,,,,,'-p,/)", (3) will represent the p/z line for no water encroachment.
where q" = the production rate, Mscf/D Runs with the Schilthuis method and Hurst-simplified
C = the performance coefficient method converge at or near a horizontal line as water
encroachment factors increase. This means that pressure
p,"" = the wellhead shut-in pressure, psia
drops in the aquifer are approaching zero.
PI! the tubing flowing pressure
In the van Everdingen-Hurst runs the curves respond
n - the back-pressure exponent. to the mobility (k/f-t) and compressibility of the water,
and the relative size of the aquifer. For R./R,. of 1.5,
Shut-in wellhead pressures were determined after the
reservoir pressure p was chosen by calculating the static TABLE 1-FIElD CONDITIONS
head by the method of Cullender and Smith.' The static
Area = 2 ,500 acres
head was subtracted from p to give P,wh' Pay= 100 It
A general flow scheme of the calculation technique is Porosity=O.25
given in Fig. 1, and the field conditions are given in Connate water=O.3
Original BHP=5,000 psia
Table 1. Formation temperature = 250F
Compressibilities were interpolated from the 1952 API Depth = 1 0,000 It
tables. Tables 2 and 3 list conditions that were varied for Gas Gravity=0.68 (No N" CO, or H,S)
(Radius)2= 34.7 X 10" sq It
individual runs. Initial wellhead shut-in pressure=4,200 psia
Wellhead shut-in temperofure=100F
Back-pressure curve slope=O.7
Discussion of Results
Open flow potential =74.4 MM sefiD
Minimum wellhead flowing pressure= 100 psio
The results of the calculations are shown in Figs. 2
Maximum allowable field rate=47.2 MM sefiD
through 9. All of the curves show p/z as a function of
cumulative gas produced and are labeled with the num-
bers corresponding to the data in Tables 2 and 3. Each TABLE 2-VARIABlE CONDITIONS FOR RUNS 1 THROUGH 14
plotted point represents two years. Type
Run Encroachment Encroachment
Fig. 2 gives the results when the aquifer was assumed No. Foctor
----- ----
Factor
to be unlimited, or when original aquifer pressure was as- 5,900
sumed to remain constant at some outer boundary (Schil- 2 t 18,000
3 Schilthuis 36,000
thuis) . As the encroachment factor was increased the
4 (cu It/psi/year) 59,000
pressure was maintained at a higher and higher level. The Radial Infinite 100,000
dotted line at the bottom represents no encroachment and 6 200,000
I
the top dotted line shows complete pressure maintenance 7 '" - - -
---
590,000

by a very active water drive. 8 of'I 25,000

9 90,000
Fig. 3 shows the results of increasing the Hurst simpli- 10 Hurst Simplified 150,000
fied encroachment factor from 2.5 X 104 to 2.5 X 106 (cu ft) 11 (cu It In (month)/psi/year) 250,000
In (mo)/psi/year. 12 Radial Infinite 340,000
13 610,000
The van Everdingen-Hurst encroachment factors were 14 1
~-----~---
2,500,000

TABLE 3-VARIABlE CONDITIONS FOR RUNS 15 THOUGH 38

Ratio Aquifer Dimensionless
Type of Aquifer Perme- Time to Real Water
Run Encroachment Radius to ability Time Ratio Compressibility
No. Factor field Radius (md) ~~".'L -~~-)-
15 1.5 1 .089 3.0X 10- G
16 1.5 10 .89 3.0 X 10- G
17 .J, 1.5
5.0
100
1
8.9
.089
3.0X10-G
3.0 Xl 0-6
18
19 van Everdingen 5.0 10 .89 3.0X 10-"
20 5.0 100 8.9 3.0 X 10-6
Hurst Radial finite 3.0 Xl 0-6
21 5.0 1000 89.
22 16,350 du It/psi 10.0 1 .089 3.0 X 10-6
23 10.0 10 .89 3.0 X 10-6
APPROXIMATE 24 10.0 100 8.9 3.0 X 10-6
NEW P
BY NUMERICAL
25
26
1 10.0
10.0
1000
10000
89.
890.
3.0 X 10-6
3.0X10- 6
TECHNIQUE 27 1.5 10 .089 30X10-6
28
29
30
11, 1.5
5.0
5.0
100
10
18
.89
.089
.16
30X 10- 6
30 X 10- 6
30X 10-'
31 van Everdingen 5.0 39.3 .35 30X 10-'
32 5.0 100 .89 30X 10- 6
Hurst Radial finite
33 10.0 10 .089 30 X 10- 6
34 163,500 cu It/psi 10.0 15.8 .141 30 X 10- 6
35 10.0 31.5 .28 30X 10-'
36 10.0 100 .89 30 X 10-6

Fig. l-Solution of Eq. A-12 for p/z.

37
38 1 10.0
10.0
1000
10000
8.9
89.
30x 10-'
30>< 10- 6

!!3B J 0 URN A J, OF PETROLEUM TECH:\OLOGY

 j-P/Z(PSIA)

WATER 5000 AQUIFER

ENCROACHMENI PERMEABILITY
FACTOR RUN NO. SYMBOL (MILLIDARCIES)
RUN NO. SYMBOL (CU. FT IPSI/YEAR)
4000 22 0 I
0 5900 23 10
• 18000
36000 3000
24
25
100
1000
59000 26 10000
100.000
2000 6
200.000 WATER COMPo 3.0XI0- IIPSI
590.000 POROSITY = 0.25
VISCOSITY=1.0 CPS
1000 1000 RES RADIUS = 5880 FT.
PAY 100 FT.

ooL----
oLo----2-"O-o--~30LO~--4~O~0~~5~O~0--~6700~~7=070--~80~'0~~9700~-1~000 °OL----1--'070--~20~0~~3~0~0----,-40~0--~5~00~--6=0~0--~7700~~8=0~0-----.:90:-:0~~1~000
CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED (BSCF) CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED IBscn

Fig. 2-Curves of p/z for gas reservoirs with water influx, Fig. 6-Curves of p/z for gas reservoirs with water influx,
Schilthuis method. van Everdingen-Hurst method, finite, Ra/R, = 10.

CP/Z(PSIA) CP/Z(PSIA)
5000 ___________ _
WATER 5000 AQUIFER
ENCROACHMENT PERMEABILITY
FACTOR RUN NO. SYMBOL (MILLIDARCIES)
RUN NO. SYMBOL (CU. FT InIMO)/PSI/YR)
4000 4000 27 0 10
0 25000 28 • 100
90000
3000 10 150.000 3000
6
250.000 WATER COMP = 30 X10- II PS I
II
12 340.000 POROSITY=0.25
2000 610.000 2000 VISCOSITY=1.0 CPS
13
14 2.500.000 RES RADIUS =5880 rr
PAY 100 FT
1000
IOOOl

oOL----ILOO----2--'0-0----,-30LO----4~0~0----''--5~0~0--~6LOO~--7=070-----.:80:-:0~----:9·00~0 00~--~1700~--2~0~0--,-~3700~--4~0~0~~50~0,--,6~0~0--~70~0,--,8~on0---g,90~0'-~100cH00
CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED (BSCF) CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED (BSCn

Fig. 3-Curves of p/z for gas reservoirs with water influx, Fig. '-Curves of p/z for gas reservoirs with water influx,
Hurst simplified method. van Everdingen-Hurst method, finite, R,,/ R, = 1.5.

CP/Z(PSIA) CP/Z(PSIA)
5000 AQUIFER 5000 AQUIFER
PERMEABILITY PERMEABILITY
RUN NO. SYMBOL (MILLIDARCIES) RUN NO. SYMBOL IMILLIDARCIES)
4000 15 0
29 0 10
16
17
• 10
100
30 18
31 39.3
3000
6 32 100
WATER COMP = 3.0XIO- IIPSI
POROSITY = 0.25 6
WATER COMP = 30 X 10 IIPSI
2000 VISCOSITY=1.0 CPS
POROSITY=0.25
RES RADIUS=5880 FT
VISCOSITY =1.0 CPS
RES RADIUS = 5880 FT.
1000 1000 PAY 100 FT.

°0~--~10~0~~2~070--~30:-:0~~4~00~~5=0~0-----.:60~0~~7~0~0-----.:80~0~----:9~00~~1~000 °0~--~10~0~~2~0~0-----.:3700~--4~0~0--~50~0~-.6~0~0---,,70~0~-.8~0~0--~9~0~0--'-7.10~00
CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED (Bscn CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED IBSCF)

Fi·g. 4-Curves of p/z for gas reservoirs with water influx, Fij!,'. 8-Curves of p/z for gas reservoirs with water influx,
van Everdingen-Hurst, finite, Ra/ Rr = 1.5. van Everdingen-Hurst method, finite, Ra/Rr = 5.

jP/ZIPSIA) CPIZ(PSIA)
5000 AQUIFER
PERMEABILITY 5000N~--6--""<--6--<~'----d-----"-""<--l>-,""'" AQUIFER
PERMEABILITY
RUN NO. SYMBOL IMILLIDARCIES) RUN NO. SYMBOL IMILLIDARCIES)
'<
18 I 4000 '\
0 33 10
19 10
"- '\ 0

20 100 "-
34
35
• 15.8
31.5
21 1000 3000 "- 36 100
"-
WATER COMPo 3.0XIO- 6 IIPSI
"- 37 1000
"- 38 10000
POROSITY=0.25 2000 "- '\
VISCOSITY=1.0 CPS 6
RES RADIUS = 5880 FT. "'\ '\
WATER COMPo 30XI0
POROSITY= 0.25
IIPSI

PAY 100 FT. 1000 '\ VISCOSITY = I. 0 CPS

"" RES RADIUS=5880 FT.

°OL---~10~0~~2--'0~0--~30~0--~4~00~~5~0~0-----.:60:-:0~~7~00~--8~0~0-----.:90:-:0~~1~000 " PAY 100 FT.

°0~---17070-----.:20~0~~3~0~0----,-40~0~~5~00~--6=0~0-----.:7~00~~8=070------.:90~0~~107C00
CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED (Bscn CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED (BSCr)

Fig. 5-Curves of p/z for gas reservoirs with water influx, Fig. 9-Curves of p/z for gas reservoir's with water influx,
van Everdingen-Hurst method, finite, Ra/ R, = 5. van Everdingen-Hurst method, finite, Ra/R, = 10.

MARCH, 1965 289

the dIcct of the ayuifer is negligiblc for a given water PIZ (PSIA)
compres,ibility regardless of the permeability (Fig. 4). j ~Q(lD . ESTIMATED
RESERVE AT
Howevt>r. for a higher watcr c\)mpressibility an effect is RUN NO. Ra/Rr Gp 300 SSCF
fclt for cPlllparahlc mohilities (Fig. 7). 4000 17 1.5 475
20 5.0 596
In general the pressure is maintained at higher levels as
24 10.0 990
the water compressibility, ayuifer size or water mobility 3000
is increased. Yet, even with increases in mobility an ex-
treme curve was approached for the closed aquifers (Runs 2000
25 anc 2(" Fig. 6). In these cases pressure drops in the
aquifer Nere small and the shapes were controlled by the
1000
wa'er ::o:npressibilities.

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 BOO 900 1000
Conclusions
CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED eSsen

Eg. i (j illustrates the increasing error that occurs if a Fig. lO-Comparison of p/z curves for increasing aquifer
pi;: c,'ve is ex~rapulated wit.1 no regard for water en- sizes, van Everdillgen-Hur><t, radial finile.
croach; .. ent. As the relative size of the aquifer increases
from R,,/R, = 1.5 to 10, the error increases from a negli-
APPENDIX A
gible amount to an estimate of over 100 per cent of the
actual in;tial gas in place. This estimate would be made Derivation of the Basic Equations
after 65 per cent of the initial gas in place is produced.
This leads to the principal conclusion that it is danger- The apparent reserves for a gas field are those deter-
ous tJ extrapulate pi z cnarts on a straight line without mined when no water encroachment is assumed, or,
considering the possibility of water influx. (A-I)
Runs performed here eliminated measurement error and
the curved pJrtions were produced under realistic produc- where Vp; is the original pore volume, cu ft.
tion schedules. Thus, curved portions at the start of pro-
V p is the pore volume containing gas at some later time.
duction history can be caused by the unsteady-state nature
of the aquifer and not solely by measurement errors. So, (A-2)
these curved p;:;rtions should not be neg;ected, but ought
U be I egardeJ as an indication of possible water en- V P1 = Gil B yl , (A-3 )
croachment.
where G" = the apparent original gas in place, scf
These results make a case for accelerated early pro- G p = cumulative gas produced, scf
duction so that the inflections will be accentuated, per-
mitting better early estimates of gas in place. By; and B" are the gas formation volume factors, cu
ft/scf.
Acknowledgment p". T; Z,
B.IIi (A-4)
The authors thank the Phillips Petroleum Co. for per- p;T"
LLSSkD tJ pLi;ush 1h,s W~L,. Special thanKS are uue
R. Y. Smith for his cooperation and assistance.
p". T z
B" -
p J,
(A-5)

Hefcrcnces Substituting Eqs. A-2 and A-3 into Eq. A-I and solving
for G n gives
I. Scliiithui,.. It .I.: "Acti\e Oil and ile.'t"fYoir Energy", Trllns.,
Ai:'IE 1.1\1;36) 113, 33.
2. \an E\erd,ngell, A. F. and I-Iur,;t, W.: "The Application of the G" = G"(B !J ~13 ljl
) (A-6)
Laplace 'j"ranohr;llation to 1'10\\ lJroblcm,. in l{eservoirs", {ran.I.,
ABLE (19-t9) 136, 30S. When water encroachment is considered, Eq. A-I is re-
placed by
;3. Bur'l, W.: "Wall'!" Influx into a llcseryoir and Its Application
10 the E'Iua:ion of Volumetric Balance", Trans., Ali\li (194.'3) (A-7)
151, :;7.
to account for the water influx We.
-1-. y"n Eyerdingen, A. F., Timmerman, E. H. and ~lc:\lahon, 1. J.:
"AJlplication ot the ~laterial Balance Equation to a Partial Under these conditions, G a in Eqs. A-2 and A-3 is de-
W,w I' IhiYe Reseryoir", Trans., AnlE (1953) 193, 51. fined as G, (real initial in place gas), or,
5. hr,;,,". S. J.: Oil nesen'oir Engineering, 2nd Ed. ~1("Graw-Hill
V" = (G,-Gl')B,I' (A-8)
!juck (:" .. Inc .. :'iell York (19SH) 60H.
and
6. S:anlcy. L. T.: "Cune-Filling Cuts :\Iaterial Balance Calcula- (A-9)
tion"". Pel. Eng. (Aug., 1961) 90.
Substitution of Eqs. A-8, A-9, and
7. Hubhard. R. '\1. and Elenbaas, .I. rc:
"Determining Gad'"ill"d
Po,,, \olume in a Water-Driyp Cas Storag" Reoeryoir", Jour. W, = K, S(p,t) (A-IO)
Pet. Te,/'. I April, 1964) .'3H:3.
into Eq. A-7 gives
B. Frick. T. c.: Petroleum Production Handbook, Vol. II, Me-
Crall-' fill Book Co., Inc., New York (1962) .'l0. GpB K" S(p,t)
G,. = (B y - VD) (A-II)
9. Cnllender, .\1. H. and Smith, R. V.: ""i'mctical Solution of Cas- yi (B,,-B";)
1':011 lo~q,wlions for Wells and PipelinES \\ith Large Ternlwrature
(,r,,<1;,'l1ls", Tillns .. AnlE (19561 207, ;2B1. where K" is the water encroachment factor and S(p,!)

290 JO\·R'iAI. Ot' PETROLEt"f TECII'iOLO(;Y

 Stabilized
Middle Range of State Values
~td,
- - - - - - - - - - - .- Above the
R"fR, From To A, A" Middle Range
----
1.5 .1206 0.7 0.03255975 0.02485001 0.03179695 0.007970778 0.6164517 0.6235899
2.0 .418 2.5 0.3852062 0.09626595 0.05244533 0.004754153 1.281475 1.509915
2.5 .815 6.0 0.7919653 0.05396428 0.06348801 0.01234595 1.534877 2.634689
3.0 1.33 11.0 1.046089 0.2388103 - 0.08575203 -0.008445356 1.574667 3.994681
3.5 1.12 25.0 0.4178854 1.292179 -0.4404957 0.03704949 1.630682 5.650575
4.0 2.05 34.0 -- 2.231692 3.177286 -0.8411667 0.06444676 2.779082 7.499222
4.5 2.62 46.0 - 6.108747 5.413047 --1.266439 0.09235701 4.890919 9.619498
5.0 3.06 60.0 -- 6.429505 4.823608 - 0.8503674 0.03632684 5.599367 11.97866
6.0 5.85 110.0 --24.90336 12.44925 -2.042113 0.1044283 20.58242 17.48006
7.0 8.48 160.0 -43.33130 17.84979 --2.486980 0.1043855 39.95260 23.95055
3.0 <.29 240.0 -51.48727 19.26185 -- 2.365595 0.08228036 50.46776 31.66351
9.0 9.96 280.0 - 31.97360 8.612722 -0.05276312 -0.08174990 38.52328 39.96676
10.0 14.52 360.0 - 20.551 06 0.6903652 1.759464 -0.2079732 37.02682 49.14654

is a function of pressure and time and describes the un- Infinite Radial System
steady-state water influx.
(0.01 < !:It'/i ::;: 10')
Subtraction of Eq. A-II from Eq. A-6 results In the q~t'/i = e (A,ln..>t", +A,) In''>t'li )"+ A,(lnllt,/i)" + Adln..>t./i) I + A,)
basic equation
where A, = 0.647692
K" S(p,t)
G u = G, + (B.({ -B ill ..)- (A-12) A, = 0.0177318

APPENDIX B Ai = -0.0002737391

Definition of S(p,!) AI = -0.4318125 X 10'

Schilthuis Method A, = 0.4506432.

n
S(p,t) = ~ ~Pi ~t .. (8-1 )
i=2 Finite Radial Systems

(Pi + Pi-,) The finite radial systems are defined by the infinite
where !:lp, p, - - 2 (8-2) radial Eq. B-lO, where Mol, > 0.01 and less than the mid-
dle range defined in Table 4. In the middle range the
and M, (B-3 ) dimensionless flow is defined by an equation of the same
form as Eq. B-IO, but with constants shown in Table 4.
where n = number of pressure points
Table 4 also gives the steady-state values applicable above
t, = time in years
p = aquifer pressure (inner boundary) psia.
the middle range. ***
Hurst-Simplified Method
n !:lp, ~t,
S(p,t) = "
...... (8-4 )
i=-- 2 InC 12t,) ,
where !:lp, and !:It, are still defined by Egs. 8-2 and 8-3

van Everdingen-Hurst Method

S(p,t) (8-5 )
where
~ . _ P'+l-P,
p, - --2--' (8-6)

for i = I, and J. R. BRUNS (left) is a senior mathematical engineer in

!:lp, = Pi+';P~l_ , (8-7) the Phillips Petroleum Co.'s Computing Dept. For the past
seven years he has worked in reservoir engineering com-
for i = 2 to n - I. puter applications. He has a BS in chemical e-ngineering
from the U. of Missouri, an I11S in chemical engineering
q~t"i is the dimensionless flow rate and is a function of from Illinois Institute of Technology, and a Master of Gas
j.t,/i (the dimensionless time increment) and aquifer geome- Technology degree from the Institute of Gas Technology.
try. M. J. FETKOVICH (right) is a reservoir engineering and gas
technology analyst in the Reservoir and Production Project
!:It,/i = 2.309 ( (8-8 ) Group of Phillips. He graduated from the U. of Pittsburgh
in 1954 with a BS degree in petrolNun and natural gas en-
gineering and soon joined Phillips. V. C. MIETZEN (center)
with k in millidarcies, t in years, cp a fraction, 1" in cp,
ell in II psi, R, in ft. is a senior electronic computer programmer for Phillips at
Bartlesville, Okla. He joined Phillips after receiving his BS
q!:lt,/i is defined under the following conditions. All .:It,,, < degree in petroleum engineering from The U. of Texas in
0.0 I, or the linear system 1960. He worked as a staff engineer in the Pauls Valley,
Okla., Area Office before joining the Computer Dept. in
q~t'/i = 2\/ !:ltd,! ... (8-9) 1963.

MARCil, 1965 291