Light – Reflection& Refraction

Mirror
Plane mirror- produces virtual images of same size at same distance.

Magnification - +1(+ means virtual and 1 means same size)

Focal length of plane mirror-infinity

Concave mirror/converging mirror

Image formation by concave mirror

Object position Image position Nature of image

At infinity At the focus Real and inverted, Point sized
Magnification less than one and negative
Beyond C Between Real and inverted, diminished
F and C Magnification less than one and negative
At C At C Real and inverted, Same size
Magnification equal to one and Negative(-1)
Between Beyond C Real and inverted,Enlarged image
C and F Magnification greater than one and negative
At F At infinity Real and inverted, Highly enlarged image
Magnification greater than one and negative
Between the Behind the Virtual and erect, Enlarged image
pole P and F mirror Magnification greater than one and positive

Convex mirror/diverging mirror

Object position Image position Nature of the image

At infinity At the focus, behind Virtual and erect, Point sized image.
the mirror Magnification less than one and positive
Between infinity Between the focus Virtual and erect, Diminished image
And the pole and the pole Magnification less than one and positive
1 1 1
Mirror formula - = + ; Where, v = Image distance, u = Object distance and f = Focal length
f u v
'
v
Magnification- m= hh = - u

+ve magnification indicates that the image formed by a mirror is virtual and erect.

-ve magnification indicates that the image formed by a mirror is real and inverted.

Refraction of Light
The bending of light rays from their straight path, when they pass obliquely from one medium to another
medium is called refraction of light.
Bending of light when it travels from one medium to another medium

 When light travels from rarer to denser, the refracted ray bends towards the normal.
 When light travels from denser to rarer, the refracted ray bends away from the normal
 When light falls perpendicular/normal/0o to the interface, then there is no bending of light or
no refraction.

Laws of refraction
 The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two media at the point of
incidence, all lie in the same plane.
sin i
 =constant , refractive index(n)
sin r
Refracive index is more in denser medium

Speed of light ∈ air(c)

Refractive index, n=
Speed light ∈medium(v)

relative R.I ;n21= Speed of light ∈medium1 ¿ ¿

Lens
Image formation by a convex lens
Position of object Position Nature and size
of image
At infinity At Focus F2 Real and invertedHighly diminished
Magnification less than one and negative
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Real and inverted,Diminished
Magnification less than one and negative
At 2 F1 At 2 F2 Real and inverted,Same size
Magnification equal to one and negative
Between 2F1 and Beyond 2F2 Real and inverted, Enlarged
F1 Magnification greater than one and negative
At F1 At infinity Real and inverted, Highly enlarged
Magnification greater than one and negative
Between F1 & the On the same side of Virtual and erect,Enlarged
O ( optical centre) the lens as the object Magnification greater than one and positive

Image formation by a concave lens

Position of object Position of image Nature and size

At infinity At the focus F1 Virtual and erect,Highly diminished
Magnification less than one and positive
Between infinity Between the focus F1 Virtual and erect,Diminished
and Optical centre and the optical centre Magnification less than one and positive
 1 1 1
Lens formula − =
v u f
'
h v
Magnification m= = u
h

Power of a lens: The power of a lens is reciprocal of the focal length.

1 100
P = f , (f in m) P= f , (f in cm)

→ Power of convex lens is positive (because f is +ve).

→ Power of concave lens is negative (because f is –ve).
sign convention
f u v
Concave mirror -ve -ve -ve
+ve(only when object b/w F&P)
Convex mirror +ve -ve +ve
Concave lens -ve -ve -ve
Convex lens +ve -ve +ve/
-ve((only when object b/w F&O)
Ch:1 Chemical reactions and equations

Combination reaction- addition of two elements or compounds

Decomposition reaction- reactant decomposes to form two or more compounds

Exothermic- energy released

Endothermic- energy absorbed

Displacement reaction –more reactive elements displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.

Double displacement reaction- Exchange of ions or reactants

Oxidation- addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen

Reduction- removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen

Rancidity- slow oxidation of oil and fat.it can be prevented by adding antioxidants or use of air tight containers.

Quick lime- CaO( use in manufacturing of cement)

slaked lime-Ca(OH)2
Egg shell/marble/chalk-CaCO3
Pop test – for H2 gas
lime water test- CO2 gas