Percentages, Ratio, Proportion & Variation,

Alligation & Mixtures, Time & Work, and

Time, Speed & Distance.
If M% of N is P, N is 60% more than M and P is 40% of M, then what percent of N
+ P is M?
Solution:
Given:
160
𝑁 = 100 𝑀 -------(1)

40
𝑃= 𝑀 −−−−−−(2)
100

𝑀
× 𝑁 = 𝑃 -------(3)
100
Substitute 2 in 3rd equation
100×40
N= 100
= 40
Substitute N value in equation (1)
160
40 = 𝑀
100
M = 25
 40
P = 100 × 25 = 10
What % of M + P is N?
M + P = 50, M = 25
From this, one can conclude 50%
In an election, the winning candidate won by 15% votes. If a total of 5,000 votes
were cast of which only 86% were eligible, then how many votes did the winning
candidate get?
Solution:
Let the losing candidate got x votes.
Valid votes = 86% of 5000 = 4300
x + x + 15% of x = 4300
15𝑥
x + x + 100 = 4300

215x = 4300 × 100

x = 2000
Winning candidate got 2300 votes.
If the ratio of boys to girls in a class is B and the ratio of girls to boys is G, then
3(B+G) is
Solution:
Let the number of boys be x and the number of girls =y
Then,
𝑥 𝑦
B = 𝑦 and G = 𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
3(B+G) = 3 +𝑥
𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
=3 𝑥𝑦
>3
The cost price of an article is Rs.X. Ambuj marks a new price on it after allowing a
discount of 20% on the newly marked price, he sells it for Rs.1.2X. He sells a
second article whose marked price is twice the marked price of the first article, at
a discount of 50%. Find the ratio of selling price of first article to the second
article.
Solution:
First article:
Given, CP = x, SP = 1.2x, Discount = 20%
100 3
MP = × 1.2𝑥 = 2 𝑥
80
Second article:
Given, MP = 3x, Discount = 50%
50
SP = 100 × 3𝑥 = 1.5x
SP of first article : SP of second article = 1.2x : 1.5x
=4:5
A shopkeeper sells an item at Rs. 368.55 after giving a discount of 25% on its labelled price.
Had he not given the discount, he would have earned a profit of 17% on its cost price.
What is the cost price (in Rs) of the item?

Solution:
75
Labelled price× 100 = 368.55
Labelled price = 491.4
117
CP×100 = 491.4
CP = 420
Rahul takes a sum of Rs.2310 as a loan. He has to repay this in two equal annual
instalments. If the rate of interest is 20% compounded annually, what percent of
the principal amount taken by Rahul is the total interest paid by him?
Solution:
𝑅 𝑛 𝑅 𝑛−1 𝑅 𝑛−2
𝑃 1+ 100
=X 1+ 100
+ 𝑋 1+ 100
+ … … … + 𝑋, where x is the instalment amount.
20 2 20 1
2310 1 + = 𝑋 1 + 100 +𝑋
100
3326.4 = 1.2X + X
X = 1512.
Total instalment amount = 2 ×1512 = 3024
Interest = 3024 – 2310 = 714
714
%= × 100
2310
= 30.9.
Which of the following can be the quantities in which a person could mix 3
varieties of sugar costing Rs.90/kg, Rs.95/kg and Rs.65/Kg respectively so that the
resultant mixture of 100 kgs costs Rs.85/kg? (Note: It is also given that the
cheapest and the costliest varieties of sugar are in equal ratio.)
Solution:
Let the quantity of cheapest and costliest varieties of sugar be x kg.
Cheapest Costliest Third variety
Quantity X X 100-2x
95(x) + 65(x) + 90(100-2x) = 100(85)
160x + 9000 – 180x = 8500
20x = 500
x = 25
The quantities are 50, 25, 25.
There are two bottles A and B, each filled with milk and water in the ratio 5:3 and
1:2 respectively. A new mixture is formed by mixing the contents of A and B in
the ratio 4:3. What is the ratio of composition of milk and water in the new
mixture?
Solution:
Let us take the initial quantity of bottle A is 80 litres and bottle B is 30 litres.
80 L 30 L
5 3 1 2
50 30 10 20

40 L : 30 L It is given it as 4:3 ratio, assuming 40 litres is taken from bottle A and 30 litres is taken from bottle B.
5 3 1 2
25 15 10 20
Milk is 25 + 10 which is 35 litres, Water is 15 + 20 which is 35 litres.
It is mixed in 1:1 ratio.
A, B and C invested 8000, 4000 and 8000 in a business. A left after 6 months, if
after 8 months there was gain of 4005. What could be the share of B?
Solution:
A : B : C
8000*6 : 4000*8 : 8000*8
48000 : 32000 : 64000
3 :2 :4
2
Share of B = 9 × 4005
= 890
50 workers can construct a bridge in 40 days by working 8 hrs per day. But they
completed 30 days and completed only half of the work. How many more
workers are needed to complete the work on time by working 10 hrs per day.
Solution:
50 workers can construct a bridge in 40 days by working 8 hrs per day.
Total work = 50×40×8 = 16000 man-hours
Half work is completed = 16000/2 = 8000 man-hours
Work left = 8000 man-hours
Days left = 10 days
No. of hours per day = 10 hours
Workers needed more = x
Total workers = 50 + x
(50 + x)×10×10 = 8000
x = 30.
Helpers are needed to prepare for the fete. Each helper can make either 2 large
cakes or 35 small cakes per hour. The kitchen is available for 3 hours and 20 large
cakes and 700 small cakes are needed. How many helpers are required?
Solution:
We have to find how many helper-hour required.
20 700
2
+ 35
= 10 + 20 = 30
30 helper – hour in 3 hours
No. of helper per hour = 30/3 = 10
Working together two persons can complete the job in 4 days. If half of the work
is completed by one person and another person does the other half, it will take 9
days to complete the work. In how many days will the slower person complete
the work by working alone?
Solution:
Lets take A can do a job in x days and B can do a job in y days.
1 1 1
(A+B)’s 1 day’s work => 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
------------(1)
Lets take A be the faster person and B be the slower person.
Re writing the (1) equation as
1 1 1
+ =
2𝑥 2(9 − 𝑥) 4
2𝑥 2 – 18x + 36 = 0
x = 3, 6
1 1 1
Substitute the value of x in 𝑦 = −𝑥
4
y = 12 days
Two trains are 2 km apart. Speed of one train is 20m/s and the other train is
running at 30 m/s. Lengths of the trains are 200 and 300m. In how much time do
the trains cross each other?
Solution:
Relative speed of the trains =(20+30) m/s=50 m/s.
Total distance covered =(2×1000+200+300) m =2500 m.
2500
The two trains will cross each other after seconds => 50 seconds
50
Suresh Raina and Gautam Gambhir after a scintillating IPL match decide to travel
by cycle to their respective villages. Both of them start their journey travelling in
opposite directions. Each of their speeds is 6 miles per hour. When they are at a
distance of 50 miles, a housefly starts flying from Suresh Raina’s cycle towards
Gautam Gambhir at a relative speed of 17 miles per hour with respect to Raina’s
speed. What will be the time taken by housefly to reach Gambhir?
Solution:

Fly speed is 17 kmph w.r.t to suresh as fly is moving in opposite direction to suresh, its actual speed is 17 - 6
= 11.
Now relative speed of fly and gambhir = 11 - 6 = 5 kmph
50
So fly takes = 10 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠.
5
A runs 50% faster than B and is able to give him a start of 200 meters to end a
race in dead heat. What is the length of the race?
Solution:
The ratio their speeds is 3:2; therefore the ratio of distance covered by them will also be 3:2
The difference in the ratio of distance is 1, that corresponds to the lead of 200 meters.
Therefore, length of race =3*200=600 meters
The question below consists of a question and two statements numbered I and II given below it.
You have to decide whether the data provided in the statements are sufficient to answer the
question. Read both the statements and give answer:
What is the marked price of the shirt?

I. A shopkeeper purchases 2 same shirts for 2200 Rs. and earns 55 Rs. per shirt after giving 23% discount.

II. A shopkeeper marks the price 36% more than the cost price and earns 200 Rs. after giving some
discount.

A. The data in statements I alone is sufficient to answer the question, while the data in statement II alone is
not sufficient to answer the question.

B. The data in statements II alone is sufficient to answer the question, while the data in statement I alone is
not sufficient to answer the question.

C. The data in statements I alone or in statement II alone is sufficient to answer the question.

D. The data in both the statements I and II is not sufficient to answer the question.

E. The data in both the statements I and II together is necessary to answer the question.
Solution:
From Statement II:
From Statement I:

Let the cost price = x Rs.

Cost price of a shirt = 1100 Rs.

Marked price = x × 136% = 1.36x

Selling price = 1100 + 55 = 1155 Rs.

Selling price = x + 200

Marked price = 1155 / 77 × 100 = 1500 Rs.

Statement II is not sufficient to answer the question.

Statement I is sufficient to answer the question.

Hence, option A is correct.

The question below consists of a question and two statements numbered I and II given below it.
You have to decide whether the data provided in the statements are sufficient to answer the
question. Read both the statements and give answer:
What is the length of the train X?
I. Two trains X and Y running in opposite directions and cross each other in 25 seconds.

II. The length of the train Y is 320m and the difference between the speeds of trains X and Y is 14 km/h.

III. The ratio of the speed of the trains is 19 : 26.

A. The data in statements I and statements II are sufficient to answer the question, while the data in statement II alone is
not sufficient to answer the question.

B. The data in statements II alone is sufficient to answer the question, while the data in statement I and III is not
sufficient to answer the question.

C. The data in statements I alone or in statement II alone is sufficient to answer the question, while the data in statement
II alone is not sufficient to answer the question.

D. The data in all the statements I, II and III is not sufficient to answer the question.

E. The data in all the statements I, II and III together is necessary to answer the question.
Solution:

From Statement I: Statement I + Statement II + Statement III :

Time = 25 seconds 26x – 19x = 14
Relative Speed =
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 7x = 14
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 x=2
= 25 Speed = 52 km/h, 38 km/h
5 (𝑎 + 320)
52 + 38 × =
From Statement II: 18 25
25×25 = a + 320
Length of train Y = 320m
a =305 m
Difference of speed = 14 km/h
Therefore, all the statements are necessary to
From Statement III:
answer the question.
Let the speeds = 19x, 26x

Hence, option E is correct.