#Somatic hybrids(protoplast culture)- Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of Virus ix =Physical assays= lab tech used to detect
used to detect and measu
haploid gametes to produce zygote. provides an excellent alternative for obtaining
hybrids from distantly related species
Synthetic seed for-artificia process in w/h embryo derived from single somatic
cell
Media=N6=Creal anter,promote organ culture and cell suspension, Nistch=anther
culture, callus culture, BM Medium= seed culture & micropropagation of orchids
Microsalt = NH4NO3,KNO3,CaCl2 -2 H2O,MgSO4 -7 H2O,FeNaEDTA
Phloroglucinol - Stimulates rooting of shoot section
GellingA =(supprt to the culture for establishment) provide solid support & supply
nutrient for growth of in vitro plant,maintaining the pH and osmotic balance of me
pH of nutrient media affect the uptake of the nutrient by plant cell &solubility media salts
auxins=cell division,elongation, adven root form, organogenesis &somatic embryo
and inhibit axillary and advent shoot form(high conc=calus)(low conct=advnt root)
ctokinin= Enhance adves shoot form, inhbit seed form at high conc. zeatn,2ip.kinet
gibberellin=suppress root formation and adventitious embryo formation(GA3)
ABSIS= growth inhibitor but enable normal dev.t of embryo, zygotic & adventitiou
Hormone com,Callus dev.t Adven embryogene, Rooting of shoot cutting, Adve shoot&root
Axillary Bud Proliferation approach or from Callus and Cell cultures
Axillary bud growth is highly dependent on the presence of cytokinin
Advantage axillary shootprof=mass propag of plant species,somaclonal var(var in
vitro cultured plants.due to changes in chromosomal numbers of plant
micropropagation techniques,axillary bud proliferation offers the least risk
Techn of Micropropagation=Pre-propa,Initiation Aseptic Cultu,Multiplicatio of
Culture, In Vitro Rooting of Shoot, Hardening and Acclimatization of TC plantlet
Adventitious Bud =Buds arising from any part other than leaf axils or shoot apex
Advantage of micropro=disease free plant,only viable method of regenerating
genetically modified cells or cells after protoplast fusion,
Disadva=expensive ,infected plant sample produce infected progeny,Not all plants
can be successfully tissue cultured,
Meristem culture is a plant tissue culture technique in which a plant's fastest
growing tissue is cultured
Meristematic tissues are composed of undifferentiated cells that have the ability
to divide and differentiate into various specialized cell types.
Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and shoots and are responsible
for the primary growth of the plant. They produce new cells that contribute to the
elongation of the plant body.
lateral meristems are responsible for the secondary growth of the plant and are
found in the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. produce new cells that
increase the thickness of the plant stem and roots
Intercalary Meristems: located at the base of leaves and internodes,responsible
for intercalary growth of the plant. found grass, monocot pines,Replacement of
old cells,grow throughout their entire life span because of unlimited division MR
Meristem are virus free because=lack of vascular sys,high metabolic activity,high
auxin concent,comptetion # virus transmission
injection =directly into cell through the piercing mouthpart of sap-sucking insect
carriage into=plant tissue on or in association with cells of a fungal parasite;
vertical transmission through infected seed; transmission via pollen;
grafting of infected tissue onto healthy tissue.
Shoot tip culture= most popular technique for virus elimination
Factor influence virus ellim=Meriste explant size(large),Bud location (term>latra)
Season(Espring & Eautumn > wint&sum)heat treatment, culture media.
Virus Indexing =detecting virus : by physically transmitting it from infected host
Biological assays= rely on the inoculation of indicator plants w
extracts or tissue samples to observe specific symptoms or re
Serological assay=Immuno Electron microscopy, ELISA, TIBA,
Plant regeneration in cultures can mostly be achieved morph
pathways organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.
Organogenesis= Inducing the formation of various vegetative
*dedifferentiation =process from cell or tissue in plant tissue
the specialized cells of explants start dividing under certain sp
conditions and form a mass of undifferentiated cells(callus).
somatic embryogenes =proces of formation of embryo from s
artificial process,take form the cells of plant, which usually do
part in embryo development, the process of SE doesn’t entail
of fertilization, it promote large scale propagation of plants at
somatic E procedure= Induction of E,deve.t of embryo,matu
Direct SE=direct way from the cells of the explant(cells of imm
INDirect SE=by reiterating numerous cycles of cell division(growth o
Factor affect SE=character of explant, PGH, other(temper ligh
#Synthetic seeds=are a tech that involves encapsulating soma
or other plant tissues having potential to regrow after storage
within a protective coating to create seed-like structures
Desiccated syn Seeds: encapsulation of multiple somatic emb
followed by desiccation.encapsulating material used is polyox
Hydrated Synt S: encaps of a single somatic embryo in hydrog
Steps of syntetic seed= SE,encapsulation,maturation,germina
Advantage ss= enhanced seed qualts,extend shelf life,reduce
Limitation= Lack of dormancy and stress tolerance in SE, som
#Haploid culture= an in vitro technique used to produce hapl
have half the number of chromosomes) plants.
*Producton techniques=invivvo and invitro 1.invivo
*Androgenesis=spontaneous process of in vivo dev.t of a mal
haploid embryo from a fertilized egg in the absence of, female
*Gynogenesis=process of dev.t of embryo from unfertilized e
*Distant hybridization= cross b/wn species of the same or 2 d
*Irradiation effects,* Chemical treatments
2.invitro(androgenesis =production of haploids through anth
gynogenesis =development of haploids through ovary or ovul
Applic of Haploid production= Deve.t of pure homozygous lin
Hybrid developmentCytogenetic research,Disease, insect ,salt
#Double haploid (DH) =a process used in plant breeding to cr
that are completely homozygous(have two identical copies of
Use of DH= dev.t of cultivar,purline,hybrid parent,gene taging
#Diploidization=haploid plant obtained by Andro/gyno, no se
2approch DDP=colchicine treat and endomitosis & fusion of p
Factor in anter culture=TEM,culture medum,anther wall,stag
Endosperm culture is a plant tissue culture technique used to
triploid plants, simple and inexpensive technique
In flowering plants, nutrition of the embryo is an important a
aspect of the life cycle.
In angiosperms, it is accomplished by the formation of a new
the endosperm, produced by a unique event of double fertiliz
Double fertilization occurs: One sperm nucleus (1n) fertilizes
producing a zygote (2n) which becomes the plant embryo insi
process of endosperm culture= Explant source, Incubation a
ance of culture,embryogenesis, Plantlet dev. Hardening off
Factor affecting endosperm culture= Explant stage, Nutrien
Physical factors, Embryo factors