Actual Problems of Kartvelology

and
Objectives of the Kartvelology Centre
of Saint Andrew the First-Called
Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia

Tbilisi
2011
0

2011
1

Kartvelology Centre
of Saint Andrew the First-Called Georgian University
of the Patriarchate of Georgia

Tariel Putkaradze

Actual Problems of Kartvelology

and
Objectives of the Kartvelology Centre
of Saint Andrew the First-Called
Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia

Tbilisi
2011
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The First International Scholarly Conference

of the Kartvelology Centre of Saint Andrew
the First-Called Georgian University of the
Patriarchate of Georgia
November 25, 2011


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Actual Problems of Kartvelology and Objectives of the
Kartvelology Centre of Saint Andrew the First-Called
Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia--------36


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http://www.scribd.com/doc/2158690/The-Georgians-theKartvels;
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end of the Russian occupation; Anti-crisis council scientific conference of
the parliament of Georgia: Perspectives for the restoration of entirety of
Georgia, 13 October, 2008; http://www.scribd.com/doc/6505547/ThePerspectives-of-Restoration-of-the-Entirety-of-the-Territory-of-Georgia.
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http://www.scribd.com/doc/8727375/T-Putkaradze-KartveltaDedaena-Da-Dialeqtebi-2008; . , . , .
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E.Dadiani, R. Serozia;"European Charter for Regional or Minority
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http://www.neonomad.kz/sunduk/maps/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=3260
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.: T. Putkaradze, Linguistic
Situation in Conflict Regions - The Abkhazia Border within Russia according to
1989 Census Data and Politicized Linguistig Mars; SKASE Journal of Theoretical

34


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http://www.pulib.sk/skase/Volumes/JTL11/index.html

35


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36

Actual Problems of Kartvelology and Objectives of the

Kartvelological Centre of Saint Andrew the First-Called
Georgian University of the Patriarchate of Georgia
A great empire has a lot of impressive resources for planning
and managing according to its own interests science on the
conquered small nations as well. Unfortunately, Kartvelology could
not have escaped such impacts either. Like other disciplines,
Kartvelology has developed intensively during the last two centuries.
Over that period Georgia was mostly annexed by the Russian
Empire, respectively, over the last 150 years two radically different
approaches towards planning and development of Kartvelology have
clearly taken shape:
1. Quasi-Kartvelology oriented on the geopolitical interests
of the empire;40
2. Scholarly Kartvelology oriented on the vital interests of
the Georgian nation.
By means of distortion of the linguistic-ethnic history of the
Georgian nation and the political history of Georgia /fabrication of
anti-Georgian historical-geographical ideologemes and an attempt of
linguistic-ethnic disintegration of the Georgians/, imperial powers
wish to separate Georgian regions and to create a frail state of a
confederation type instead of the unitary state of Georgia. The
leaders of the Russian empire declare openly that their objective is
final disintegration of Georgia, final annexation of the marginal
regions and restoration of the geopolitical control in Central
Caucasia41.

40
Unfortunately, until recently, for Western European scholarly centres Russian
information has been available to a greater extent. Hence, not infrequently, many of
our foreign colleagues involuntarily repeat quasi-Kartvelological provisions created
in the area of the Empire.
41
41 Critical points of view about A. Dugin see: T. Putkaradze, The act April 9 of
the restoration of independence of Georgia, geopolitical plans of Putin-Dugins and
the commence of the end of the Russian occupation; Anti-crisis council scientific
conference of the parliament of Georgia: Perspectives for the restoration of entirety

37

A brief historical excursus:

Falsification of the linguistic-ethnic history of the Georgian
nation actively occurs from the 1840s, namely:
In 1801-1839 by the violation of the agreements concluded
with the Georgian kingdoms and principalities and through the use of
military force, the Russian Empire annexed Georgia /enemy
coming as a friend"/. From 1840, after the introduction of the
institution of viceroy, the Empire established in Georgia a civil
government and for the purpose of distrupting the linguistic-ethnic
unity of the Georgian nation /"divide and rule"/ began to proclaim a
part of the Georgians as non-Georgians, to limit the area of
functioning of the Georgian language and to expel the Georgian
language from the Orthodox Church of Georgia /in this respect,
Kiril Yanovski, an official of the Russian Empire, was especially
active/.
To oppose the imperial policy, from the 1860s the generation
of Ilia Chavchavadze started active struggle to defend the vital
interests of the nation. The question of the Georgian language - the
symbol of the national culture and unity of the Georgians acquired
special importance: the empire banned the Georgian language from
all fields of human creation: from the divine service, literary writing,
science, schools of all levels. Exactly at that period translation of the
Holy Scripture into Megrelain and Svan began. By the struggle of its
worthy sons the nation resisted the powers wishing to humiliate the
Georgian-language culture.
At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries this opposition was
embodied by two well-known clelrgymen: Ambrosi Khelaia and
Ivan Vostorgov. In particular:
Ambrosi Khelaia, a great father, brought up in Samegrelo,
subsequently the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, defended the
Georgian language in centuries-old churches of Samegrelo and other
areas of Georgia.
Ivan Vostorgov, a Russian priest, subsequently a famous
political figure, sought to expel the Georgian language from the
of Georgia, 13 October, 2008; http://www.scribd.com/doc/6505547/ThePerspectives-of-Restoration-of-the-Entirety-of-the-Territory-of-Georgia

38

Georgian Apostolic Church. Namely, in historic areas of Georgia Samegrelo, Svaneti and Abkhazia - he tried to replace the Georgian
language, the traditional language of divine service, with local
dialects, in fact, with the Russian language.
From the 1910s-20s the struggle for the Georgian language
intensified further: two well-known scholars Ivane Javakhishvili and
Nicholas Marr sharply opposed one another from the veiwpoint of
the role of the Georgian language and planning of Kartvelology. In
particular, Nicholas Marr, defending interests of the Russian
Academy of Sciences, denied the Georgian language as the language
of science and education, whereas Ivane Javakhishvili, continuing
the path of the great ancestors, tried to revive the 15-century-old
educational and scientific tradition of the Georgian language42.
There was also a sharp confrontation between Nicholas Marr and
Ivane Javakhishvili concerning the necessity of the Georgian
University and the qualification of the Kartevlian linguistic world.
Over the short period of independence of Georgia the
Georgian Free University" was founded in Tbilisi under the
leadership of the Ivane Javakhishvili (10.05.1917) and scholarly
Kartvelology began to develop at rapid pace. This process was
hindered by the conquering of Georgia by Soviet Russia.
The authorities of Soviet Empire, created by Joseph Stalin,
turned into the official position of the state the provisions politicized
by tsarist Russia and wrapped in scholarly terminology by Nicholas
Marr, according to which, the population of Samegrelo and Svaneti
was declared as having no writing43; as a result, the status of the so42

On discussion of N. Marr and Iv. Javakhishvili in more detail, see Tariel

Putkaradze, Ia Vashakidze, Two Types of Planning of Kartvelology in 1917-1935,
Tb., 2011
43
E.g.. in J.Stalins book: "Marxism and the National Question" (Tb., 1951) one
reads:
"There are a number of peoples in the Caucasus, which have a primitive culture, a
peculiar language, but do not have their native literature ... What shall we do with
such peoples: Megrels, Abkhazians, Acharans, Lezghins, and others, who speak
different languages, but do not have their own literature?" (pp. 138-139)... "The
National issue in the Caucasus can be solved only in the direction that the belated
nations and peoples (Megrels, Svans, Acharans ... emphasis is mine - T.P.) be
placed in the common framework of supreme culture" (p. 142).

39

called unwritten languages was established for Megrelian, Laz and

Svan44. In parallel, at first Ivane Javakhishvili was dismissed from
the post of the rector (and later was expelled from the university
founded by him), and subsequently the Georgian University founded
by Ivane Javakhishvili and other great figures was dissolved totally
/1930/.
Three years later the communist government of the empire
founded (1933) in fact a new state university, which was
purposefully turned into a stronghold of politicized Kartvelology.
However, by the efforts of well-known researchers a lot of scholarly
Kartvelological projects were implemented even at this type of
university.
Favourable conditions for the revival of scholarly
Kartvelology emerged after the breakup of the Soviet Union, when
on the basis of a general public referendum on April 9, 1991 the
Republic of Georgia declared the restoration of its independence. In
1991 the authorities of Georgia announced that from 1801 until 1991
Georgia was occupied by Russia and the process of de-occupation of
Georgia began legally. At the same time, approaches of Ilia
Chavchavadze, Ambrosi Khelaia, Ivane Javakhishvili and others
towards essential questions of Kartvelology intensified.
After the declaration of independence (1991) Georgia found
itself at the crossroads of a many-sided geopolitical controversy.
Naturally, the interested parties strive to demonstrate the linguisticethnic history and present of the Georgian nation according to their
own interests.
Different subjective approaches are directly reflected in the
planning of Kartvelology as well. In this respect, powers wishing to
revive the Russian Empire are especially active. For the purpose of
maintaining the Caucasus, they have carried out ethnic cleansing in
marginal regions of Georgia and are now trying to manage the
identity of the population of other areas of the country. The
44

For discussion see: T.Putkaradze, The Georgians, 2005, pp. 43-44; T.Bolkvadze,
Kartvelian Diglossia, Questions of the Georgian Literary Language: History and
Contemporaneity (first collection), Tbilisi, 2007, p. 221.

40

managing of the identity of the population occurs by means of

purposeful falsification of the historical and current reality. For this
purpose, misinformative reports and quasi-scholarly qualifications on
the Kartvelian linguistic-ethnic world are intensively disseminated in
the global network.
From the beginning of the 21st century certain powers
actively try to disrupt the linguistic-ethnic unity of the Georgian
nation and to legalize this with the help of documents of the Council
of Europe as well. In particular, there is an attempt to impose on
Georgia an incorrect interpretation of the "European Charter for
Regional or Minority Languages". The Charter for Languages,
from the legal and cultural point of view, is a high-level document,
but in the case of its wrong interpretation, it may become the basis
for disintegration of any powerful country. As a result of the dual
interpretation of the Charter for Languages, Georgian and
European experts offer two kinds of qualifications of the Kartvelian
linguistic world:
1. According to traditional Georgian and some foreign
sources, the Kartvelian linguistic world is represented as one
language the Georgian language - and more than 20 dialects;
2. By the inertia of the official positions of the empires of
tsarist Russia and Soviet Russia, the Kartevelian linguistic world is
represented as four /or three/ independent languages, of which
Megrelian, Laz and Svan are qualified as regional or minority
languages45.
In the present-day highly dynamic world, Kartvelological
academic research and wide dissemination of its results have
essential importance. Against this background, the primary objective
of the Kartvelological Centre of the Georgian University is to make
its contribution to the formation of the unified international scholarly
45

In more detail see: T.Putkaradze, E.Dadiani, R.Sherozia, "European Charter for

Regional or Minority Languages" and Georgia ", Kutaisi, 2010;
http://www.scribd.com/doc/35702700/Tariel-Putkaradze-Eka-Dadiani-RevazSeroozia-2010; Linguistic Situation in Conflict Regions - The Abkhazia Border
within Russia according to 1989 Census Data and Politicized Linguistig Mars;
SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, volume 5 2008, #1. The Slovak
Association for the Study of English & University Library of Presov University;
http://www.pulib.sk/skase/Volumes/JTL11/index.html.

41

domain. Today, more than ever, it is necessary that we,

Kartvelologists living in the states of the Caucasian region, /linguists,
historians, ethnologists.../ carry out joint research through the
cooperation with the American, European, Russian and Asian
scholars.
Naturally, the Kartvelological Centre of the Georgian
University cannot plan research in all directions of Kartvelology; the
scholarly group of the Centre is concentrated around a number of
scholarly projects. In particular, at the current stage we have set three
main objectives:
1. Documentation and research of the Kartvelian folk heritage
being under threat, especially dialects, folklore and ethnographic
material of the Georgians living beyond the borders of Georgia
(Taoans, Livanans, Laz, Machakhelians, Shavshetians, Ingilos/ Hers,
Fereidanians). I hope that we will be able to achieve this objective by
implementation of joint projects with our Turk, Iranian and
Azebaijanian colleagues.
2. Study of Megrelian-Laz, Svan, Taoan, Livanan, Ingilo and
Fereidanian vocabulary for the purpose of enrichment of the
lexical basis of the literary language of the Georgians (creation of
an electronic dictionary of recommended words).
3. Commenting on wrong terminological qualifications,
inaccurate information and inadequate maps, found in academic
encyclopedias and electronic directories (international as well as
national ones) concerning the Georgian language and culture,
providing objective information to publishers. Critical analysis of the
so-called historical-territorial ideologemes having the Abkhazian and
Ossetian colouring, created in the area of the Russian Empire
The presentation discusses in detail the third problem.
Namely, critical analysis is given of quasi-scholarly qualifications on
the Georgian nation and the Kartvelian linguistic world, created in
the area of the Empire, which are disseminated almost with no
alternative in the contemporary encyclopaedic and internet space (see
relevant maps and their internet addresses here in the Georgian
version of the presentation).
Every nation, ethnos or ethnic group has the right to have
access to exhaustive information on its own linguistic-ethnic, state
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and cultural history. Objective humanitarian science creates a firm

foundation for peace between peoples and states, whereas quasiscience, deformed by political purposes, creates a war ideology. It is
fact that chauvinistic "scholarly" /biased/ provisions of different
directions greatly harmed all big and small nations of the world,
including the Caucasian peoples. Humanitarian science should be
oriented towards peace and not towards provoking
confrontation.
After the collapse of the Soviet empire, new opportunities
emerged for the peoples of the Caucasus. We, scholars, should create
a firm foundation in order that the nations and ethnoses of the
Caucasian-Western Asian region perceive objectively their
linguistic-ethnic identity and see each other better. I think that
participants of the present Kartvelological scholarly conference will
take a modest step towards lasting peace.
Finally I would like to note:
The Kartvelological Centre of the Georgian University will
try as far as possible to turn scholarly Kartvelology into an
interesting arena of researchers of various countries. Especially we,
Kartvelologists/Caucasologists working in the states of the
Caucasian region - Georgia, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Iran and
Russia/North Caucasus - by organization of joint research and
scholarly forums, are able to activate
linguistic-ethnic and
culturological studies in the direction of Kartvelology proper as well
as Georgian- North Caucasian, Georgian-Armenian, GeorgianTurkish, Georgian-Azerbaijanian and Georgian-Iranian historical
relationship. Exactly joint research will facilitate peace and mutual
respect between communities living in the Caucasus.

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