Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIT1
UNIT1
UNIT1
Yaw
Roll
Vertical
(Yaw)
Pitch
Longitudinal
(Roll)
Lateral
(Pitch)
Pitch Roll and Yaw Movements
Yaw Axis
Pitch Axis
Roll Axis
Wings
The wings are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are
the main lifting devices that support the airplane in flight. Wings may
be attached at the top, middle, or lower portion of the fuselage.
These designs are referred to as high-, mid-, and low-wing,
respectively
Empennage
The empennage (also called tail) is the rear part of the aircraft.
Usually it includes the stabilizers, rudder and elevator as many other
components.
Propeller :A propeller is a device which transmits power by converting
it into thrust for propulsion of a vehicle.The blades of a propeller act
as rotating wings, and produce force.
Control surfaces
Aileron:Ailerons are moving surfaces usually placed near the tips of
the wings.it is used in rolling of aircraft left or right
Rudder:It is attached to trailing edge of Vertical stabilizer. The rudder
controls the Y-axis or Yaw of the plane.
Elevator:it is attached to trailing edge of horizontal stabiliser and is
useful in pitching of aircraft up and down.
Parts of rotorcraft
• Fuselage: The fuselage, the outer core of the airframe, is an aircraft’s main
body section that houses the cabin that holds the crew, passengers, and cargo.
• MainRotor System: The rotor system is the rotating part of a helicopter which
generates lift. The rotor consists of a mast, hub, and rotor blades.
• Landing Gear:The landing gear supports the aircraft when it is not flying,
allowing it to take off, land, and taxi without damage.
• Tailboom:it provides the arm to the tailrotor generated anti-torque force. The
tailrotor itself is housed at the end of the tailboom for this reason
Parts of multirotor aircraft
Telemetry: an automatic measurement and wireless transmission of data from remote
sources.
FPV stands for first person view, this means if you have a camera on your aircraft or robot and
you get a live feed remotely you will feel like you are on the vehicle and driving or flying it. For
this you need cameras, radio systems to send video feed back to you.
A quadcopter consists of the following
essential parts:
• Frame
• Motors
• ESC (electronic speed controller)
• Propeller
• Battery
• Flight Controller
• RC Receiver
Frames: It includes arms to hold motors and a chassis to hold the fl ight controller,
battery and other components on board.
Motors:4 motors are must for Quadcopter to lift it up.generally brushless DC
motor is used
Propeller:These spinning blades are the wings to your craft, the very part that
creates the air fl ow that lifts the machine into the air.
Battery :it is the power source that drives all the systems on your drone and
allows it to fl y.generally Lithium polymer battery is used.
Electronic speed controller:it converts the signals from Controller and send it to
motors to control its speed.
Flight controller: Its function is to direct the RPM of each motor in response to
input. A command from the pilot for the Quad-copter to move forward is fed
into the fl ight controller, which determines how to manipulate the motors
accordingly.
(Radiocontrolled) RC transmitter and receiver: Radio Transmitter is an electronic
device that controls the quadcopter manually.
Classification of UAV
Based on airframe
1) HTOL or horizontal take-off and
landing:
(a) Main Wing Forward with Control Surface
• UAVs, RPVs and Drones are unmanned but UAVs is a generic term.
• RPVs is UAV but UAVs may not be an RPVs because UAV is autonomous.
• UAVs used by millitary have autopilots and navigation system that maintain altitude,
attitude and ground track automatically.
Lift force
Higher pressure is created by the slower speed of air under the wing
Low Pressure
Lift force
High Pressure
Based on Newton 3rd law of motion: lift production
Discussion of imbalance of forces due to variation in speeds of prop between front props and
rear props leading to pitching motion.
Pitch up/pitch down/ pitching along any direction works on the same principle.
Discussion of rotation of props at
same speed after pitching, so that
same vertical forces are generated.
vertical lift generated exactly
balances the weight leading to
unbalanced force in the horizontal
direction leading to forward motion
Reminding the pitch, roll and yaw in airplane
1.Discussion on cancellation of
counter acting torque when props
are same speed- avoids spinning
of drone,
2. Discussion on varying speeds of
prop diagonally (any one pair)
leading to counter acting torque –
causing yawing motion.
Note: Yawing direction should be on
the other side
If there is a sudden winds/ any obstruction to drone, Human intervention may
not efficiently control drone, flight controller play a key role.
Accelerometer,gyroscopic sensor and
magnetometer
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqXm78
OXjYQ
Aircraft attitude: Position of nose and wings of an aircraft relative to the horizon
Source:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0NMc7uSEOs
If the forward speed is less, same nose up attitude may suggest aircraft may be climbing or
steady or pitching down/stall.
Overview of UAV Systems
As a minimum, a
typical UAV system
is composed of
• Air vehicles,
• One or more
ground control
station (GCS) and/
or mission
planning and
control stations
(MPCS),
• Payload, and
• Data link
Air Vehicle
• The air vehicle is the airborne part of the
system that includes the airframe, propulsion
unit, fl ight controls, and electric power
system.
• The air data terminal is mounted in the
air vehicle, and is the airborne portion of
the communications data link
• The air vehicle can be a fixed-wing
airplane, rotary wing, or a ducted fan
Mission Planning and Control
Station
• The MPCS, also called the GCS,
is the operational control center
of the UAV system where video,
command, and telemetry data
from the air vehicle are
processed and displayed.
• The MPCS shelter incorporates a
mission planning facility, control
and display consoles, video and
telemetry instrumentation, a
computer and signal processing
group, the ground data terminal,
communications equipment, and
environmental control and
survivability protection
equipment.
Launch and Recovery Equipment
• Launchand recovery can be accomplished by a number of
techniques ranging from conventional takeoff and landing on
prepared sites to vertical descent using rotary wing or fan
systems.
Contd….
• Catapults using either
pyrotechnic (rocket)
or a combination of
pneumatic/hydraulic
arrangements are also
popular methods for
launching air vehicles.
Some small UAVs are
launched by hand,
essentially thrown into
the air like a toy glider.
Payloads
• Payloads often
include video
cameras, either
daylight or night
(image-intensif i
ers or thermal
infrared), for
reconnaissance
and
surveillance
missions.
Payloads
• ArmedUAVs carry weapons to be fired, dropped, or
launched. “Lethal” UAVs carry ex-plosive or other types of
warheads and may be deliberately crashed into targets
Contd…
• Radar sensors,
often using
Moving Target
Indicator (MTI)
and/or
synthetic
aperture radar
(SAR)
technology, are
also important
payloads for
UAVs
conducting
recon-
naissance
missions.
Electro-Optical and Infrared Sensors (EO/IR)
• As depicted in Figure 1, an EO/IR-capable UAV has a limited search capability.
• In contrast, an MTI-capable UAV has a 360-degree search capability, including Ground
Moving Target Indication (GMTI) and Maritime Moving Target Indication (MMTI).
• If these two types of UAVs are jointly operated, a successful detection-tracking-
identification process could be implemented even with low-cost tactical UAVs.
• The MTI-capable UAV detects moving targets on the surface, and then then Ground
Control Station (GCS) can automatically direct the EO/IR-capable UAV to the detection
location for identification.
• Another alternative is for a UAV to have both an onboard EO/IR sensor and MTI radar,
which should be selected in accordance with the tactical UAV’s payload capacity. The
MTI to EO/IR cueing mechanism is triggered by the sensor operator on the GCS.
• COURTESY: https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2021/02/sar-
mti-radar-for-common-operating-picture-in-uav-operations/
Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) AND synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
Another major category of payloads is electronic warfare (EW) systems.
They include the full spectrum of signal intelligence (SIGINT) and
jammer equipment.
Courtesy:
https://defence.nridigital.com/global_defence_technology_mar21/electronic
_warfare_latest
Contd…
• SIGINT is intelligence derived from electronic
signals and systems used by foreign targets,
such as communications systems, radars, and
weapons systems that provides a vital window
for our nation into foreign adversaries'
capabilities, actions, and intentions.
CONTD…
• In technology, you will come across the term
Data Link, especially in companies or
structures which deal with communication
setups. In simple language, a data link refers
to the connection of one area to another. The
main aim of these connections is to send or
receive digital information.
CONTD….
• Uplink frequency is
the frequency at
which, the first earth
station is
communicating with
satellite.
• The satellite
transponder converts
this signal into
another frequency and
sends it down to the
second earth station.
This frequency is
called as Downlink
frequency.
For Reference: The data link may also be called upon to
measure the position of the air vehicle by determining
its azimuth and range from the ground-station antenna.
NETRA
RUSTOM
NISHANT