GEOGRAPHY REVISION [PAPER 2] Compressional force Tensional force

Parallel faults develop Parallel faults develop

The revision package is meant to assist learners learn how best they can Side blocks rise over central block Middle block sinks to form
answer questions using command words in order for them to score higher Central block remain forming rift valley
marks as guided by marks allocated in each question. The following are some rift valley
of the command words used in paper 2 questions ;
iii) Explain how rift valleys influence human activities. [5]
 Name – A word or combination of words by which a place, person, Lakes/rivers for fishing
thing, a body or any object is called or known. Lakes/ rivers supply water for domestic use/industries/irrigation etc.
 Describe - Give a detailed account in words of something or process. Minerals for mining
 Suggest – Put forward for consideration. Scenic beauty for tourism
 Define – What is meant by a word, text, concept or action. It is advised Fertile soils for arable farming
not to use the same word being defined in the definition. Pastures for pastoral farming
 Explain - Give a reason so as to justify by describing in more detail. Forests for lumbering
 State - Express something definitely or clearly. Geysers/hot springs for geothermal power

SECTION A (b) Collision of crustal plates is associated with the formation of fold
Question 1 mountains.

(a) Figure 1 shows different types of faults P, Q and R. i) Name any two fold mountains which were formed by collision of
continental plates. [2]
Himalayas
Alps
Atlas

ii) Describe how fold mountains may be formed. [5]

Two rigid plates, convection occurs, move towards each other
due to compressional forces
They collide/ converge
The lighter continental plate override the heavier oceanic plate which subducts
i) Write P, Q and R as a list and name the type of fault shown. [3]
into mantle
P - Normal fault
Geosyncline/ trenches form
Q - Reverse fault
Scraping of sediments
R - Tear fault
Deposition of sediments inside trench
ii) Using Fig 1, describe how a rift valley may form. [3]
Sedimentary rocks form
Earth movements Earth movement
Uplifting of rocks
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Folding/ crumpling/ squeezing to form fold mountains ii) With the aid of Fig. 1, describe the physical features of an ash
and cinder cone. [4]
NB : study the other process where 2 continental plates collide Has steep slopes
Covers a small area/ Narrow base
iii) Describe five characteristic features of fold mountains. [5] Made of viscous / thick lava
They are high, Steep sided, have saddles/ cols, It is short in height
Deep valleys, Parallel ranges,
Chain of mountains/ridges, Have rivers iii) Explain how the eruption of an ash and cinder cone may negatively
Have bare rocks, glaciated/ ice capped affect people. [6]
Have cirques, Arêtes, lakes Dust/ ash can bury people
They have rugged peaks, lakes Lava/ ash/ gases may destroy property
Acid rain destroy crops/buildings
iv) Explain why interiors of most continents have no earth movements.[2] Acidic ash destroys crops
No plate boundaries/ margins Dust/ash lead to breathing problems
Stable/ rigid/ no instability Fire outbreaks kill people/ destroy pastures/ property
Ash make water unfit to drink
Question 2 Ash/ dust affect visibility hence disrupts flights
(a) Study figure 1 which shows an ash and cinder cone. Lava/ rock falls/ musdslides may kill people/ destroy property

(b) In March 2017 an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 on the Richter scale

occurred in Botswana. Its epicentre was near Moiyabana in the Central district.
( i) Define the following terms:
epicentre
magnitude [2]

Epicentre - The point on the earth surface above the focus (where
shockwaves first hit the surface.)
Magnitude - The total amount of energy released by an earthquake

ii) Describe how the earthquake may have occurred. [5]

i) Write X, Y and Z as a list and name the features labelled Convection currents within the earth/ earth
in the diagram. [3] movement/compression/tension
X - crater Pressure build up
Y - layer of ash Faulting occurs
Z - vent Pressure is released
Shockwaves radiate outwards towards epicentre
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 Vibrations of crustal/surface rocks Fertile soils for arable farming
iii) Suggest five reasons why some earthquakes cause less destruction than Pastures for pastoral farming
others [5] Lakes for water supply/fishing/irrigation/ domestic use etc.
Sparsely populated Minerals for mining
Area less built, dry season Forests for lumbering
Hard/ strong rock structure Relief rainfall for water supply/domestic use/ industries etc.
Area is far away from the sea Geysers/ hot springs for geothermal power.
Occurrence during daytime
Early warning systems (b) Fig 1 shows a constructive plate margin.
Deep focus, preparedness
Flexible buildings/ earthquake proof buildings

Question 3
(a) The theory of plate tectonics explains the origin of some of the large
features that are found on the surface of the earth such as volcanoes.

i) Describe the distribution of volcanoes around the world. [4]

Pacific Ring of Fire, Mid Atlantic Ridge
East African rift valley, South East Asia / East Asia
Mid Indian ocean ridge, West of North America
West of South America, Along plate boundaries/ margins
Southern Europe, Carribean islands
ii) Describe how a volcano may be formed.
Earth movements/ Tension/ Compression
Pressure builds up
Faulting
Pressure is released
Magma rises through vent/ fissure
Eruptions occur (sometimes explosive)
Lava flows and accumulates, lava cools and solidifies
A volcanic cone is formed
i) Write X, Y as a list and name layers of the earth labelled. [2]
X - Mantle/ Mesosphere
[5] Y - Crust/lithosphere/ oceanic crust
ii) Using information from Fig. 1 only, explain how the mid oceanic ridge is
formed. [4]
Plates diverge due to tensional force
Faulting occurs
Molten rocks/magma upwells or rises/ eruption
Lava accumulates, cools and solidifies
New crust form/ mid oceanic ridge forms

iii) Explain how volcanoes benefit local people iii) Explain why volcanoes are associated with earthquakes. [4]
living around them. [6] They occur at the same location eg. Pacific Ring of fire
Scenic beauty/ attractive features for tourism
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 They both occur along plate margins/destructive/constructive plate G - Mercury
boundaries ii) Describe how mercury barometer works. [3]
Both occur at zones of instability/weakness/subduction zones/where When pressure increases
pressure builds up or released Force of pressure is exerted on the mercury in the container
One leads to another/ volcanoes can cause earthquakes or vice versa. Level of mercury rises along the glass tube to high pressure
When pressure decreases
iv) Suggest ways by which governments can reduce the negative impacts of Less force is exerted on the mercury in the container
volcanic eruptions on people. [5] Mercury column in the glass tube drops to low pressure
Redirect lava flow
Evacuate/ relocate people (b) Fig. 2 shows the influence of altitude on air pressure.
Rescue operations eg. mobile clinics/ ambulances
Financial assistance
Provision of safe drinking water/ food/ clothes/ tents/ houses
Public education on safety measures
Monitoring
Predicting/ forecasting/ early warning
Research

Question 4

(a) Fig. 1 shows a mercury barometer.

i) Give two factors other than altitude, which cause air pressure to differ
from one place to another. [2]
Temperature, Latitude
Earth’s rotation

ii) With the aid of Fig. 2, explain how altitude influences air pressure. [4]
Pressure is high at low altitudes/ low at high altitudes
At low altitudes air is denser
More molecules are exerting force in dense air/molecules spread over
i) Write E, F and G as a list and name the parts labelled. [3] a small area
E - Glass tube Therefore greater pressure is felt
F - Container At high altitudes air is less dense

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 Molecules move far apart/ molecules spread over a large area
Therefore less pressure is felt

(c) i) Name the type of rainfall that is associated with the presence of
mountains. [1]
Relief/ Orographic rainfall

ii) With the aid of a labelled diagram, explain why more rainfall occurs on
the windward side of mountains. [6]
NB: Draw labelled diagram of Relief rainfall first i) What does an anemometer measure? [1]
Wind speed
Warm, moist air is forced to rise over a mountain
As it rises, expansion, cooling takes place ii) Write P, Q and R as a list and name the parts labelled in Fig. 2. [3]
Saturation point/ dew point is reached P - Cups
Condensation takes place Q - Vertical mast/shaft/spindle
Precipitation/ rain occurs R - (Calibrated) dial/meter

(d) Explain how climatic conditions in hot deserts affect human activities.6] iii) Describe how an anemometer works. [4]
Low rainfall therefore low crop production When the wind blows
Extreme high temperatures hence low crop production The cups rotate
Low rainfall( less livestock diseases) therefore more pastoral farming Rotations recorded in a meter
Low rainfall - nomadic hunting and gathering Recorded in kilometers per hour
Low rainfall - irrigation along water sources
Low rainfall - camels used as mode of transport (b) Study Fig. 3 which shows types of rainfall.
Question 5

(a) Study Fig. 2 which shows an anemometer

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 This is the abnormal cooling of the Pacific ocean (which results in intense low
pressure system associated with too much rainfall).

ii) Describe the effects of Lanina on human activities in Southern Africa.[6]

Destruction of crops/ crops rot/ livestock dies
Destruction of infrastructure/ roads/ buildings
Disrupts human activities eg travelling
Destruction of property
Improved pastures for livestock
Increased water supply eg. filling up dams,rivers,ponds
Improved crop yields
Flourishing wildlife for tourism

Question 6
) Write S, T and U as a list and name the types of rainfall shown. [3]
S - Relief/ Orographic rainfall (a) Relative humidity is an element of weather measured using wet and dry
T - Frontal/ Cyclonic rainfall bulb thermometers
U - Convectional rainfall

ii) Name the type of rainfall which is most common in Botswana. [1]
Convectional rainfall i) Describe the relative humidity when the wet and dry bulb
readings show ;
iii) Describe the processes that lead to the formation of the type of rainfall a small difference,
that is labelled U. [6] a large difference,
Intense heating of the earth surface by the sun same readings. [3]
This sets up convection currents small difference - Relative humidity(RH) is high
Warm, moist air is forced to rise by convection currents large difference - Relative humidity is low
As it rises, it expands, cools same readings - Air is saturated/ RH is 100%
Saturation point reached
Condensation takes place/ clouds are formed ii) Descibe how wet and dry bulb thermometer works. [4]
Rain falls When air is not saturated/air is dry/low humidity
(c) Lanina is a weather phenomenon which affects Southern Africa. Water evaporates from the muslin cloth
Latent heat is used up/ lost
i) Define Lanina. [1] Wet bulb/ mercury cools
Mercury contracts
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 Wet bulb shows a lower reading i) Name the type of climate shown in Fig. 2. [1]
Dry bulb thermometer measures room/ air/ shade temperature Savannah/ Tropical continental/ Sudan type
The difference between readings is used with hygrometric table to find
Relative humidity ii) State three characteristics of the climate shown in Fig. 2. [3]
Hot in summer
iii) Explain how cloud cover and humidity affect the weather in Hot desert Cool winters
regions. [5] Wet summers
During the day, earth and solar radiation are high due to dry air or Dry winters
absence of clouds Large annual temperature range
Heat is not absorbed due to dry air/ lack of clouds
Therefore it becomes very hot during the day iii) Explain how the natural vegetation adapts to the climate shown. [5]
During the night, air loses heat quickly due to lack of clouds/ dry air Umbrella shaped trees to provide shade for the roots
It becomes cool at night / lower temperature Needle shaped/ spiny/ small leaves to reduce transpiration
This makes the region to have high/ large diurnal temperature Big trunks to store water
Long tap roots to reach for water underground
Bulbous roots to store water
Deciduous/ shed their leaves to reduce transpiration
Scattered trees to reduce competition for water
Thorny trees/ bushes to reduce transpiration
Waxy leaves to store water
Thick barks to reduce transpiration
(b) Fig 2 shows a climatic chart of a station in Kano, Nigeria, Latitude 12°N. iv) Suggest how farmers living in the region could deal with
problems caused by the climate. [4]

Arable Pastoral
Irrigate Drill boreholes
Use drought resistant crops Supplementary feeding
Pesticides Rain water harvesting
Herbicides Provide shade
Fertilizers Pesticides/ insecticides
Early ploughing Drought resistant livestock
Provide shade, Pest resistant seeds

Question 7
(a) Fig. 2 shows a Sunshine recorder.

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i) Write D, E and F as a list and name the parts labelled.
D - Glass sphere
E - Sensitized card
F - Metal frame
ii) Describe how a sunshine recorder is used to measure sunshine.
When the sun shines
The glass sphere focuses sun rays on the sensitized card
Card is graduated in hours
Heat from the sun burns a trail on the card
After 24 hours the card is taken out
Length of the trail is converted to hours and minutes
(b) The Equatorial climate has a great influence in human activities in some
parts of Africa.
i) Explain how the Equatorial rainforest changes with distance from the
Equator. [4]
Forests become less dense due to reduction in amount of rainfall
Trees become short due to less competition for sunlight
Grass/ undergrowth grows taller due to abundance of sunlight
Reduction in number of plant species – some cannot stand less rainfall
Small leaves to reduce transpiration
Leaves have few stomata to reduce to reduce transpiration
No/ few lianas due to abundant sunlight
Few or no buttress roots due to short trees
Change in colour as there is no seasonal change
ii) Describe the human activities which have led to
destruction of rainforests. [4]
Plantation agriculture
Shifting cultivation
Mining,
Lumbering
Settlements
Development of infrastructure
Industries
[3] Fires
iii) Explain how tropical rainforests have adapted to
the Equatorial climate. [5]
Tall trees to reach for sunlight
[5] Climbers/ lianas to reach for sunlight
Little undergrowth due to shortage of sunlight reaching the ground
Leathery leaves to withstand great heat
Smooth trunks as there is no need to protect from the cold
Broad leaves for fast transpiration
Leaves with many stomata for fast transpiration
Drip tip leaves to shed off rainwater
Trees form a canopy due to competition for sunlight
(c) (i) What type of climate does Cape Town experience? [1]
Mediterranean/ Warm Temperate Western Margin
ii) Explain the relationship between climate and human activities around
Cape Town. [6]
Winter cultivation (eg. wheat) due to winter rains.
Viticulture due to long dry summers for ripening of fruit
Wine making (due to large production of grapes) due long dry summers
Production of olives due to long dry summers for ripening
Dairy farming due to cooler temperatures
Orchard farming due to long dry summers/ moderate temperatures
Small stock production (sheep, goats) due to cooler mountain areas
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 Market gardening due to sunny summers/ moderate temperatures Reduces unnecessary expenses/ wasting of money
Tourism due to long sunny summers It’s a tool for education/ informed decision making
Involves local community
SECTION B Avoids social conflicts

Question 8 v) Suggest why some people would be against EIA in

(a) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is important in project project development. [4]
development. However, it may be viewed by some as a disadvantage. May delay development
May stop development
i) Define Environmental Impact Assessment. [2] May cause conflicts
EIA is the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating May be costly/ expensive
the biophysical, social and other relevant effects of development Needs skilled manpower
proposals before major decisions are taken and commitments made. Time consuming

ii) Give two examples of major developments that would require EIA to be vi) Suggest the problems that would arise due to failure to carryout an EIA
implemented. [2] for major projects. [5]
Construction of roads, dams, shopping centres, schools, hospitals, Water/air/ land pollution
stadiums etc. Migration of animals
Failure to adhere to set standards leads to collapsing of structures
Sub standard infrastructure eg. incomplete/ abandoned projects
Misappropriation of funds/ corruption
iii) Describe processes involved in carrying out an EIA. [4] Lack of proper compensation to those affected
Identifying the dimension of the environment likely to be affected Conflict/ lack of sense of ownership by other stakeholders
Consultation with stakeholders (on going process) Extinction of species
Identify and predict the likely impacts of the project Loss of habitat/ loss of biodiversity
Mitigation/ recommendation/ conclusion Land degradation eg. deforestation/ desertification/ deforestation
Communicate these to local communities/ decision makers/ Loss of money
stakeholders Delay/ stop project operation
Compile report
Display/ publish the results (b) The hydrological cycle can be seen as a natural system which recycles
Monitoring (on going) water.

iv) Explain how EIA is important in project development. [4] i) Describe the hydrological cycle. [4]
It assesses the possible impact that may be caused by the development Heat from the sun
of a project Water evaporates from the oceans/ seas/ lakes/ dams/rivers/ ponds
Prevent environmental destruction Trees transpire or lose water through the leaves
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 Water vapor rises into atmosphere, it cools Deforestation/ overharvesting of thatching grass
Condensation takes place Low/ little rainfall
Precipitation takes place/ rain falls Drought
Water flows through rivers/ streams into oceans/ dams/ lakes/ ponds Unreliable rainfall
Some of the water infiltrates/ sinks/ percolates into the ground
Underground water flows in subterranean streams iii) Describe the changes that can occur on rangelands over time due to
people and climate. [5]
ii) Explain how human activities may disturb the hydrological cycle. [6] Reduced vegetation/ depletion of vegetation
Cutting of trees reduces transpiration/ increases run off Extinction of plant species
Disposal of waste into rivers reduces evaporation/ reduces river flow Short grasses/ stunted growth of grass
Air pollution leads to acid rain Bare land
Damming rivers decrease run off/ increases evaporation Less palatable grasses
Buildings/ tarred roads/ paving reduces percolation/ increases run off Soil erosion
Overharvesting of water reduces evaporation Desertification
Mining of river sand reduces river flow Shrub/ scrub encroachment

iv) Explain how the changes that occurred on rangelands may affect pastoral
farmers. [6]
Death of livestock due to lack of pastures
Loss of income due to low quality livestock/ loss of livestock
Low quality beef due to poor pastures/ less palatable grasses
Question 9 Increased poverty due to loss of livestock
Need for supplementary feeding due to lack of pastures
(a) Rangeland degradation is one of the environmental problems facing Livestock can get lost/ go astray due to search of pastures far away
farmers in Botswana. Migration of farmers/ abandoning farming due to poor pastures

i) Define the following terms; Rangeland v) Suggest five ways which communities may encourage sustainable use of
Rangeland degradation [2] rangelands. [5]
Rangeland - An area where animals graze or browse. Fire fighting/ construction of fire breaks
Rangeland degaradation - Reduction in the nutritive value/productive Rotational/ controlled grazing
capacity of pastures. Education of correct farming methods
Limit stocking rates
ii) State four factors that may lead to rangeland degradation. [4] Supplementary feeding/ fodder crops
Overstocking/ overgrazing Proper/ selective cutting of trees/ grass
Veld fires
Salinization/ salination
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(b) Forests sustain livelihoods of many people in Botswana. However Employment/ income
commercialization of forests poses a problem of possible extinction. Prestige
Source of food
i) Explain why commercialization of forests is important to the government Source of medicine
and local communities. [6] Raw materials
Employment leads to improved standard of living Prevent extinction/ depletion
Foreign exchange which pays for imports
Diversification reduce dependence on one economic activity/ sector ii) Name and locate on a sketch map of Botswana, one game reserve. Mark
Source of raw materials attracts other industries and label two geographical features which help to accurately locate the
Self sufficiency therefore reduces imports position of the game reserve. [3]
Government revenue/ tax develops the country eg. roads/ schools/
hospitals

ii) Suggest the difficulties faced by government in controlling the impact of

commercialization of forests. [6]
Potential abuse of forests (by communities for self gain and risk
extinction)
Lack of money
Lack of labour
People resistant to change
Vast area to be covered
Lack of transport
Difficulty in sustaining production of forest products
Lack of accessibility
Bribery/ corruption
Lack of monitoring

Question 10

(a) In Botswana, wildlife is protected in National Parks and Game Reserves.

i) Give five reasons why it is important to protect wildlife. [5]

Promote tourism/ recreation
Reduces poaching
Promote education/ research iii) Suggest how failure to address conflict between wildlife and other land
Natural heritage uses may affect the country. [5]
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 Increased poaching/ people kill wild animals Migration of animals
Wild animals kill/ injure people Poverty
Destruction of property/ houses/ shelter/ settlements Community development declines
Animals destroy crops/ damage to crop production
Wild animals kill livestock iv) Explain how veld products can be used in a sustainable way. [6]
Increased livestock diseases from wild animals Proper harvesting methods to avoid destruction of resources
Overgrazing Education to promote conservation
Extinction/ depletion of wildlife species Seasonal harvesting to allow regeneration
Quotas/ licences to control harvesting
(b) In recent years, Botswana has been experiencing a decline in a variety of Replanting/ rehabilitation allows re-growth
veld products. Research to develop new methods of harvesting or conservation
Fencing allows re-growth/ regeneration/ conservation
i) State any three examples of veld products found in Botswana. [3]
Phane, monepenepe Question 11
Sengaparile
Thatching grass (a) Fig. 6 shows a Hydro electrical Power (HEP) station.
Firewood
Fruits eg. moretlwa, mmilo, mokgalo, mmupudu etc.

ii) Describe factors that may lead to a decline in veld products

in Botswana. [4]
Indiscriminate harvesting eg. deforestation, overharvesting of
products
Commercialization of veld products
Expansion of settlements
Drought
Veld fires
Population increase/ animal increase
i) Write X, Y and Z as a list and name the features shown. [3]
iii) Describe the challenges that local communities could be facing as veld
X - Dam (wall)
products decline. [4]
Y - Reservoir/ lake
Possible
Z - Turbines
Extinction of some species
Loss of income/ jobs/ unemployment
ii) Give two examples of HEP stations in Africa. [2]
Encroachment of wildlife into human settlements
Owen Falls Akosombo/Volta Aswan
Shortage/ depletion of veld products
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 Kariba Koka Sennar lack of raw materials therefore closure of other industries/ jobs lost/
Inga Kolwezi Kainji income
Tekeze Jinja Kafue
Tana Gariep Muela (b) Morupule Power Station is a major source of electricity for Botswana.
However, the burning of coal releases toxic gases.
iii) With the aid of Fig. 6, explain why a gorge site is suitable for production
of HEP. [4] i) Describe the factors that influenced the location of Morupule Power
The narrow valley helps to reduce width/cost of a dam/ reduce Station. [4]
evaporation Nearness to Morupule Colliery Mine for supply of coal
Steep sided to provide a good ‘head of water’ Availability of large, flat land
Deep for heavy flow of water Availability of water from Paje boreholes
Hard/ firm rock foundation to withstand the weight of the dam/ Labour from Palapye, Serowe
reduce infiltration Large market in Palapye, Francistown, Serowe, Gaborone etc.
Narrow gorge for fast flow of water Accessibility through tarred road and rail transport
Perennial river for sustainable / constant water supply
ii) Explain how the power station will benefit the people of Botswana. [6]
iv) Describe processes involved in producing hydro electric power. [4] Employment/jobs/ income hence improved standard of living
A river is dammed to create a lake or reservoir Development of infrastructure which improves service delivery
Water from the dam is made to fall through the penstock Training/ education to cater for new jobs/ acquire kills
Water hits the turbines Diversification of the economy reduce reliance on one economic sector
Turbines rotate and are connected to the generator by a shaft Promotes self sufficiency in power production which reduce imports
Generator is turned on to produce electricity Government revenue/ tax used to develop the country
Attracts other industries which create more employment
v) Explain how the drying up of the HEP dam will affect people and the
economy of the country where it is found. [6] iii) Explain how the burning of coal for power production may be dangerous
There will be no fish therefore lack of food to the environment. [4]
No fishing therefore lack of income to fishermen Dangerous gases bring acid rain/ air pollution destroys natural
Lack of water transport therefore poor service delivery vegetation/global warming
Lack of water supply therefore negatively affecting irrigation/ domestic Soot destroys natural vegetation/ causes air pollution/ land pollution
use/ industries etc. Coal is dusty/ dirty leading to land pollution
Tourism adversely affected therefore loss of jobs/income/foreign Burnt coal disposal/ ash contaminates water/ causes land pollution
exchange/ tax
Loss of jobs therefore poverty/ migration (c) Suggest how shortage of electricity may affect the economy. [6]
Reduction in electricity production therefore loss of government Slow industrial growth
revenue/ foreign exchange/industries close down Closure of some business
Discourages investment
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 Slow production
Little foreign exchange/ few exports/ increased imports
Unemployment/ loss of jobs/ income
Poverty/ low standard of living
Investors may leave the country
Loss of government revenue
(d) Solar power is one of the types of energy used in Botswana. However its
full potential has not beenfully exploited.
i) Describe how electricity is produced from the sun. [3]
Solar panel is exposed to the sun
Rays from the sun are trapped by photovoltaic (PV) cells
Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy into electricity
Electrical energy is stored in batteries
ii) Give three advantages of using solar power in Botswana. [3]
clean/ pollution free/ environmentally friendly
low running costs/ cheap to maintain
Sun is a renewable source of energy
Can be installed anywhere/ portable
Abundant sunshine/ readily available
iii) Explain why there is little solar energy use when conditions are ideal for
its production in Botswana. [6]
Expensive equipment due to lack of capital/ few people can afford
Limited supply as it cannot run many appliances
No production of electricity when cloudy therefore it is inconvenient
Availability of alternatives that are cheaply or easily available
Fragile equipment/ easily break therefore costly
Lack of education/awareness therefore no exposure
e) Suggest strategies that can be used for conserving energy. [5]
Switch off lights/ appliances when not in use
Using energy saving appliances
Use alternative/ renewable energy sources
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Education on conservation strategies
Increase tariffs
Load shedding
Enclose fire places
Use smaller heating plates for cookers
Defrost refrigerators
Question 12
(a) Botswana is a semi arid country that experiences low rainfalls resulting in
scarce water resources. This requires a series of measures to curb this water
scarcity.
i) State two major sources of fresh water in Botswana. [2]
Surface water sources eg. dams, rivers, lakes, ponds etc
Underground water sources eg. wells, boreholes, springs
ii) Explain why there is shortage of water in some parts of Botswana. [6]
Unreliable/ low rainfall therefore low recharge rate
High temperatures leading to high evaporation rate
Saline water makes purification expensive/ water not potable to drink
Sandy soils hence high infiltration rate/ low retention rate
Deep water table makes it expensive to drill
Flat topography/ terrain/ land therefore few dam sites
Internationally shared perennial rivers therefore there is for
consultation before use
Pollution therefore costly to purify
Drought therefore low recharge rate/ limited supply
Population increase/ improved lifestyles/ industries hence increases
demand
Increased irrigation leads to increase in demand
iii) Describe five measures that the government of Botswana is taking to
address the problem of water shortage in the country. [5]
 Education on wiser use/ conservation Consultation with other countries
Drilling of boreholes Agreements/ International conventions or treaties eg. RAMSAR,
Construction of the North – South Carrier OKAKOM, ORASECOM etc.
Construction of more dams EIA to be implemented/ government policy
Desalination of saline underground water Research
Recycling/ Reuse Laws/ regulations
Importation Education
Rationing/ reduce pressure Funding projects on conservation
Increase tariffs
Mending leakages
Use of prepaid meters iv) Suggest problems that might arise due to countries sharing wetlands.[5]
Harvesting rain water eg. catchment tanks/ jojo tanks Conflict if one country tries to dam without consultation
Dam construction may deny another country their share of water
(b) The Ramsar Convention on wetlands was signed by several countries in Ecosystem are disturbed if one country denies other countries a fair
1971. Botswana became a member of the convention in 1997. share of water
Over extraction of water, fish, sand, reeds may deny countries a fair
i) Name any three wetlands that Botswana shares share of resources
with other countries. [3] Deforestation in one country may lead to flooding in another country
Okavango river Water pollution in one country may affect other countries
Chobe/ Linyanti river
Zambezi river SECTION C
Limpopo river
Notwane river Question 13
Shashe river etc.
(a) Diamonds, coal and copper are the main minerals mined in Botswana.
ii) Explain why Botswana needed to sign the Ramsar Convention. [4] However there are some minerals that are not mined.
To share warer resources
To share ideas/ expert advice i) Name the rock types associated with occurrence of each of the following
To conserve wetlands/ migratory species/ to avoid trans-boundary minerals; diamonds, coal and copper. [3]
pollution Diamonds - igneous rocks/ kimberlite pipes/ volcanic rocks
Development of wetlands policies Coal - (young) sedimentary rocks
Financial assistance Copper - basement rocks/ ancient metamorphic and igneous rocks
For international recognition/ prestige
To avoid political conflict ii) Describe factors that have influenced the mining of diamonds in
Botswana. [5]
iii) Describe how countries manage shared water resources. [4] Large amounts/ quantity of diamonds
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 Diamonds near the surface therefore cheaper to extract Government revenue used to develop the country eg. schools, roads
Higher quality diamonds/ gemstones etc.
Large market eg. USA Education/ training therefore improve quality of human resources/
Power from Morupule improve skills
Skilled labour locally Foreign exchange used to pay for imports/ develop the country
Large capital from De Beers Diversifies the economy hence reduce reliance on one economic
Government policy/ government partnership with De Beers sector/ export commodity
Water supply Development of infrastructure to improve service delivery
Raw materials to attract other industries/ investors
Attracts other industries which creates more jobs/ diversifies the
iii) Name and locate on a sketch map of Botswana, an area of diamond economy
mining. Use two geographical features to help locate the area. [3] v) Name two minerals that are not mined in Botswana. [2]
Silver, potash, Uranium,
Iron ore, Asbestos, Oil,
Gas, Manganese, Limestone
Platinum, Fluoride, Quartzite,
Gneiss, Zinc

vi) Explain why some minerals are not mined. [6]

Poor ore quality hence failure for the mine to be sustainable/ less
value
Lack of capital – difficulty in setting up the mine/ sustain the mine
Lack of skills/ technology – difficult to start up the mine
Lack of market – no profit returns
Deep ore deposits/ ore in faulted rocks/ below water table –
dangerous or difficult to extract
Small quantity – failure for the mine to be sustainable/ short life span
Global political influence/ political instability – scares away investors
Pollution – harmful to the environment and people
Competition with other producers – limited/ no market
Government policy – dangerous to people/ not profitable
iv) Explain how mining of diamonds has contributed to the economy of
Botswana. [6] vii) Describe problems of a mineral- led economy. [4]
Employment/ income hence improve standard of living/ eradicates Depletion of minerals/ non renewable will lead to loss jobs when they
poverty get finished
Fluctuation of mineral prices may collapse the economy
16
 Competition with synthetic materials/ mineral substitutes may reduce
market for minerals iii) Describe the dangers associated with mining method A. [4]
Decline in mineral demand/ lack of market Rock falls, High temperatures
Competition with other producing countries may reduce profits Flooding, Cage accidents
Economic recession reduces sales of minerals Subsidence, Lack of oxygen/ poor ventilation
Gas explosions

iv) Describe the impacts of mining on the environment. [5]

Create mine dumps, Deep holes, Deforestation
Development of infrastructure
Pollution, Slime dams, Soil erosion
(b) Fig. 9 shows different mining methods used in Botswana. Destruction of animal habitat/ migration of animals
Subsidence

(c) The Middle East and Africa are important for the production of crude oil and
uranium respectively.

i) State any uses of crude oil. [2]

Used for motor fuel production eg. petrol, diesel kerosene
Raw material for making plastics, synthetic rubber, drugs, detergents
Roofing/ road surfacing
Production of lubricants
Used for making domestic fuel for cooking, heating, lighting eg. paraffin
Source of power

ii) Explain how crude oil has affected politics in the Middle East countries.[4]
Conflicts/ Wars eg. Gulf war
i) Write A, B and C as a list and name each method of mining shown. [3] Political instability
A - Shaft method Interference by other countries on choice of governments
B - Open pit/ Open cast Affects international relations/ OPEC
C - Box cut/ Adit Alliance with certain countries/ bilateral agreements
Revenue from oil used to sponsor terrorism
ii) For each method named in (b) (i), give a reason why it is used. [3] Corruption/ mismanagement of national revenue
A - Minerals too deep underground Dictatorships
B - Minerals near the surface
C - Minerals in horizontal layers/ seams
17
iii) Suggest reasons why nuclear energy is least produced by using Infrastructural development
uranium. [3] Market for local industries
Uranium occurs in very few areas Attraction of other industries
Expensive/ difficult to develop Preserve culture/ cultural exchange
Highly toxic/ dangerous International recognition/ prestige
It is not easy to dispose its waste Improves standards of living/ poverty eradication
Uranium use has international restrictions by United Natio
Question 14 iv) Explain how Botswana has increased its number of tourists. [6]
Education/ training
(a) The government of Botswana became aware that tourism has the potential Political stability
to improve the economy of the country. Government policy/laws/ regulations
i) State three different tourist attractions found in Botswana. [3] Increased advertisement
Okavango delta Improved infrastructure eg roads/ airports
Game reserves/ National parks Increased/ improved tourist attractions
Gcwihaba caves Financial assistance
Tsodilo hills Holiday packages
Historical sites eg Tauptswe Improved hospitality
Rock paintings eg. Tsodilo, Manyana hills Conservation of wildlife species/ protection/ patrols
Chobe river
Monuments v) Explain how the tourism industry may disadvantage
Cultural festivals the local community. [6]
Sporting activities eg. racing, air shows etc. Low paying jobs offered/ exploitation of workers
Tour operating companies are foreign hence profits leave the country
ii) Describe tourist activities in Botswana. [5] Large pieces of land taken by parks/ reserves
Game viewing, boat riding/ canoeing, photography, safari hunting, Foot and mouth disease can cripple beef industry
Bird watching, fishing, river cruising, trekking, swimming Erosion of culture
Watching cultural/ traditional dance, trips to neighbouring countries, Spreading of diseases
Site seeing eg. Tsodilo hills, caves, racing, camping Increase in social ills eg. drug abuse, prostitution
Pollution/ littering
iii) Describe the benefits of tourism to a country such as Botswana. [6] Wild animals destroy property/ crops
Promotes conservation Wild animals kill or injure people/ livestock
Source of foreign exchange
Creation of employment/ income
Government revenue
Economic diversification
Citizen empowerment
18
 ii) With the aid of Fig. 4, describe tourist attractions associated
with coastal tourism. [5]
Sandy beaches, Marine life, Sea/ Ocean/ Sea waves
Sunny weather/ beautiful sunsets
Coastal features eg. coral reefs
Beautiful hotels/ casinos/ shopping malls/ restaurants
Water sports eg. swimming/ diving/ cruising/ fishing/ surfing etc.

(b) Fig. 4 shows an area important for coastal tourism in South Africa. iii) Describe problems of coastal tourism. [5]
Increased crime
Social ills eg. prostitution, drug abuse etc.
Poaching/ illegal hunting
Water pollution
Shark attacks
Destruction of marine life/ coral reefs
Smuggling of drugs
Drowning

Question 15

(a) In Botswana, most industries are mainly processing Lack of oxygen/ poor
ventilation, hence the country’s imports are dominated by manufactured
products especially from South Africa.

i) State the difference between processing and manufacturing industries.[2]

i) State coastal areas in either South Africa or Kenya. [3] Processing industries are those involved in cleaning or refining of raw
South Africa Kenya materials into finished products that resemble raw materials used.
Cape Town Mombasa
Durban Malindi Manufacturing industries are those involved in changing raw materials
Port Elizabeth Watamu into totally different end product.
East London Kilifi
Tsitsikama Coastal National Park ii) Describe the problems associated with dependence on
Mossel Bay etc. imported goods. [3]
19
 No control over prices/ expensive goods
Lack of control over quality of goods Small scale Large scale
Risk of spread of diseases Few inputs Large or more inputs
May be a dumping site of poor quality goods Few outputs More outputs
No certainty of continued supply/ supply may be stopped if there is Simple tool/ machines Large/advanced machines
high demand in country of origin Can be put anywhere Serviced land
Political unrest/ industrial strikes in country of origin affects supply Few workers More workers
Labour intensive Capital intensive
iii) Suggest why there is slow growth of manufacturing industries. [6] Small land Large land
Small raw material base Little/ less money More money
Small domestic market
Shortage of water iii) Describe five ways in which the government of Botswana is trying to
Shortage/ expensive electricity improve industrial growth. [5]
Lack of capital Infrastructural development
Lack of skilled manpower Financial assistance eg. CEDA/ NDB/ loans/ grants
Landlocked country Partnership with investors
Lack of political will/ delaying government policy Advertising
Competition with big foreign countries Tax holidays
Lack of infrastructure Education/ training
Late discovery of minerals Promoting local raw materials
Setting up industrial estates/ serviced land/ factory shells
(b) Study Fig. 5 which shows examples of types of industries. Rural industrialization
Provision of market
A Fishing C Book Shop Tariffs against imported goods
B Textile Industry D Research Lab Provide water
Fig. 5 Provide electricity

i) Write A, B, C and D as a list and name the types of industries (c) For iron and steel or textile or car assembly industry in one country in
these fall into. [4] Southern Africa,

A - Primary i) Name the industry and country in which it is found. [3]

B - Secondary Iron and Steel works - Mittal Steel in South Africa
C - Tertiary Textile - Premier Clothing in Botswana
D - Quaternary Car assembly - Toyota, Volkswagen, Ford in South Africa

ii) State the difference between small scale and large scale industries. [2]
20
ii) Describe the factors that have influenced the location of the industry
chosen in (c) (i).
Iron and Steel( Pretoria)
Iron ore from Thabazimbi
Coking coal from Natal
Limestone from Marble Hall
Water from Vaal dam
Power from Eskom
Large, flat land
Market in the Rand, Southern Africa
Employment/ income improves standards of living
[4] Foreign exchange pays for imports
Car Assembly( Port Elizabeth etc.) Diversifies the economy hence reduce reliance on one economic sector
Ports for exports, imports/parts Attracts other industries hence create more jobs
Market in S.A and neighbours Government revenue/ taxation which develops the country
Water from Vaal dam Raw materials attract other industries
Government policy Self sufficiency in goods which reduces imports
Large, flat land Improves infrastructure hence improves service delivery
Power from Eskom Education/ training which improves skills/ empowers workers

Textiles (Gaborone) Question 16

Water from Gaborone dam
Labour from Gaborone, Mochudi, Ramotswa etc.
Nearness to South Africa for supply of raw materials
Power from Botswana Power Corporation
Market in Gaborone, Francistown etc.
Large, flat land
Government policy
iii) Suggest the problems that the industry in (c) (i) may face in the future due
to its location.
Lack of space for expansion
Lack of raw materials
Competition for market/low prices/ lack of market
Substitution of products by new industries
Expensive water/ shortage of water
Labour unrests/ strikes by workers
Pollution
Expensive land/ rental
Competition for labour
Outbreak of diseases
Expensive power/ lack of electricity
iv) Explain how the industry chosen in (c) (i) has benefited the economy of
the country in which it is found.
(a) The majority of households in Botswana are engaged in arable farming.
i) State two outputs of arable farming in Botswana. [2]
Maize, Sorghum, cabbage,
tomatoes, butter nuts,
water melons, beans etc.
ii) Describe how arable farming may negatively affect the environment.[4]
Soil erosion due to continued tilling of the soil
[5] Deforestation/ clearing of fields leads to bare soils/ loss of habitat/ soil
erosion/ imbalance
of the ecosystem
Pollution due to fertilizers/ herbicides/ pesticides
Salination due to use of chemicals
Excessive use of chemicals leads to resistant weeds
iii) Explain how physical factors affect arable farming. [6]
-Little/low rainfall/ drought hence crops die OR high rainfall therefore rapid
growth
-Low/ cold temperatures - crops die OR high temperatures – crops will die OR
moderate temperatures – ideal for plant growth
-High altitude – crops die as its cold OR low altitudes favours plant growth
-Steep slopes – thin soils which promote soil erosion/hinder growth OR flat
[6] land favours use of machinery or protects soil from erosion
21
-Fertile soils hence rapid growth OR infertile soils hence crops die Competition from other countries leads to shortage of market/ low
-Sandy soils with poor water holding capacity hence crops die beef sales
-Pests and diseases hence crops failure/ crops die Shortage of water leads to low production
Low market prices leads to low production/ lack of will to produce
(b) The beef industry has not reached its potential in producing for both local Farmers mostly at subsistence level/ lack of capital therefore low
and external market. production
Low/ unreliable rainfall/ drought hence low production due to poor
i) State three inputs of subsistence pastoral farming. [3] pastures
Livestock
Pastures
Family labour
Rain water (c) i) Name and locate on a sketch map of South Africa or Sudan, one area
Little money important in the production of sugar or cotton. [3]
Medicine/ vaccines
Simple tools
Logs/ bushes for fencing/ kraal

ii) Describe how subsistence pastoral farmers can

improve their production. [6]
Paddocking/ rotational grazing
Ranching/ fencing
Hire skilled labour
Supplementary feeding
Artificial insermination/ cross breeding
Loans/ financial assistance/ bull subsidy
Education/ training
Drilling boreholes
Disease control/ vaccination/ dipping

iii) Explain why the beef industry is not yet fully exploited. [6]
Distant markets lead to high transport costs
Occurrence of diseases negatively affects supply of raw materials and
markets
Strict EU conditions result in low production
Corruption within the BMC leads to losses and possible closure
Shortage of land in Lobatse restricts BMC expansion
22
 Destruction of the soil structure as big machines compact the soil or
continuous tilling

iv) Describe the role that plantations have in the economies of countries in
which they are found. [5]
Self sufficiency in food/ raw materials/ reduce imports
Earns foreign exchange
Employs many people/ source of income
Develops infrastructure
Attracts other industries
Source of government revenue through tax
Diversifies the economy
Improves living standards
SECTION D

Question 17
(a) Fig. 6 shows a Demographic Transition Model.
ii) Describe the conditions favouring the growing of the crop
chosen in (c) (i). [4]
Sugar in Natal Cotton in Gezira
High rainfall eg. more than 1000 mm Gentle sloping land
Fertile soils Large land
Large, flat land water from Blue and White Nile
High temperatures eg, 25 - 30°C Fertile soils
Water from Pongola, Tugela, Clay beneath silt reduces infiltration
Umzimkhulu rivers. Little vegetation to clear
Less diseases

iii) Explain how plantations have an impact on the environment. [4]

Large land cleared leads to deforestation/ destruction of the habit
Massive destruction of the ecosystem through clearing
Soil erosion as heavy machinery loosens the soil i) State the stage where both birth rate and death rate are; high and low[2]
Soil exhaustion due to continuous tilling High BR and DR - Stage 1
Disappearance/ migration of animal species as habitat is lost Low BR and DR - Stage 4
Imbalance of atmospheric gases/ pollution leads to global warming
Salination due to excessive use of chemicals
23
ii) Describe the trend of the total population at each stage of the four stages Environmental degradation eg, deforestation, soil erosion
of the model. [4] Poor sanitation/ poor hygiene
Stage 1 - Fluctuating/ constant Pollution
2 - (Rapidly) increasing Shortage of health facilities
3 - Increasing Shortage of educational facilities
4 - Fluctuating/ constant Traffic congestion
Spread of diseases
iii) Give four reasons why birth rate is declining in Stage 3. [4] Development of squatter settlements
Contraceptives/ family planning Unemployment, crime, social ills
Education on family planning Pressure on natural resources eg, land, water
Desire for material possession
Women empowerment (c) Explain how governments may address problems of overpopulation.[6]
Late marriages Build industries to provide more employment
Decline in infant mortality Improve agriculture to increase food production
Mechanization Improve health facilities to control diseases
Build schools to improve education
(b) Some areas of the world are densely populated. Provide affordable houses to improve accommodation/ Relocation to
reduce overcrowding
i) Define population density. [1] Provide sewage systems/ landfills to improve sanitation
The number of people per square kilometre of land. Construct dams/ boreholes to improve water supply
Construct roads/ railways/ airports to improve transport
ii) Describe factors that may lead to a high population density. [4] Improve power grid/ develop new power stations to improve power
Development of industries supply
Availability of minerals
Flat land Question 18
Communication and transport network (c) Fig 11 shows movement of people in a developing country.
Fertile soils for agricultural production
Availability of water PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS
Government policy BARRIERS
Suitable climate eg. moderate temperatures
WHY DO WHAT
Few pests and diseases WHY IS IT
Variety of services/ more services PEOPLE MAKES THE
LEAVE THEIR DIFFICULT TO TOWN TO BE
iii) Suggest problems that may be experienced in densely VILLAGE MOVE ATTRACTIVE
populated areas. [6]
Overcrowding/ lack of housing
24
 Fig. 11 Question 1

i) Name the type of migration shown Fig. 11. [1] (a) Fig. 5 shows population pyramids of two countries, A and B.
Rural – Urban migration

ii) State three factors which cause people to move from their villages. [3]
Shortage of employment
Shortage of health facilities/ services
Shortage of educational facilities/ services
Poverty/ decline in agriculture
Natural disasters eg. drought, floods
Family disputes
Shortage of other services eg. banking, air transport, recreation,
entertainment etc.

iii) Give three reasons why people find it difficult to migrate. [3]
Lack of money for transport
Lack of transport
Lack of accommodation in receiving areas
Long distance
Lack of skills
Climatic barriers
Fear of the unknown eg. traffic congestion, crime etc.
Family ties eg. marriage, taking care of the old etc.
Religious reasons

(d) Suggest reasons why village communities would be against movement

of people from villages to towns. [5]
Decline in agriculture, Rural depopulation
Less rural developments, Sex imbalance i) Which pyramid represents a developing Country? [1]
Family breakdowns, Female headed families Pyramid B
Ageing population, High dependency ratio
Decline in birth rates, Rural poverty ii) Describe the population structure of the country represented
Brain drain, Cultural breakdown by country A. [4]
Working population is more than dependent population
There are more females than males for the aged population
25
 There are more males than females for the children Free testing
There is almost equal number of males and females for the working Counseling
population Safe male circumcision
Generally there are more females than males. Home based care

iii) Suggest the challenges that the government of country B is likely to face iii) Explain how the problem of HIV/ AIDS impacts on the social and economic
in the future. [6] development in Botswana. [6]
Shortage of social services eg. health, education Social As parents die children look after their siblings
Unemployment/ lack of jobs As parents die the old lose caretakers
Pollution, crime As parents die children are left under the care of the old people
Shortage of food/ poverty Infected people are stigmatized
Spreading of diseases As parents die children are left as orphans
Government diverts money for development to spend on dependent
population Economic Poverty as bread winners die
Government expenditure increases as medication and food have
(b) Botswana has demonstrated a strong national commitment to managing to be provided
the HIV/ AIDS Development slows down as money is diverted to HIV/ AIDS
pandemic. programmes
Skilled labour is lost due to deaths and more money spent to re-
i) State two ways by which HIV? AIDS is transmitted. [2] train
Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person Low productivity due to constant absenteeism/ regular check ups
Blood transfusion
Sharing sharp instruments with an infected person
Helping wounded/ bleeding infected person without gloves
During birth
During breast feeding
During pregnancy

ii) Describe the measures that have been put in place to manage the HIV/
AIDS pandemic in Botswana. 6]
Education on prevention
Provision of free ARVs
Provision of free condoms
Treat- All programme
Prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT)
Provision of free food baskets
26
Question 19 iii) Explain why the poor housing areas are located near the manufacturing
areas. [4]
(a) Fig. 6 shows the sector model of urban land use. Cheaper housing/ cheaper land hence affordable to low income
earners
Small scale trading to service low income workers
Cheaper as it is easier to go to work or search for jobs in industries

(b) One of the aims of Botswana’s National Settlement policy is to balance

development between rural and urban areas.

i) State three other aims of the National Settlement Policy. [3]

To reduce rural – urban migration
To promote conservation of natural resources
To identify fragile environment
To regulate establishment of settlements
To promote long term strategy for human settlement
To facilitate orderly transition from rural to urban settlement
To provide guidelines for land use
To promote optimal use of land/ To preserve land

i) State three services which are provided in zone 2. [3] ii) Explain how the government is trying to promote balanced development
Transport between urban and rural areas. [5]
Fuelling Decentralization of services
Postal services/ communication Rural electrification
Food/ catering services Rural industrialization
Warehousing/ storage improving agriculture
Shopping Provision of markets for agricultural products
Security service Development of infrastructure in rural areas
Financial services eg banking Incentives for people working in remote areas/ RASA

ii) Describe each of the land use zones 1, 3 and 5. [3] iii) Suggest the problems that the government may face in an effort to
1 - Commercial/ where shops, offices and banks are mainly found promote a balanced development in rural areas. [5]
3 - Low class residential area/ high density area Land use conflicts
5 - Low density area/ high class residential/ modern suburbia Inaccessibility/ remoteness
Lack of capital
Cultural/ tribal conflicts
27
 Political influence/ corruption Poorly fenced
Sparse population makes it difficult to provide services Small houses
Urban areas grow faster than rural areas
Population is concentrated in the Eastern side of the country ii) Describe the problems that people in a squatter settlement may face.[5]
Urban areas are more attractive to private investors Increase in crime
Infrastructure and economic activities concentrated mostly in the East Pollution
Lack services eg. health, security, education etc.
Question 20 Spreading of diseases
Social ills eg. drug abuse, prostitution
(a) Study Fig. 7 which shows a squatter settlement. Overcrowding
Outbreak of fires
Poor sanitation
Poverty/ lack of food
Poor housing

iii) Explain how governments may address challenges faced by people living
in squatter settlements. [6]
Self Help Housing Schemes/ RDP housing
Provision of low cost housing
Development of industries for more jobs
Provision of services
Review/ amend land allocation policy to speed up allocation
Relocation/ re-allocation
Demolition/ eviction/ fines
Upgrading eg. sewage pipes, street lights, tarred/ paved streets, piped
water etc.
Formation of community development groups
i) With the aid of Fig. 7, describe the features of squatter settlements. [5]
Shacks are overcrowded/ clustered (b) The growth of towns and cities may be influenced by settlements in
Shacks are poorly ventilated surrounding areas.
Shacks made of waste material eg. corrugated iron, tires, boxes,
plastics i) Name a town or city in Botswana that you have studied. [1]
Poor sanitation/ dirty water everywhere Gaborone, Lobatse, Sua Town
Pollution/ litter all over Jwaneng, Selibe Phikwe
Lack of services Orapa , Francistown
No clear pattern
28
ii) Describe the factors that may have influenced its development. [5] (d) Explain how governments may address the problems caused by the
Discovery of minerals growth of towns or cities into the surrounding areas. [6]
New administrative centre Proper planning for land use in order to avoid conflict
Population increase Self help housing to curb emergence of squatter settlements
Improvement in infrastructure Education to create awareness on dangers of encroaching into
Tourism, Electricity from Morupule surroundings
Water source eg. named dam, river, boreholes Rural industrialization to provide jobs/ reduce unemployment
Large land Re allocation/ relocation of squatters to reduce overcrowding
Flat land Provide guidelines on sale of land to control prices/ sale of rural land
Industrial development Laws and regulations to manage or control pollution
High rise buildings to reduce spread of towns into surroundings.
iii) Explain how the town or city named in (b) (i) serves the surroundings.[6]
Hotels/ lodges for accommodation
Schools for education
Hospitals/ clinics for health service
Stadium/ parks/ clubs for entertainment
Roads/ rail/ airport for transport
More people for market
Shops for shopping
Banks for banking
Offices for administration
Police station for security
Churches/ mosques for religion
Industries/ shops/ offices for employment
Post offices for postal services/ communication

(c) Describe how surrounding villages influence the growth of towns and
cities. [5]
Source of labour
Villages may provide housing
Provide raw materials
Land for industrial expansion
Land for housing
Provide water
Provide social services eg. recreation/ entertainment

29