Electronics Engineering (2)

Lecture (6) : Operational Amplifier

Applications

Dr/ Ibrahim Zewail

Frequency domain:

Time domain:
 An octave is defined as a doubling or a
halving of a value of frequency. A decade
is defined ten times (or a tenth of) any
quantity (or frequency range)
 Integrator Application: Ramp Generator
V
Integrator response to a constant voltage:
VIN
This is a ramp generator - very t
useful in timing circuits...
VOUT

V
• What's the integrator response to a square wave?
 Integrator Application: Ramp Generator
V
Integrator response to a constant voltage:
VIN
This is a ramp generator - very t
useful in timing circuits...
VOUT

V
• What's the integrator response to a square wave?

VIN

t
• ...Useful for waveform generators:
VOUT
 Question ?

What happen if the input

signal was DC only ?
 The Miller integrator
The Miller integrator with a
large resistance RF connected
in parallel with C in order to
provide negative feedback
and hence finite gain at dc.
the integrator transfer function

Frequency response of the integrator

Active low-pass filter
Vout Z
A( j ) = =− F
VS ZS
1 1 1
= + Max Amplification: RF/RS
Z F RF 1
jC F Low pass factor: 1/(1+ jωRFCF)
RF Cut-off frequency (-3dB = 1/√2)
ZF = when ωRFCF=1, ie ω0=1/RFCF
1 + jRF C F
RF / RS
A( j ) = −
1 + jRF C F

e.g. RF/RS=10; 1/RFCF=1

 Op-amp differentiator

The second generalized inverting op-amp

uses a capacitor for Z1 and a resistor for Z2,
as shown in Figure 9.31. The impedances are
Z1 = 1/sC1 and Z2 = R2, and the voltage
transfer function is

Differentiation in the time domain

 Op-amp differentiator
The second generalized inverting op-amp
uses a capacitor for Z1 and a resistor for Z2,
as shown in Figure 9.31. The impedances are
Z1 = 1/sC1 and Z2 = R2, and the voltage
transfer function is
Differentiator with series resistance
R
Rf