RESPIRATION ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Carbon dioxide - CO2

Water - H2O
Respiration is a biochemical process of releasing
energy by the break down of glucose molecules for Glucose - C6H12O6 (6-carbon molecule)
carrying out life processes. ADP - adenosine diphosphate
Pi - inorganic phosphate
Combination of physical and biochemical processes.

• Cellular respiration: carbohydrates and other metabolites are

Inhalation of air Oxidation of broken down with the simultaneous build-up of ATP. Oxidation of
containing more glucose with a food happens in mitochondria.
O2 and exhalation subsequent • Glucose is broken down into CO2 and H2O in the presence of
of air containing release of energy O2 and ATP is released.
more CO2. inside the living
cell. C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2880 kJ or 686 kcal/mole (ATP)
The compounds that are oxidized during
respiration are known as respiratory substrates.

In each step of breakdown, a particular enzyme is needed.

• ATP provides energy that cells need for all activities such as transport, mechanical and chemical work; ATP is also called energy currency of cells.
• When required, ATP molecules are hydrolyzed to release energy used for metabolic activities.
ATP —> ADP + Pi + Energy

Chemical changes taking place

are the same as those in plants Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle (6O2)
during aerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration C6H12O6 —> 2 Pyruvate —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP + 420 kcal

Glycolysis Based on availability of oxygen cytoplasm

• Involves breakdown of glucose

into pyruvate. Anaerobic respiration C6H12O6 —> lactic acid + 2 ATP + heat energy (basic equation)
• Occurs in cytoplasm of cell
• Does not require oxygen
• Respiration becomes partly anaerobic when cells are temporarily deprived of oxygen.
• Lactic acid is produced; also known as lactate fermentation.
• 2 ATPs are produced from 1 molecule of glucose.
• Slow process and no CO2 is produced.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMAN BEINGS
Nostrils and nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea

• Nasal passage opens outside
through 2 nostrils separated by
a cartilaginous septum.
• Inner surface of the nasal
passage is lined by hairy,
ciliated epithelium and
mucous-secreting cells.
Refer to textbook for diagrams of
all these structures.
• Nasal cavity opens into pharynx.
• Located at the back of the mouth.
• The air moves into the pharynx
which is a common area to both the
digestive and respiratory tracts.
• Pharynx opens into the larynx/voice
box which leads to the trachea.
• Also connected to the oesophagus/
food pipe.
• Cartilaginous ap called epiglottis
guards the entrance to the trachea.
• The epiglottis covers the trachea to
prevent food or water from entering
the respiratory system.
• Larynx/voice box (also
known as Adam’s apple) is
a cartilaginous box-like
structure.
• Located at the tracheal
opening.
• Hollow from inside
• Moves up or down allowing
safe passage of air or food.
• Trachea/windpipe is a tube that
extends from the larynx into the
thoracic cavity.
• Lies on the ventral side of the
oesophagus.
• Wall is provided with incomplete
C-shaped cartilaginous rings;
keeps the trachea in dilated
position and prevents it from
collapsing.
• Ciliated epithelial lining and
mucous-secreting cells extend
from nasal cavities unto the
trachea; help in preventing dust
p a r t i c l e s o r m i c ro b e s f ro m
entering the lungs.

Lungs Bronchi and bronchioles

• Pair of highly elastic, hollow, membranous bag-like structures.
• Situated in the thoracic cavity along with the heart.
• Broad lower surface rests on a sheet of muscle called
diaphragm; forms the oor of the thoracic cavity.
• Right lung is larger than the left one.
• Right lung is divided into 3 lobes and left lung is divided into 2
lobes.
• Surrounded by 2 membranes called pleural membranes;
space between these membranes is called the pleural cavity.
• These membranes secrete an oily substance called pleural
uid; present in the pleural cavity and acts as a lubricant to
reduce friction between lungs and the thoracic wall while
breathing.
fl
fl
fl
• Trachea divides into 2 tubes called bronchi.
• Right bronchus is divided into 3 bronchi which extend into 3 lobes of
the right lung.
• Left bronchus is divided into 2 bronchi penetrating into the 2 lobes of
the left lung.
• Within the lung, each bronchus is divided many times into
bronchioles.
• Smallest tubes called respiratory bronchioles are about 0.5 mm in
diameter.
• Alveoli are the actual sites of respiratory exchange.
• Alveoli are the functional units of lungs.
• Alveoli are lined by a single layer of moist squamous epithelium.
• Each alveolus has a dense network of blood capillaries on its outside.
• Over 700 million alveoli present in the lungs.
RESPIRATION
BLOOD SUPPLY TO LUNGS
1. The right auricle of the heart receives the deoxygenated blood and sends it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery.

2. Pulmonary artery divides into 2 branches, each branch entering the respective lung.
• These branches further subdivide several times to form capillaries.
• These are arranged around the air sacs.

3. Veins arising from these capillaries join several times and form 2 pulmonary veins.
• 2 pulmonary veins arise from each lung.
• These veins pour the oxygenated blood into the left auricle of the heart.

• Has a cyclic pattern.

Breathing • Air is passed into and out of the lungs by alternate expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity.
• Brought about by the movements of the intercostal (muscles located between the ribs) and diaphragm
muscles which alter the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Inhalation/Inspiration Exhalation/Expiration

• Breathing in involves contractions mainly of the diaphragm and • Breathing out is brought about by the relaxation of the
external intercostal muscles. intercostal and diaphragm muscles.

• Produces a forward (upward) and outward movement of the
ribcage.
• This action straightens and contracts the diaphragm.
• Results in an increase in the thoracic cavity volume and is
followed by an automatic increase in lung volume.
• As the lungs expand, the air pressure in them reduces and air
rushes into them from the atmosphere through the air passages.
• Ribs return to their original position and the diaphragm
becomes dome-shaped.
• Both these movements reduce the volume of the thoracic
cavity and the lungs return to their original size.
• Air rushes out of the lungs because the pressure inside the
lungs becomes greater than the atmospheric pressure.

We normally breathe about 15-18 times per minute. The depth and/or frequency of breathing increases under the following circumstances:
1. During and immediately after exercise. when a lot of oxygen is used by the muscles (about 20-25 times per minute).
2. At high altitudes, where the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is relatively low.
• Air we breathe in decreases in pressure; person may feel air sickness, unsteady vision, loss of hearing, lack of muscular coordination.
3. When the circulation is not delivering oxygen to the tissues e ciently, for example, in coronary heart disease.
ffi
 RESPIRATION
Hypoxia:
• De ciency of oxygen reaching the tissues
resulting when availability of oxygen is
limited such as in crowded places or
rooms with poor ventilation.
• Main objective of respiratory system
Gaseous exchange • Involves exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the lungs and blood and
between the blood and body cells.

Asphyxiation:
• CO2 concentration increases in blood
and oxygen supply becomes negligible.
• May result due to strangulation,
drowning, blocking of respiratory system. In lungs In tissues
• Usually leads to death of su erer.

• Concentration of oxygen in lung in alveoli is higher
than that in the deoxygenated blood in capillaries.
• This di erence causes oxygen to di use from the
alveoli into the lung capillaries since di usion
continues as long as the molecules concerned are
unequally distributed.
• Blood contained in the capillaries has a high
concentration of carbon dioxide which it has absorbed
from body tissues.
• Therefore, carbon dioxide di uses out from blood
capillaries into the alveoli.
• Oxygen is used up in various metabolic activities and
carbon dioxide is produced.
• In tissues, concentration of oxygen is less than that in
capillaries, whereas, carbon dioxide is present in a
greater concentration in tissues than capillaries.
• Therefore, oxygen di use from blood in capillaries to
the tissues (body cells) and carbon dioxide di uses
from body cells to capillaries.

LUNG CAPACITIES
1. Tidal volume: Total amount of air breathed in and breathed out in normal unforced breathing.
2. Residual volume: Air left in the lungs even after a forceful breathing out.
3. Inspiratory reserve volume: Maximum air that can be breathed in forcibly over and above the tidal volume is called the complemented air volume.
4. Expiratory reserve volume: Maximum air that can be breathed out forcibly even after an ordinary or normal expiration is called supplemented air
volume.
5. Vital capacity: Maximum volume of air that can be taken in and given out by maximum inspiration and expiration.
• Generally greater in following cases:
• Males compared to females.
• Adults compared to children.
• Fit people compared to un t people.
8. Total lung capacity: Maximum that can be contained in both the lungs of a normal person at any time. vital capacity + residual air
fi
ff
ff
fi
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff
 DIFFERENCES:
Breathing Respiration Anaerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
a physical process that involves a biochemical process in which
in plants in animals
intake of air (rich in oxygen) and glucose is oxidized to CO2 and product formed is ethanol product formed is only
giving out air (rich in carbon dioxide) water, along with the exchange of and CO2 lactic acid
gases
exchange of gases takes place by exchange of gases may take place
mechanical process only by a mechanical process or by more heat energy is less heat energy is released
di usion released
no energy is released energy is released in the form of ATP
released CO2 causes no foaming as no CO2 is
enzymes are not involved enzymes are involved foaming released

Table 14.3 is important, learn from textbook.

Activity 1 from page 165 is meant to be learnt as well.

Constituent Air at time of Air breathed out Air breathed out

breathing in (while sleeping) (while working)
Nitrogen 78% 78% 78%

Oxygen 21% 17% 12%

Carbon dioxide In traces (0.03-0.04%) 4% 9%

Inert gases 1% 1% 1%

Water vapor Variable Saturated Saturated

ff