R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.

ie

Biology Revision Plan

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

The Scientific Method - Hypothesis - Double blind testing

- Double blind testing - Hypothesis
- Experimental methods
- Bias
- Ethics

Food - Biomolecule composition e.g. Carbohydrates, proteins, 1 - Fat - Biomolecule

fats, vitamins - Carbohydrates - Anabolic
- Minerals: 2 plants + 2 animals - Proteins - Catabolic
- Metabolism

Ecology - Environmental factors 2-5 - Carbon + Nitrogen cycle - Ecology

- Energy flow, food chains + webs - Food chain - Biosphere
- Carbon + Nitrogen cycle - Food web - Ecosystem
- Human impact - Predator prey graph - Habitat
- Waste management - Population
- Pyramid of numbers Additional definitions: - Community
- Population growth - Trophic level - Abiotic
- Competition - Food web - Biotic
- Niche - Climatic
- Pyramid of numbers - Edaphic
- Pollution - Producer
- Pollutants - Food chain
- Conservation - Predation
- Competition - Predator/prey
- Contest competition - Parasite
- Scramble competition - Symbiosis
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

Cell Structure - Cell ultrastructure (animals & plants) 6 - Microscope - Ultrastructure

- Cell organelles & their functions - Animal cell - Chromatin
- Eukaryotic and prokaryotic - Plant cell - Eukaryotic
- Nucleus - Prokaryotic
- Mitochondria
- Cell membrane

Cell Diversity - 2 plant & 2 animal tissue - Cell

- Tissue culture - Tissue
- Applications of tissue culture. - Tissue culture
- Organ
- System

Enzymes - Metabolism (anabolic & catabolic) 8 - 11 - Lock and key - Enzyme

- Enzyme reactions - Bioreactor - Catalyst
- Induced fit model - pH & Temperature - Substrate
- Enzyme specificity graphs - Product
- Immobilisation - Denatured
- Bioreactors - Immobilised
- Energy carriers - Bioreactor
- Active site

Photosynthesis - Equation 12 - Light stage

- Role of photosynthesis - Dark stage
- Light stage
- Dark stage
- Products of stages
-
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Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

Respiration - Equation 12 - Glycolysis - Aerobic respiration

- Role of respiration - Krebs cycle - Anaerobic respiration
- Aerobic: Glycolysis, Krebs, ETS - Electron transport -
- Anaerobic respiration system
- Bioreactor

Diffusion and Osmosis - Turgor 13 - Osmosis in planets & - Selectively permeable

- Food preservation animals - Diffusion
- Plasmolysis - Osmosis
- Turgor

Cell Division - Cell continuity - Interphase - Cell continuity

- Chromosome structure + functions - Prophase - Chromosomes
- Genes - Metaphase - Haploid
- Haploid & diploid - Anaphase - Diploid
- Mitosis (PMAT) - Telophase - Homologous pair
- Meiosis - Interphase
- Unicellular and multicellular - Mitosis
- Interphase - Meiosis
- Cancer - Cancer
- Mitosis & meiosis comparison
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

Genetics - Variation types 15 - DNA - Species

- DNA & RNA structure & compositions - DNA replication - Variation
- Bases/pairs - DNA profiling - Heredity
- DNA replication - Protein synthesis - Gene
- DNA profiling procedure & applications - Genetic crosses:
- Screening Monohybrid, dihybrid, - DNA profiling
- Protein synthesis incomplete dominance, - Genetic screening
- Genetic key words sex linkage. - Translation
- Mendel’s 2 law - Genetic engineering - Pyramidines
- Genetic crosses: Monohybrid, dihybrid, incomplete - Purines
dominance, sex linkage. - Transcription
- Mutations: Gene & Chromosome - Translation
- Evolution
- Natural selection - Gametes
- Genetic engineering - Fertilisation
- Genetic engineering applications: Plants, animals, - Alleles
microorganisms - Dominant
- Ethics - Recessive
- Mutation - Genotype
- Mutagens - Phenotype
- Gene mutation - Homozygous
- Chromosome mutation - Heterozygous
- Evolution - Progeny
- Natural selection - Incomplete dominance
- Linkage
- Genetic engineering - Sex linkage
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

Monera - Bacterial organelles - Bacteria structure - Autotrophic

- Bacterial types + examples - Binary fission - Heterotrophic
- Binary fission - Endospore formation - Saprophyte
- Mutations - Growth curve - Parasite
- Endospore - Bioreactor - Pathogen
- Nutrition types - Antibiotics
- Factors affecting bacteria growth
- Economic importance
- Antibiotics
- Batch and continuous culture

Fungi - Nutrition types 16 - Rhizopus - Sporulation

- Economic importance - Sexual reproduction in - Asepsis
- Rhizopus life cycle fungi - Sterile
- Fungi sexual reproduction - Budding
- Yeast + budding

Protista - Introduction - Amoeba - Osmoregulation

- Osmoregulation - Osmoregulation
- Cell organelle functions
Blood - Tissue components + functions - RBC - Sterile
- RBC - WBC x2
- WBC
- Blood groups
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

The Heart and Blood - Open and closed system 17 - Veins - Artery
Vessels - Blood vessels - Arteries - Vein
- Heart blood flow - Heart - Capillary
- Double circulation - Pulmonary circuit - Valves
- Systemic & pulmonary circuit - Systemic circuit - Portal system
- Oxygenated + deoxygenated blood flow - Hepatic portal system - Diastole
- Portal system - hepatic portal system - Systole
- Pacemaker - Pulse
- Heartbeat control + stages - Blood pressure
- Pulse + blood pressure
- Smoking, diet & exercise

The Lymphatic system - Lymph formation - Lymph vessel - Lymphatic system

- Lymph vessels - Lymph
- Lymph nodes - Tissue fluid
- Lymphatic system functions

Human Nutrition - Digestion types - Alimental canal - Herbivore

- Physical & chemical digestion: mouth, stomach, small - Villi - Carnivore
intestine - Teeth type (recognise) - Omnivore
- Teeth - Food pyramid
- Peristalsis
- Digestive organs
- Enzymes
- Villi
- Hepatic portal system
- Symbiotic bacteria
- Balanced diet
- Nutrition types
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

Human Breathing - Benefits of nose 18 - Breathing system - Blood pressure

- Breathing system components - Gas exchange + alveoli
- Inhalation process
- Gas exchange
- Exhaled + inhaled air composition
- Effect of exercise on breathing rate
- Asthma
- Control of breathing

Excretion - Definiton - Skin - Homeostasis

- Plant and animal excretory products - Kidney - Endotherms
- Homeostasis - Nephron - Ectotherms
- Temperature regulation (skin) - Active transport
- Skin components + functions - Excretion
- Endotherm + ectotherm - Egestion
- Urinary system - Filtration
- Kidney components
- Nephron components + individual functions
- Filtration & reabsorption
- ADH

The Nervous System - CNS & PNS - Motor neuron - Neuron

- Responses - Sensory neuron - Threshold
- Neuron parts (functions) + direction - Interneuron - Synapse
- All or nothing rule - Synaptic cleft - Synaptic cleft
- Impulse speed - Brain - Reflex action
- Synapse transmission (neurotransmitters) - Spinal cord
- Brain parts (functions) - Reflex action
- Parkinsons disease
- Spinal cord
- Meninges, grey and white matter
- Reflex action
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

The Senses - Senses - Ear

- Eye - Eye
- Ear
The Endocrine System - Hormone and nervous system comparison - Endocrine glands - Exocrine
- Endocrine and exocrine comparison - Thyroxine control - Endocrine
- Hormone defintion - Hormone
- Endocrine glands x 10
- Thyroxine deviancy
- Thyroxine control
- Goitre
- Hormone supplements

The Skeleton and - Skeleton functions - Skeleton - Ligament

Muscles - Vertebrae - Long bone (external & - Tendon
- Long bone components (functions) internal) - Antagonistic pair
- Bone growth - Ligament
- Bone development - Joints
- Renewal of bone
- Joints
- Ligaments + tendons
- Muscle types
- Arthritis

The Human Defence - General defence system - WBCs - Pathogen

System - Specific defence system - Immunity
- WBCs - Antigen
- Antigens + antibodies - Antibody
- Immunity types (passive & active) - Induced immunity
- B lymphocytes - Active immunity
- T lymphocytes - Natural immunity
- Artificial immunity
- Vaccine
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

Viruses - Viral organelles - Virus structure

- Viral reproduction - Viral replication
- Living or non-living
- Viral shape
- Bacteriophage
- Economic importance
- Virus benefits

Human Reproduction - Male reproductive system - Male reproductive - Gonad

- Male hormones system - Ejaculation
- Sperm cell - Female reproductive - Secondary sexual
- Female reproductive system system characteristics
- Female hormones - Sperm cell - Ovulation
- Male & female glands - Placenta - Infertility
- Secondary sexual characteristics - Menstrual cycle
- Hormones involved in menstrual cycle - Insemination
- Menstruation cycle - Fertilisation
- Implantation - Contraception
- The placenta - Implantation
- Zygote development - IVF
- Embryonic development - Morula
- Birthing stages - Blastocyst
- Breastfeeding - Germ layers
- Breastfeeding advantages
- Contraception
- Male infertility: Low sperm count
- Female infertility: Ovulation failure
- Menstruation disorder: Fibroids
- IVF
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

Plant structure - Root, leaves, shoot, stem functions 19 - Plant - Meristem

- Root zones - Root zones - Herbaceous
- Plant tissue: dermal, ground, xylem, phloem (functions) - Phloem
- Xylem & phloem comparison - Xylem
- Monocot & dicot - TS of a root
- TS of a stem
- Moncot & dicot

Transport, storage & gas - Root hairs - Leaf - Transpiration

exchange in a plant - Osmosis/diffusion - Stomata - Lenticels
- Cohesion - tension model
- Stomata
- Control of transpiration
- Food storage: Modified leaf, root & stem

Plant responses - Stimulus & response 20 - Growth regulators/ - Stimulus

- Response factors inhibitors - Response
- Tropisms: Light, gravity, touch, water & chemical - Tropism
- Growth regulators - Phototropism
- Auxins - Hydrotropism
- Plant response mechanism - Geotropism
- Growth inhibitors - Thigmotropism
- Plant adaptations for protection - Chemotropism
- Growth regulator

Vegetative propagation - Asexual & sexual reproduction - Cuttings - Vegetative propagation

- Modified stem, root, leaf - Layering - Runners
- Artificial vegetative propagation - Grafting - Bulb
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

Topic: Content: Exp: Diagrams: Definitions:

Plant reproduction - Flower components (functions) 21-22 - Flower structure - Asexual reproduction
- Male gamete formation - Fertilisation - Sexual reproduction
- Female gamete formation - Carpel - Sexual
- Double fertilisation - seed formation - Dry weight graph - Gametes
- Pollination & adaptations - Wind/ insect adaptations - Stamen
- Seed structure - Seed structure - Pollination
- Monocot & dicot structure - Monocot/dicot - Self-pollination
- Fruit formation - Cross-pollination
- Fruit/seed dispersal - Fertilisation
- Dormancy - Endosperm
- Germination - Dormancy
- Seed growth - Germination
- Digestion/ respiration

LIST OF MANDATORY EXPERIMENTS

1. Conduct a qualitative test for: starch, fat, a reducing sugar, a protein.

2. Identify any five fauna and any five flora using simple keys. Identify a variety of habitats within the selected ecosystem.
3. Identify and use various apparatus required for collection methods in an ecological study.
4. Conduct a quantitative study of plants and animals of a sample area of the selected ecosystem. Transfer results to
tables, diagrams, graphs, histograms or any relevant mode.
5. Investigate any three abiotic factors present in the selected ecosystem. Relate results to choice of habitat selected by
each organism identified in this study.
R. Gallagher www.theconicalflask.ie

6. Be familiar with and use the light microscope.

7. Prepare and examine one animal cell and one plant cell – unstained and stained – using the light microscope.
8. Investigate the effect of pH on the rate of one of the following: amylase, pepsin or catalase activity.
9. Investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of one of the following: amylase, pepsin or catalase activity.
10. Investigate the effect of heat denaturation on the activity of one enzyme.
11. Prepare one enzyme immobilisation and examine its application.
12. Investigate the influence of light intensity or carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis.
13. Prepare and show the production of alcohol by yeast.
14. Conduct any activity to demonstrate osmosis.
15. Isolate DNA from a plant tissue.
16. Investigate the growth of leaf yeast using agar plates and controls.
17. Dissect, display and identify an ox’s or a sheep’s heart.
18. Investigate the effect of exercise on the breathing rate or pulse rate of a human.
19. Prepare and examine microscopically the transverse section of a dicotyledonous stem (×100, ×400).
20. Investigate the effect of IAA growth regulator on plant tissue.
21. Investigate the effect of water, oxygen and temperature on germination.
22. Use starch agar or skimmed milk plates to show digestive activity during germination.