TNCT Reviewer - Midterms
Network
- Collection of points joined
together in pairs by lines.
- Interconnected nodes without a
definite center or source. (
Manuel Castell, ‘The
Informational City’, 1989)
* Points - referred to as a node or
vertex
* Line - referred to as an edge
Types of Network
Technological Network
- A broad term that covers any
technology that enables two or
more devices to connect and
communicate with each other
- Physical infrastructure networks
that form the backbone of
modern technological societies
Information Network
- Man-made networks that consist
of items of data that are linked
together in one way or another
(World Wide Web)
- Collection, and aggregation of
interconnected computers,
communication devices, and
other information and
communication technologies that
exchange information and share
sources.
Biological Network
- Represents patterns of
interaction between biological
elements like metabolic
networks, neural networks, and
food web.
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Social Network
- In any network the nodes
represent people, and the edges
represent some form of
connection between them, such
as friendship, kinship, or even
trade.
Network in the Social Sciences
Assigned Relationships
- Membership in an organization
Achieved Relationship
- Established through interaction
or cultural activities
Positive relationships
- Relationships that benefit
through mutual help, support,
and advice from one another
Negative relationships
- Relationships that cause an
adverse effect on one or both
parties
- May arise from failed
negotiations, territorial disputes,
and market competition
Asymmetrical relationships
- Relationships where only one
party sends, and the other party
receives
Global Networks
★ Globalization
- How trades and technology have
made the world into a more
connected and interdependent
place
- The emergence of an
international network, belonging
to an economic and social
system.
TNCT Reviewer - Midterms
When did Globalization begin?
Some factors that cause globalization
➔ Migration
- movement to another place,
often by a large group of
people/animals
➔ Labor
- defined as work, especially hard and
physical work
Types of Globalization
➢ Economic Globalization
- increasing economic integration
and interdependence of national,
regional, and local economies
across the world through an
intensification of cross-border
movement of goods, services,
technologies, and capital
- refers to the ways corporations
do business as multinational
- ex. Ford’s car is designed in
Germany, the gearing system is
from Korea, the pump is from the
USA, and the engine is from
Australia
➢ Social Globalization
- sharing of ideas and information
between and through different
countries.
- ex. Internationally popular films,
books, and TV series
➢ Political Globalization
- refers to the amount of political
cooperation that exists between
different countries
4 distinct roles of the government in
addressing sustainability concerns
1. Policy Development
- the process of deciding what
should be achieved, what should
be done to achieve it, how to do
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it efficiently and economically,
and who should do it.
2. Regulations
- rules made by the government
or other authority to control the
way something is done or the
way people behave
3. Facilitation
- the art of moving a group of
people through meetings,
planning sessions, or training,
and successfully achieving a
specific goal
4. Internal Sustainability
Management
- set of tools and practices useful
to operationalize sustainable
strategies and to ensure a
balanced achievement of the
economic social and
environmental corporate
performance
➢ Financial Globalization
- collective concept that refers to
increasing global linkages
created through cross-border
financial flows
- Financial Integration, refers to
an individual country’s linkages
to international capital markets
➢ Technological Globalization
- refers to the spread of
technologies around the globe,
particularly from developed to
developing nations
➢ Ecological Globalization
- occurs when ecosystems are
constantly exchanging materials
through air, water, and land
TNCT Reviewer - Midterms
Strategic Analysis and
Intuitive Thinking
Strategic Analysis
- is the process of researching an
organization and its working
environment to formulate a
strategy
- a system or method that requires
deliberate, abstract, and effortful
thinking that breaks down a
complex problem into parts.
the most common strategy model
● Identify
● Analyze
● Generate
● Implement
● Assess and reflect on the
outcome
Intuitive Thinking
- “quick and ready insight”
- the ability to understand
something instinctively without
the need for conscious reasoning
Intuitive Decision Making
- involves additional sensors to
perceive and become aware of
information from outside
- the way people make decisions
naturally, without the use of
formal tools and procedures
using intuitive thinking in
social networks
❖ Political Networks
❖ Economic Networks
❖ Sociocultural or Social Networks
Community
- a group of people living in the
same place or having a particular
characteristic in common
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- refers to a particular geographic
location with people living under
the same set of laws and
recognizing common leaders
Center of Influence
- a person who can give favors,
command, and make things
happen.
- someone well-known, respected,
and trusted in the community
- has significant influence over the
thoughts and actions of others.
Tools of Strategic Analysis
SWOT ANALYSIS
➔ Strength
- Advantages? Uniqueness?
Selling Points? Skills?
➔ Weaknesses
- Limitations? Lack of effort?
Problems? Poor strategy?
➔ Opportunities
- Improvements? Performance?
Opportunities? Consumer
Behavior?
➔ Threats
- External Trouble? Obstacles?
Competitors? Trends?
PEST ANALYSIS
➔ Political Factor
- measure the degree of political
stability and government
intervention in the economy
➔ Economic Factor
- factors that have a great
impact on business and their
expansion.
➔ Social Factor
- has a great impact on the
buying patterns a behaviors of a
TNCT Reviewer - Midterms
nation which is an important
determinant of business
➔ Technological Factor
- includes factors like level of
R&D, automation, innovation,
and other related factors.
Porter’s Five Forces
➔ Competitive Rivalry
- Competition: one of the main
determinants of success in the
industry
➔ Supplier Power
- influence of the supplier
- “Bargaining Powers of Suppliers
or Service Providers”
- have an upper hand when their
services or products become
increasingly essential
➔ Buyer Powers
- ability or level of power to drive
the prices of products and
services
- “Bargaining Powers of
Customers”
- purchase the social impact of
your organization
➔ Threats of Substitution
- the likelihood of the grantmaker
substituting the organization with
a competitor
➔ Threats of New Entry
- new businesses that offer the
same products or services also
affect the power of a business or
an organization in the market.
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FAD vs Trends
> Fad
➔ intense short-lived fashion
➔ widely-shared enthusiasm for
something
> Trend
➔ covers almost all human
activities
➔ slow but steady incline
Elements and Characteristics of a
Trend
How to spot a trend?
> Trendspotting
➔ study of trends and the way they
develop and affect society
> Futurist
➔ studies and predicts the future,
especially based on current
trends
> Trend Analysis
➔ based on trendspotting,
extending into developing future
scenarios
Elements of a Trend
> Time
➔ trends appear and become very
popular in a short period of time
> People
➔ determine if a trend takes hold or
become obsolete
> Acceptability
➔ trends become rooted in people’s
culture, traditions, beliefs, and
values
> Cultural Basis
➔ trends persist and continue
➔ it becomes part of a society’s
collective identity or culture
TNCT Reviewer - Midterms
Characteristics of a Trend
> Basic Needs
➔ shelter, food, water, clothing,
self-actualization
➔ Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
> Drivers of Change
➔ analyze in terms of shifts or
triggers within changes in the
society
> Tension
➔ created from the interaction
between basic needs, drivers of
change, and technology
Planetary Networks
> Planetary Networks
➔ refer to the interconnections and
interrelations among the various
elements in the natural
environment
> Global Warming
➔ a phenomenon which refers to
the rising global average
temperature on earth’s surface
due to the thinning of the ozone
layer
> Ozone
➔ layer of gases that protect the
earth from harmful ultraviolet
radiation and sun rays
> Climate Change
➔ major changes in the climate that
last for long periods
➔ long-term shifts in temperatures
and weather patterns
> Climate
➔ prevailing set of atmospheric
conditions such as temperature
and humidity of a place within a
span of time
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> Weather
➔ atmospheric condition involving
hot or cold, rainy or dry, cloudy
or clear sky and stormy or calm
Effects of Consumption and
Production Patterns on Climate
Change
> Production
➔ how people generate and
manufacture products they need
to use, sell, or consume
> Consumption
➔ the use of economic or consumer
goods and resources
Some initiatives by the government
that helps protect the Environment
> Kyoto Protocol
➔ reduction of Greehouse gasses
emission on industrialized
countries
> The Emission Certificates
➔ guarantee a product’s resource
efficiency
> Carbon Offsetting
➔ reduction of carbon footprint
some things you can do to help fight
climate change
★ save energy
★ improve your diet
★ saving water at home
★ recycling