CHAPTER

Ray Optics and Optical

9 Instruments

Reflection Spherical Mirrors

Laws of Reflection M' M
™ The incident ray the reflected ray and normal to the surface of principal M'
reflection at the point of incidence lie in the same plane, This axis
P P
plane is called the plane of incidence (also plane of reflection). C θ C F C F
™ The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal M
∠i = ∠r M M
normal spherical spherical concave convex
surface mirror mirror mirror
e n r
in

1 1 1
ra
cid

Mirror Formula: = + .
ted
en

i r f v u
c
tr

fle
ay

re

f = focal length   u = object distance

M v = image distance

In vector form r= e − 2(e.n)n

  Note: Valid only for paraxial rays.
h2 v
Object Transverse Magnification: mt = = −
h1 u
Real: Point from which rays actually diverge.
Virtual: Point towards which rays appear to converge. h2 = height of image   h1 = height of object
Image (both perpendicular to the principal axis of mirror)
Image is decided by reflected or refracted rays only. The point of Length of image
image for a mirror is that point towards which the rays reflected Longitudinal magnification: ml =
Length of object
from the mirror actually converge (real image).
OR For small object ml = –m2t
From which the reflected rays appear to diverge (virtual image).
Velocity of image of Moving Object
Characteristics of Reflection by a Plane Mirror (Spherical Mirror)
™ The size of the image is the same as that of the object. Velocity component along axis (Longitudinal velocity)
™ For a real object the image is virtual and for a virtual object
the image is real. M
™ For a fixed incident light ray, if the mirror is rotated through an
angle q the reflected ray turns through an angle 2q in the same
sense. O
360
™ Number of images (n) in inclined mirror. Find =m
θ
 If m is even, then n = m – 1, for all positions of object.
 If m is odd, then n = m, if object is not on bisector and
When an object is coming from infinity towards the focus of
n = m – 1, if object is bisector
concave mirror
 If m is fraction then n = nearest even number

20 JEE (XII) Module-3 PW

 1 1 1 1 dv 1 du  v2   A
 + = ∴− 2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ v IM = − 2 v OM = −m 2 v OM N
v u f v dt u dt u i
B AIR
dv GLASS
™ VIM
= = velocity of image with respect to mirror r
dt
t N'
du
™ = = velocity of object with respect to mirror.
VOM
dt
90°
c x
Optical Power
i
1
Optical power of a mirror (in Diopters) = − D
f
t sin(i − r )
where f = focal length (in meters) with sign. Lateral shift x = ; t = thickness of slab
cos r
Laws of Refraction
Notes: Emergent ray will not be parallel to the incident ray if the
(i) Incident ray, refracted ray and normal always lie in the same medium on both the sides are different.
plane.
(ii) The product of refractive index and sine of angle of incidence Apparent Depth of Submerged Object: (h’ < h)
at a point in a medium is constant. m1 sin i = m2 sin r (Snell’s
law) r
2
n 1
e
i
i 1 >  2 hʹ
1 h
r
2
Oʹ
r i
r
O
In vector form (eˆ × nˆ ).rˆ =
0
 µ2
For near normal incidence h′ = h
µ1
Snell’s Law
=1
 1 =1
sin i 1 µ v λ ∆x = Apparent shift
= t 1 − 
=µ2 = 2 = 1 = 1 In vector form µ1 | eˆ × nˆ |=µ 2 | rˆ × nˆ |  µ
sin r µ1 v2 λ 2 O Oʹ

always in direction of incident ray.

∆x 
Notes: Frequency of light does not change during refraction. t
Deviation of a Ray Due to Refraction Notes: h and h′ are always measured from surface.

Critical Angle & Total Internal Reflection (TIR)

i N N N

r
r
Rarer
1 1ʹ
d i
C i >C
Denser
angle of deviation, δ = i − r (clockwise)
S Nʹ Nʹ Nʹ

Refraction Through a Parallel Slab Conditions of TIR

Emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray, if medium is same on ™ Ray is going from denser to rarer medium.
both sides. ™ Angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle (i > C).
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W Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 21
 −1 µ R −1 vD λ
Critical angle
= C sin
= sin
= sin −1 D δ3
µD vR λR θ δ1δ2 R
θ
Refraction Through Prism mean ray
P
V
A
δ
i iʹ
r rʹ For small angled prism (A ≤ 10º);
δV − δ R µV − µ R µV + µ R
=ω = = ; µy
δ µ y −1 2
mV, mR and my are R.I. of material for violet, red and yellow
colours respectively.
Q R
 d = (i + i¢) – (r + r¢) Refraction at Spherical Surface
 r + r¢ = A µ 2 µ1 µ 2 − µ1
(a) − =
 d = i + i¢ – A v u R
v, u and R are to be kept with sign as
™ Variation of d versus i
v = PI
angle of
u = –PO
deviation  2
R = PC
1

δmax +ve
µ1v O P C I
(b) m =
µ2u
δmin Lens Formula

angle of 1  1
i1 i i2
incidence 1 1 1 1  1 1 
(a) − = , (b) = (µ − 1)  − 
™ There is one and only one angle of incidence for which the +ve v u f f  R1 R2 
angle of deviation is minimum. When d = dmin then i = i′ and
r = r′, the ray passes symmetrically about the prism, and then
 A + δmin  v
sin  (c) Magnification m =
2  u
µ=  , where m = absolute R.I. of glass.
 A
sin   Power of Lenses
2
Reciprocal of focal length in meter is known as power of lens.
Notes: When the prism is dipped in a medium then µ = R.I. of
SI unit: Dioptre (D)
glass w.r.t. medium.
1 100
™ For a thin prism (A ≤ 10º) ; δ = (µ – 1)A Power of lens:
= P = dioptre
f ( m) f (cm)
Dispersion of Light Combination of Lenses
™ The angular splitting of a ray of white light into a number of Two thin lens are placed in contact to each other
components when it is refracted in a medium other than air is f1 f2
called Dispersion of Light.
™ Angle between the rays of the extreme colours in the refracted
(dispersed) light is called Angle of Dispersion. θ = δv – δr
™ Dispersive power (w) of the medium of the material of prism.
1 1 1
angular dispersion Power of combination. P = P1 + P2 ⇒ = +
ω= F f1 f 2
devitation of mean ray (yellow)

22 JEE (XII) Module-3 PW

Use sign convention while solving numericals. ™ When image is formed at infinity M = D/f

Newton‘s Formula For Compound Microscope

u v ™ Magnifying power when final image is formed at D, M
x1 f f x2 f = x1 x2 v  D
− 0 1 + 
=
O F1 F2 I u0  fe 

™ Tube length L = v0 + | ue |
x1 = distance of object from first focus; x2 = distance of image from
v D
second focus. ™ When final image is formed at infinity M =− 0× and L
u0 f e
= v0 + fe
Silvering of Lens
™ Silvering of one surface of lens (use Peq = 2Pl + Pm) Astronomical Telescope
™ Magnifying power when final image is formed at D:
f f  f 
M =
− 0 =0 1 + e 
R ue fe  D
™ When plane surface is silvered O f =
2(µ − 1)
™ Tube length: L = f0 + | ue |
f0
™ When final image is formed at infinity: M = and tube
fe
length L = f0 + fe

R Limit of resolution for microscope:

™ When convex surface is slivered O f =
2µ
1.22λ 1
=
2µ sin θ Resolving power

Limit of resolution for telescope:

Optical Instruments 1.22λ 1
=
a Resolving power
For Simple Microscope
™ Magnifying power when image is formed at D: M = 1 + D/f

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