Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physics Wallah: Thermal Properties of Matter
Physics Wallah: Thermal Properties of Matter
Physics Wallah: Thermal Properties of Matter
TEMPERATURE SCALE
Cu 1 calorie=4.2J
Problem solving methodology
Result C F-32 K-273 (celcius-fahrenheit- Fe
= = Heat Supplied (ΔQ)
5 9 5 kelvin conversion) Fe 1. m1 g ice [-θ,0C] mixed with m2g water [-θ2 0C]
any scale conversion formula > So when temperature increases
cu Fe 2. Convert -θ 0C ice 00C ice
Reading on any scale - lower fixed point Δl of Cu > Δl of Fe
1
S
J Kg-1K-1 Lf-Latent heat 4. Convert θ20C water 00C water
Area of hole increases body expands on Kg Kelvin of vapourisation
of fusion
C
A-LINEAR l
l
heating.Expansion of area of body is
l =l+ Δl
I
heat Δ Q3=m2Swater θ 2
independent of shape and size of hole 2. Swater= 1 cal = J = J
g0C 4.2 g0C 4200 kg0C
|
S
1. Δ.l= l Δ θ Δθ
J J
Y
cal
2. ll = l (1+ Δ θ) Lf=Lice=80 g =80 4.2 g =80 4200 kg Δ Q3=,>,or< Δ Q1+ Δ Q2
check
+
[or use Kelvin instead of 0C]
+
H
3. = Δ l unit / 0c or / k, dimension-K-1 SUPERFICIAL/AREA EXPANSION cal J J
P
Lv=Lsteam=540 g =540 4.2 g =540 4200 kg
lΔ θ Sice= 1 cal =2.1 J0 = 2100 J0
+
+
1.Δ A=Aβ Δ θ β -coefficant of area 2 g0C gC kg C
2.Al =A(1+βΔ θ) expansion Δ Q3> Δ Q1+ Δ Q2 Δ Q3< Δ Q1+ Δ Q2
Whatever be the change l1,
3.β = Δ A 1. Whole ice melts into water 1. Only m‛ g of ice melts
1
Δl unit / 0c or / k,dimension-[K-1]
in temperature, the A ΔT
difference in length l2, 2
4.β =2 2. Additional heat is used 2. Mass of ice melts can be
remains constant to increase the temperature found by
Δθ
HEAT CAPACITY of system from 0 0C m Lf=Q
l1 1=l2 l1‛, CUBICAL EXPANSION/VOLUME EXPANSION Heat supplied at constant rate
H
2 1
3. Final temperature can
Δl
Graph & equation Heat capacity=mass+ specific heat capacity 3. Final temperature is 00C
A
1. ΔV=V Δ θ be found out by
L
Unit= cal =>SI unit J
l2‛,
L
2
2. V =V(1+ Δθ) 0
C K Δ Q = MtotalSwaterT
A
3. = Δ V unit / 0c or /K where ΔQ additional heat
APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EXPANSION VΔθ
W
k, dimension-[K-1] WATER EQUIVALENT
Pendulum clock : β : = 1:2:3
4. =3 CONVERSION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY TO HEAT ENERGY
Fact When temperature increases, time period The mass of water that will absorb
increases, clock runs slow msT1 mLf ms(T2-T1) mLv or lose as same quantity of heat as
Variation of density with temperature = t = = t 1. Potential energy to Heat energy
When temperature decreases, time period Δ t1 Δ 12 Δ t23 Δ 34 substance for the same changes in
decreases, clock runs fast Density 1 temperature Δ U=mgh= >Δ Q=m Lf
1) Loss of time in any given time interval t, Volume
[( (- θ[
dq Natural convection takes place due to the effect of gravity -[ θ2- θ1 [ θ2 + θ1
1) current, I= dQ =K
dt 1) Heat current, H= Δt 2 0
S
i) Series Combination Q Qr Q Energy absorbed E= σe (T -T0 )4 4
Absorptive power(a)= a =
0
C
i) Series Combination Δt
I
θ1 θ2 θ3 θn-1 θn Q Energy incident
S
Rn k1 k2 kn Qa
Y
R1 R2 Q Energy reflected
.........
Reflective power(r)= r = WIEN‛S LAW
H
l1 l2 ln Q Energy incident
P
Req=R1+R2+.......+Rn Qt Wien‛s displacement law
>
Q Energy transmitted 1
replace with resistors λm
Here ‘I‛ is same Transmitted power(t)= t = Eλ T
......... a+r+t=1 Q Energy incident
THERMAL PROPERTIES
R1 R2 λ mT =b
ii) Parallel Combination l1 l2
R 1= R2 = Find Req=R1+R2+........ b=Wien‛s constant
R1 K1A K2A EMISSIVE POWER/INTENSITY OF THERMAL RADIATION
H
From that find ‘Keq . ‛
A
Energy radiated Watt λm λ
L
[ [
R2 Here ‘H‛ is same Emissive power(E)= unit A
L
area+ time
4
m2 T
ii) Parallel Combination Hence 1 = 1
WA
Energy radiated Watt λ m T1=λ m T2 A2 T2
Rn θ1 θ2 Spectral emissive power(Eλ)= area+ time+ wavelength unit
m3 value- 2.89+ 10-3 mK
1 2
k1 A1 b
| Area =A= ∫E d λ=E= σ T4
-
λ
k2 A2 Relation between E & E λ=>E = ∫ [dimension]=[b]=LK
OF MATTER
0
1 = 1 + 1 +...... Eλ d λ
Req R1 R2 0
kn An EMISSIVITY (E)
θ1
l
θ2 “As the temperature of the body increases, the
Here (V1-V2) is same
=
Energy radiated by a general body wavelength at which the spectral intensity (E) is
e=
>
replace to resistors Energy radiated by a black body maximum shift towards left.”
R1 >0<e<1
value of e =
Eλ
l If e=0 , means general body radiates no energy
R2 R1 =
K1A1 If e=1 , it indicates a perfect black body T3
l T2 T1<T2<T3
R3 R2 =
K2A2
KIRCHHOFF‛S LAW λm1>λm2>λm3
T1
Find 1 = 1 + 1 +.... Ratio of emissive power to absorptive power is same
Req R1 R2 for all surfaces at the same temperature and is λ
λm3 λm2 λm1
from that find Keq equal to the emissive power of a perfectly balck
Here,Temp Difference same body at that temperature.
E1 E2 E =E
a1 = a2 =.........= A NEWTON‛S LAW OF COOLING
TEMPERATURE OF INTERMEDIATE JUNCTION Rate of cooling directly proportional to excess
STEFAN‛S LAW of temperature of the body
θ2 over that of surrounding.
I 1+ I 2 + I 3 = 0
k2,A Emissive power of a black body
θ1-θj θ2-θj θ3-θj fourth power of absolute temperature
θ1 θj l2 + + =0
R1 R2 R3 -dT
(T-T0)
E= σ T4 ΔQ = σ AT4 dt
,
l1 Δt T=Temperature of body
θ1 θ2 θ3
+ + Stefan‛s constant ΔQ Radiant power
T0=Temperature of surounding
R1 R2 R3 σ
Δt
k1,A l3 θ j=
1 + 1+1 value of σ 5.67+ 10-8 W/m2K4
k ,A
θ3 R1 R2 R3 Dimension [σ[ =MT-3K-4
3
https://t.me/neetwallahpw