• The Haematopoietic system: (BLOOD):

• ANAEMIA
• Lower than normal red blood cells or hemoglobin in
the circulation.

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• Iron Deficiency Anemia (most common type)
• Causes:
• 1. increase iron requirement (pregnancy).
• 2. Dietary deficiency (very rare).
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• 3. Chronic blood loss (menorrhagia, GI bleeding)
• Clinical manifestation:
• Pallor, fatigue, dyspnea on exertion.
• Some times angina pectoris (chest pain)
• Lab findings:
• i
Decreased red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit

KRBG. E
& serum iron. Increased total iron binding capacity.
• Hypochromic. Microcytic erythrocytes
• Megaloblastic Anemia:
• Defined by large abnormal appearing erythroid
precursor cells in the bone marrow.
• Types:
c I
• 1. Vitamin B12 deficiency (Pernicious anemia)
• Causes
• Autoimmune (antiparietal cell antibodies) chronic
fundal gastritis.
• Associated with failure of production of intrinsic
factor, essential for vitamin B12 absorption.
• The cause of production failure is presence of
antiparietal cells antibodies in the circulation.
• Clinical features;
• Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia.
• Neurologic manifestation (demyelination of the
peripheral nervs) signs and symptomes include
• Numbness, paraesthesia, weakness and ataxia.
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• 2. Folate deficiency e

• Causes
• 1.Severe diatary deprivation (alcoholics).
• 2. Pregnancy.
• 3. intestinal malabsorption
Elemy
• Hemolytic anemia's
• Are defined as anemia due to shortening of red
blood cell life span (increased red cell destruction):
• Hemoglobinopathies;
• Are hemolytic anemia’s caused by genetically
determined abnormalities of hemoglobin structure
• Hemoglobinopathies;
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and β