notGrade 10 PAK STUDIES NOTES

CHAPTER 1 HISTORY OF PAKISTAN(II)

SLOs #1 After learning this lesson, students will be able to:
• Explain the main aspects of the economic reforms during 197177.
• Discuss Impact of Nationalization on Industry, Education, Commerce and Trade.
• Identify the key aspects of 1973 Constitution.
• Comprehend the major aspects of the Islamization process during 1977-88.
• Explain the functioning of the Junejo Government (1985-88).
• Analyse the Afghan jihad and the refugee problem and their impact on Pakistani society.
• Discuss the functioning of Benazir government.
• Discuss the functioning of Nawaz government.
• Discuss Pakistan’s emergence as a nuclear power.
• Comprehend the causes of Military take-over of 12 October 1999.
• Define the Devolution of Power Process initiated by Pervez Musharraf’s Government, with
particular emphasis on the Local Self-Government.
• Define Enlightened Moderation.
• Describe the Privatization and Industrialization during the Musharraf era.
• Describe the impact of privatization.
• Discuss the Economic Reforms introduced by Pervez Musharraf and Shaukat Aziz.
• Discuss the 2002 elections and restoration of democracy.
Be able to explain the important aspects of economic reforms during 1971 to 1977.
Economic Reform
Economic reforms refer to the changes made in the economy with a view to deregulate it
and to solve the prevalent economic problems of the country.
OR
Economic reforms is defined as the changes introduced by the government to bring an
improvement in the economy of a country through various reforms and policies.
ECONOMIC REFORMS DURING ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO GOVERNMENT
Manifesto of Pakistan peoples party
In October 1966 Bhutto made explicit the beliefs of his new party, "Islam is our faith,
democracy is our policy, socialism is our economy. All power to the people."
Slogan of PPP
Roti, Kapra aur Makaan ( lit. 'Bread, Clothes, and House'
First as Civilian Martial Law Administrator, and later as Prime Minister, Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto attempted to exercise his unlimited powers for the introduction of reforms in the
country in accordance with the manifesto of his party. Some of the Reforms undertaken
during his regime are described below:
Economic Reforms:
Following the spirit of his party manifesto many essential commodities were subsidized.
Similarly agricultural produce was procured from farmers on preferential rates. The pay
and benefits of government servants were revised and some uniformity was ensured by
introducing 22 scales. Loan facilities were provided to employees. Pensions were likewise
increased. The children of low-salary employees were exempted from paying fees at state-
run educational institutions. Employee's recreational facilities were improved. In case of a
pensioner's death, his widow was entitled to draw the pension. Like other government
servants, police employees were also given various infringed benefits.
INDUSTRIAL REFORM
Nationalization
Nationalization is the process of taking privately-controlled companies, industries, or assets
and putting them under the control of the government.
By 1971, 60% of the country's industrial assets and 80% of the insurance business were
owned by 22 families. On December 22nd, 1971 passports of the 22 capitalist families were
confiscated. Industrial licenses of more than Rs. 100 million worth issued to 19 companies
were declared illegal.
Z.A. Bhutto considered industrial development and stability essential for the development
of the people of Pakistan. His main goal was the betterment of the people. He disagreed
with the policies of capitalists, the wealthy and the industrialists.
1st phase
To save the people from their injustice, Mr. Bhutto issued an ordinance on 2nd January,
1972 under which ten heavy industries were nationalized by the government.
The industries taken over by the government are as under:
i. Automobile industry
ii. Chemical industry
iii. Consumer goods industry
iv. Steel industry
v. Heavy equipment industry
vi. Petrochemical industry
vii. Cement industry viii. Social welfare services industry
ix. Tractor industry
x. Heavy electrical equipment industry
2nd phase
In the interest of the country, eleven more industrial units were nationalized on 16th
January, 1972. The above mentioned actions of Bhutto's government gave strength to
economic stability and encouraged industrial development.
LIFE INSURANCE AND BANKING
All life insurance companies working in the country were nationalized on March 19, 1972.
All these were merged o form the State Life Insurance Corporation in November of the
same year. Through a presidential order of May 19, 1972, all the banks operating in the
country were nationalized were put under the control of the State Bank of Pakistan. This
move did not help the functionaries of these banks to improve their performance, rather it
deteriorated.
AGRICULTURE REFORM
On March 1, 1972, Bhutto's government proclaimed the following agricultural reforms:
1. The upper limit of landownership was reduced from 500 acres for irrigated land
and 1000 acres for arid land to 150 acres for irrigated and 300 acres for arid land
respectively.
2. Land in excess of these limits was taken over from the owners and distributed free
among the peasants.
3. Eviction of tenants was prohibited. Only under certain specified conditions, they
could be evicted from their lands.
4. In case of the sale of land, the tenant's right to purchase was given primacy.
5. The supply of seeds, and irrigation water fell under the responsibility of the owner.
6. Farmer were provided with seeds, fertilizers, and tractors on preferential rates.
On January 5, 1977 Bhutto announced a second phase of agricultural and land reforms,
but these could not be implemented.
Educational Institutions:
For making education accessible to the common citizens of the country, Bhutto
government 15 March 1972 nationalized educational institutions. Free education was
provided in the schools that were nationalized. However, this policy failed in attaining
its objectives. This was because some educational institutions with high standards of
education were left in private hands, which widened the class distinction in the
educational institutions.
SLOs #2 Discuss the effects of nationalization on industry, education, commerce and
trade.
Impact of Nationalization on Industry, Education, Commerce and Trade
1. Industry
Here are the positive and negative impacts of nationalization of industry.
Positive impacts
1. Due to the Labour Reforms of 1972, the exploitation of the labourers was ended. Their
salaries and other benefits were increased.
2. The industrial institutions began to pay all duties and taxes to the government, which
increased the national income, and the country advanced towards progress.
3. The mill owners showed better attitude with the labourers. Strikes were gradually
decreased.
4. The hold of 22 families in the industrial circle ended and the capitalist class was
discouraged.
5. The control over the industrial units helped the government to maintain the prices of the
industrial goods.
Negative impacts
1. Since the industries came under government control, the capitalists set up only few
industries in Pakistan, due to which the industrial development slowed down. By taking the
control of industrial units, the government expenditure increased tremendously.
2. The labour unions took advantage of the political freedom and went on strikes and
demonstrations frequently for seeking increase in benefits, which greatly affected the
performance of the units.
3. Political appointments of the labourers were made in the industrial units for nothing
who were interested more in benefits than in work. So the speed of work became slow
gradually.
4. The salaried staff did not shoulder their responsibilities seriously which promoted
corruption in the country.
5. Due to government control, many low-production units were also running which
increased the burden on the national treasury.
2. Education
Here are the positive and negative impacts of nationalization of education:
Positive impacts
1. The government of Mr. Bhutto nationalized many of the private educational institutions
in the country in 1971. The salaries of the educational staff working in these institutions
were very low. Due to nationalization, the financial benefits of the employees were brought
on a par with those of the government educational institutions.
2. Students were given special concessions in transport fares which encouraged the poor
parents for sending their children to the government schools. The student scholarships
were also increased four times.
3. Many medical, engineering and professional universities were established for the better
development of the country. Schools and colleges were upgraded which opened the door for
higher education.
4. Training institutions for the school teachers were established in the entire country, and
thousands of untrained teachers were given proper training.
5. Approval was given to set up Allama Iqbal Open University, which provided the
students with an opportunity to study through correspondence and educational electronic
media centers for adults were also opened.
Negative impacts
1. By nationalization of the private educational institutions the government had to pay the
salaries of the staff from the national treasury. This financial burden increased the
difficulties of the government.
2. The owners of the private institutions were unhappy for this nationalization and they
started a struggle to get back their educational institutions.
3. By providing concession to the students in transport fares, tension developed between the
transport owners and students.
4. The unlimited liberty made the students negligent in their educational activities which
was a great concern for the parents.
5. The student unions were organized in the institutions through political parties, which
were a great threat to peace and security.
3. Commerce and trade
Here are the positive and negative impacts of nationalization on commerce and trade:
Positive impacts
1. The nationalization of industrial units increased the production of the state industries.
2. The Bhutto government encouraged the import of machinery and raw material for
industrial expansion. The trade balance of Pakistan improved and the country was
advanced towards progress. Economic growth started in the country.
3. The export was increased. Even the vegetables and onions began to be exported 4.
Agricultural reforms increased farm produce which enhanced national and foreign trade.
Negative impacts
1. Inflation affected the salaried class the most. Devaluation of currency though increased
export, but also increased the price of commodities.
2. The import of luxury goods increased. There was an increase in the import expense of
machinery which affected the balance of payment.
3. Due to the burden on the national treasury, the secure reserves of foreign exchange
started decreasing.
4. The increase in oil prices tumbled the trade balance of Pakistan in 1973
SLOs #3 Identify the important aspects of the 1973 constitution.
Constitution
According to Lord Bryce: A constitution is “ the aggregate of laws and customs
under. which the life of the state goes on”.
OR
The rules and regulation through which a country is governed and determine the powers
and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it.
Main points of 1973 constitution
The National Assembly of Pakistan unanimously approved the Constitution of 1973 on
April 10, 1973. Two days after, on April 12, 1973, the drafted Constitution received the
assent of the President. It was proclaimed on August 14, 1973. It has some salient features
of 1973 constitution of Pakistan (containing some Islamic features as well).
The salient features of 1973 Constitution of Pakistan are as under:
Written Constitution:
Like the Constitution of the United States of America but unlike the Constitution of the
United Kingdom, the Constitution of 1973 is a written document. There are 280 articles
and 7 schedules of the Constitution.

Federal Constitution:
The Constitution of 1973 is Federal Constitution. It establishes a central government and
the governments of the federating units, namely, the province of Punjab, Sindh, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, and Baluchistan.

Parliamentary form of Government:

Like the Constitution of 1956 but unlike the Constitution of 1962, the Constitution of 1973,
provides Pakistan with a parliamentary form of government. In a parliamentary form of
government, maximum powers are vested in the elected parliament and the Prime
Minister, being head of government has many more powers than the head of State
(President).

Bicameral Legislature:

The Constitution of 1973 provides for the establishment of a bicameral legislature in

Pakistan. Pakistani Parliament consists of two houses, namely, National Assembly, the
lower house, and the Senate, the upper house.

Rigid Constitution:
The Constitution of 1973 is a rigid constitution in the sense that it requires a Two-third
majority of the parliament (National Assembly and Senate) for amendment in it.
Fundamental Rights:
The 1973 Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to the citizens of Pakistan. Some of
the fundamental rights in the Constitution of Pakistan are:

 Equality of all citizens before the law.

 Security of persons and of their properties and other belongings.
 Right to acquire, hold or dispose of the property in any part of Pakistan.
 Freedom of speech
 Freedom of expression
 Freedom of association
 Religious Freedom
 Right to adopt any lawful profession.
National language:
The Constitution of 1973 provides for Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. Regional
languages have also been provided full protection by the Constitution.

Islamic Provisions of 1973 Constitution:

The following are the Islamic provisions of 1973 Constitution:

 The Constitution of 1973 also names the country the Islamic Republic of
Pakistan.
 Islam is the State Religion of Pakistan.
 Sovereignty belongs to Allah Almighty.
 Only Muslims could become the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan.
 Islamic way of life.
 Islamization of laws.
Direct Election System:
The direct Election System is another salient feature of 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. The
members of the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly are selected through Direct
Election.

Conclusion

In conclusion we can say that the above mentioned are some of important points of 1973
constitution which is enforced in the country with 26 amendments.

SLOs #4: Comprehend the major aspects of the Islamization process during 1977-88

ISLAMIZATION

Islamization means the conversion of a society to Islam. It is a process to keep things under
Islamic rule and implementation of Sharia laws in their original form.
Major aspects of the Islamization process during 1977-88

When General Zia-ul-Haq took over as the Chief Martial Law Administrator on July 5,
1977, Islamization was given a new boost. General Zia-ul-Haq was a practicing Muslim
who raised the slogan of Islam. In his first address to the nation, he declared that Islamic
laws would be enforced and that earnest attention would be devoted towards establishing
the Islamic society for which Pakistan had been created. General Zia wanted to bring the
legal, social, economic and political institutions of the country in conformity with the
Islamic principles, values and traditions in the light of Quran and Sunnah, to enable the
people of Pakistan to lead their lives in accordance to Islam. The Government of Zia-ul-
Haq took a number of steps to eradicate non-Islamic practices from the country.
Zakat and ushar ordinance
The Zakat and Ushr Ordinance to Islamize the economic system was promulgated on June
20, 1980. It covered only Islamic organizations, associations and institutions. Zakat was to
be deducted from bank accounts of Muslims at the rate of 2.5 percent annually above the
balance of Rupees 3,000. Ushr was levied on the yield of agricultural land in cash or kind at
the rate of 10 percent of the agricultural yield, annually.
The Government appointed Central, Provincial, District and Tehsil Zakat Committees to
distribute Zakat funds to the needy, poor, orphans and widows. Shias were exempted from
Zakat deduction from their accounts due to their own religious beliefs. The Zakat was to be
deducted by banks on the first day of Ramazan.
National zakat foundation
In February 1982, the Federal Government established the National Zakat Foundation.
The objective behind the creation of this institution was the training of those deserving
zakat so as to end their dependency on zakat. To this aim a sum of one hundred million ‫ا‬
rupees was allotted initially.
Intrest free banking
With the objective of freeing the economic system of the curse of usury, Zia took certain
steps that led to the introduction of interest-free banking in all the banks.
Wafaqi Muhtasib
Accountability is an important aspect of Islamic society. Its purpose is to ensure the rule of
law, the provision of justice, the promotion of social equality - in short, the protection of
citizens' rights. For the attainment of this objective, in June 1981 Zia announced the
establishment of the institution of Wafaqi Muhtasib. The office of Wafaqi Muhtasib is non-
political and non-partisan. The tenure of the Wafaqi Muhtasib is four years. Anyone who
feels aggrieved by any government official or any government department can seek justice
by complaining - writing on plain paper and sending it via ordinary post- to the Wafaqi
Muhtasib against the concerned authority.
Federal shariat court
The Federal Shariat Court was established on 26th May, 1980 by the President's Order. It
is located in the federal capital, Islamabad. It hears appeals under the Hudood Ordinances,
a religious legislation in the country introduced in 1979.
Powers of the Federal Sharia Court
This court was rightly empowered to strike down any law that was not Islamically correct.
The Federal Sharia Court had the power to strike down any administrative law that was
not Islamically sound. Apart from this, it was the job of these courts to give suggestions to
the administration about legislation according to Islamic teachings.
Administration of the Federal Sharia Court
Appellate Shariat Bench of the Supreme Court
An Appellate Shariat Bench consisting of three judges was established in the Supreme
Court. whose judges must be Muslims.
Sharia Benches of High Court
Each High Court shall have a bench consisting of three judges. These judges. Being a
Muslim is also mandatory.
Conclusion
The decision of the Shariat Bench was declared mandatory for everyone, including the
President, but the government could appeal against the decision of the Shariat Bench to the
Supreme Court.
Majlis Shura
For the forging of better links between the government and the masses, in December 1981
Zia announced the formation of Majlas-e-Shura. The Majlas-e-Shura was composed of
fifty members. Among its duties was to suggest steps that would lead to the formation of an
Islamic society and thus to the fulfillment of a longstanding desire of the people. As such,
its role was to expedite the smooth transition towards an Islamic democratic social order.
Zia-ul-Haq selected his Majlis-i-Shoora in 1980. It was to be the Islamic Parliament and act
as the Parliament of Pakistan in place of the National Assembly. Most of the members of
the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars, ulema, journalists, economists and professionals
belonging to different fields of life. The Shoora was to act as a board of advisors for the
President.
Pakistan studies and islamiyat introduced as compulsory subjects
A number of other Islamization programs were carried out including the teaching of
Islamic Studies and Arabic, which were made compulsory. Pakistan Studies and Islamic
Studies were made compulsorily for B. A., B. Sc., Engineering, M. B. B. S., Commerce, Law
and Nursing students. For professional studies, extra marks were given to people who were
Hafiz-e-Quran.
Established Shariah Council
A Shariah Council consisting of ulema was established to look into the constitutional and
legal matters of the State in order to bring them in line with Islamic thought. Since Islam
does not allow interest, On January 1, 1980, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq introduced a “Profit
and Loss Sharing System” according to which an account holder was to share the loss and
profit of the bank.
Impact on media
The media was also targeted. Television especially was brought under the Islamization
campaign, news in Arabic were to be read on both television and radio, female anchor
persons were required to cover their heads, the Azan was relayed regularly on radio and
television to announce time for prayers.
Ihtheram e ramzan
Ordinance for the sanctity of Ramazan was introduced in 1980 by Zia to pay reverence to
the holy month of Ramazan. The Ordinance forbade public drinking and eating during the
holy month of Ramazan. A three months imprisonment and a fine of Rupees 500 were
imposed for violating the Ordinance. A program to ensure the regularity of prayers called
the Nizam-i-Salaat was launched by General Zia himself.
Hadood Ordinance
Zia’s Government introduced the Hadood Ordinance for the first time in Pakistan, which
meant the punishments ordained by the Holy Quran or Sunnah on the use of alcohol
drinking, theft, adultery and qazf( false accusation of adultery). Under this Ordinance, a
culprit could be sentenced to lashing, life imprisonment and in some cases, death by
stoning.
Laws for women
The Islamic laws of Zia also included laws for women. Zia put forward the theory of
“Chadar Aur Chaar Devari” and this was to be applied to women.
Conclusion
General Zia-ul-Haq wanted to make Pakistan the citadel of Islam so that it could play an
honorable and prominent role for the Islamic world. The steps taken by General Zia were
in this direction and had a long-term impact; the Zakat tax introduced by General Zia still
holds and so does many of his the other laws. The Islamization policies f Zia not only
affected men but affected women as well; they not only affected the cities but affected the
villages too; and they not only affected Sunnis but also affected Shias. The aftermath of
Zia’s Islamization has only recently plateaued with the Armed Forces of Pakistan defeating
insurgents such as Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP).
SLOs #5 Explain the functioning of the Junejo government (1985-1988).
Introduction
After the Presidential referendum of December 1984, elections for the National and
Provincial Assemblies were held in February 1985 on a non-party basis. President Zia-ul-
Haq nominated Muhammad Khan Junejo as the Prime Minister of Pakistan on March 20,
1985.
On being nominated, Muhammad Khan Junejo promised the nation that he would lift the
Martial Law and restore a civilian government as soon as possible.
work of Muhammad Khan Junejo:
On December, 1985 Junejo declared his five points programme the tenure of this
programme was four (4) years.
Important Points:
Following are the important points of this programme
1.Establishment of Islamic Democratic System
Based on the ideology of Pakistan, the establishment of a stable Islamic Democratic system.
2. Eradication Of Unemployment:
The establishment of a just economic system for ensuring the social wellbeing of the people
and the eradication of unemployment
3. Eradication Of Illiteracy:
The eradication of illiteracy from the country for preparing the nation for the challenges of
modern age of science and technology.
4. Eradication Of Corruption And Provision Of Justice:
The eradication of corruption and injustice and the provision of justice and social security
to the masses.
5. Surety Of National Security:.
The insurance of national security and sovereignty through strong defense and a balanced
non-aligned foreign policy.
Conclusion
Although Junejo had no claim to power on his own, as Zia had appointed him Prime
Minister, but his performance was commendable. With limited options, he did what was
possible for him. He restored the fundamental rights of citizens under the Constitution that
had been denied to them for a very long time. He tried to put the country on the course of
development and some progress was made, particularly in the area of construction of roads
in rural areas and the electrification of villages. He was honest, polite and had a low-key
political personality, traits which are not easy to find in political leaders of today.
SLOs #6 Analyse the Afghan jihad and the refugee problem and their impact on Pakistani
society,
Afghan Jihad And Its Effects:
Soviet Union invasion in Afghanistan:
In December, 1979 more than a hundred thousand Soviet troops entered Afghanistan.
There was a perceived threat of Soviet interference in Pakistan. So Pakistan took the
historical decision to open its frontiers to the large entry of Afghan refugees.
Mujahedeen Resistance Against Soviet Union:
Afghan Mujahedeen were fighting the Soviet Union with conventional weapons They had
no anti-aircraft guns with which to fight and neutralize Soviet air raids. Soviet air raids
would often harm the Mujahedeen resistance fighters but they continued their resistance.
Emergency Conference Of Islamic Countries:
To respond to this aggression through diplomatic channels, Pakistan connect first all,
countries from within the Islamic world and called for an emergency conference of the
Foreign Ministers of the Islamic countries to be held in Islamabad in 1980.11 was decided
not to recognize Afghanistan's revolutionary government and Soviet aggression was
condemned. Afghanistan was recognized to be a problem for the whole Islamic world and
agreed to share the burden Of Pakistan in assisting the Afghan refugees.
Aids From Islamic Countries:
While Pakistan was perusing the object of bringing to an end the Soviet aggression in
Afghanistan, at the same time it was seeking to help the hundreds of thousands of Afghan
refugees Who look shelter in Pakistan Aid to the refugees started to come from around the
World. The United Kingdom. Germany and Japan wrote off some of the Pakistan's debts
or the interest on it. American aid, too started after two and a half years.
Support To Mujahidin In Pak-Afghan Jihad:
During the first two years of resistance, only Pakistan continued to assist the mujahedeen
by all possible means. Later on, China also started to provide the Mujahedeen with Soviet-
built weaponry. The United Slates of America provided the Mujahedeen with anti-aircraft
stinger missiles which altered the balance of power in Afghan war. Many volunteers came
from the Arab countries to join the fight against the Soviet occupying forces and their
Afghan collaborators.
Effect of Afghan jihad
As a main recipient Pakistan placed more than three million refugees which had painful
corollaries and implications on its society. The project analyses, the exodus of Afghan is
one of the main causes of terrorism, inflation, child labor, drugs trade and many diseases
such as poliomyelitis, Malaria etc. Pakistanis claim that the influx of Afghan refugees since
the 1980s has contributed to increased sectarian violence, drug trafficking, terrorism and
organized crime in Pakistan.
1. A heavy burden on Pakistan's resources on account of sustaining the 2.8 million Afghan
refugees
2. Friction between Afghan refugees and the Pakistani population, due to land,
employment, animal grazing-pasture and water-supply disputes, and
3. A direct threat to Pakistan's internal security and political stability, which is made
evident by numerous violations of Pakistan's western borders by Soviet-Afghan air and
ground forces in pursuit of the refugees and Afghan Mujahidin.
SLOs # 7: Discuss the functioning of the Benazir government.
BENAZIR BHUTTO
Introduction
Pakistan’s Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007) was the first democratically elected female leader of
a Muslim country during a hectic life that ended with her assassination. The daughter of
Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) founder and Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Bhutto
took over as chairperson of the PPP in 1982. After her two terms as prime minister in the
1990s ended early amid charges of corruption. Benazir Bhutto spent several years in exile
in London. She returned to Pakistan with plans to participate in the 2008 general election,
but was killed during an attack at a PPP rally in late 2007.
Return of Benazir and end of dictatorship
Benazir returned to Pakistan on April 10, 1986 to launch a nationwide campaign for open
elections and restoration of democracy.Zia ul-Haq’s dictatorship ended when he was killed
in a plane crash in 1988.
First term as Prime minister
The party won a very narrow plurality in the 1988 elections and was therefore forced to
enter into a coalition with the MQM (representing Pakistan's muhajir community) and
several other parties in order to form a government. After making coalition government
she became the first ever female prime minister of a Muslim nation.
Oath
President Ghulam Ishaq Khan invite Benazir Bhutto to be prime minister of
Pakistan. She took oath as first female prim minister on 2 nd December 1988 and
on 12 December got vote of confidence from government.
Cabinet making
Bhutto’s first cabinet was the largest in Pakistan’s history. She appointed herself
as the new treasury minister and defense minister. Her mother as a senior
minister without portfolio, and her father-in-law as chairman of the
parliamentary public accounts committee and other portfolios to other family
members.
Accord between MQM and PPP
When working with their political coalition, the MQM agreed to support the PPP
government at both federal and provincial levels. The agreement, signed by the Sindh-
based MQM and the head of the PPP in Sindh aimed to protect and safeguard the interests
of all the people of Sindh, regardless of language, religion, or origin of birth, as well as to
stamp out violence and to support the rule of law.
Functions of Benazir 1st term
First public statement
In her public statement after becoming prim minister Benazir assured the nation that the
government would follow the path of peace and reconciliation. Her message was that of
unity, peace, freedom and hope.
Better relation with US and Russia
In Benazir government she made effort to established good relation with the USA and
Russia.
Third world countries
The interest of third world countries were supported by Benazir government.
Freedom of press
To enhance freedom of press the national press trust was dissolved that turned Pakistan
television and Radio of Pakistan into autonomous bodies.
Release of political prisoners
Political prisoners arrested in different times were released.
Ban on trade union
Ban on trade union imposed by Zia government was lifted by Benazir government.
India- Pakistan agreements on Nuclear installation
Pakistan and India had no accord over the issue of security to their nuclear installation. In
the occasion of SAAR conference held in Pakistan on December 31, 1988 Benazir Bhutto
and Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi signed an agreement on not attacking the nuclear
installations of each other.
Cultural exchange
Agreement was made exchange of cultural delegation.
Abolish double tariff
Agreement was made to abolish double traffic on each other.
People work programmed
On 23 April, 1998 Benazir inaugurated the people’s work programme in Peshawar. This
programme aimed social work and development at grass root level.
Islami Jamhoori Ithehad
Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI) was founded by Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi in 1988. This Political
Alliance was led by Nawaz Sharif.It was the largest Right-wing conservative alliance
formed in September 1988 to oppose Pakistan Peoples Party in elections that year. The
alliance comprised nine parties, of which the major components were the Pakistan Muslim
League, National Peoples Party, Jamaat-e-Islami, and ANP with PML.
Center province conflicts
As a result of the November 1988 general elections while Pakistan people's party had
formed government at the center Islami Jamhuri ittehad had succeded in forming
government in Punjab. The two governments often maintained a confrontational attitude
toward each other.
Dissolve national assembly
On August 6, 1990 the president Gulam ishaq Khan dissolve the national assembly on
charges of corruption, misuse of power and the undermining of democratic norms.
New elections
Gulam Mustafa jatoi was appointed as the caretaker prime minister and general election
were pledge to be held on October 24 1990.
Conclusion
The government of Benazir Bhutto was dissolve the national assembly byGulam Mustafa
Jatoi using power of 8th amendment. Benazir did not complete their 5 year tenure due to
certain reasons.
2ND term of Benazir Bhutto
Intro will be same
Election 1993
On October19, 1993 in the wake of victory in the 1993 general elections Benazir Bhutto
took oath as prime minister for the second time. Pakistan people's party also formed the
governments in Sindh and Punjab while in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan Nawaz
Sharif and his allies formed the governments.
Formation of cabinet
In her second term in office Benazir adopted a cautious approach. She formed her cabinet
with utmost care.
Good relation with Bureaucrats
During the first year of her government her relation with bureaucracy were
accommodating.
Freedom for media
In Benazir Bhutto government media enjoy remarkable freedom.
Improve image of country
Despite many obstacles external andas well as internal her government took many steps to
improve the image of the country.
Policies of government
The main priority of the government were on ;
1. Reducing unemployment
2. Improving literacy
3. Eliminating load shedding of electricity
4. Improve the state of healthcare
5. Eradicating drug trafficking, crime and terrorism
6. Review of foreign policy aimed global perspective
7. National resources improved
8. Giving importance to education
Government in NWFP
People’sparty want to formed government in NWFP (KPK) thus the government of Pir
Saiber shah was toppled and Aftab Khan Sherpao took over as soon he chief minister of
province.
Government bin Balochistan
Pakistan people’s party made effort to form PPP government in Balochistan.
Law and order in SItuation
Due to conflicts between the PPP and MQM the law and order in Sindh was constantly
deteriorating.
1994 budget
In June 1994 PPP Government put its first budget before the National Assembly. the
budget had proposed new taxes amounting to rupees 128 billion. People started to revolt
against the government. As a result the government’s popularity among the masses
diminished.
Local government bodies
On June 26 1996 the Supreme Court restored local government bodies. but instead of
developing power to these institutions the government got passed a legislation that entitled
it to retain the powers of these institutions.
Trade community strike
On August 10 1996 the trade community launched a strike against the journal siltex death
continued for two days.
Differences between president and Prime Minister
Differences between the president and the Prime Minister regarding the appointment of
judges widened.
Dissolution of national assemblies
The government invited the opposition to negotiate the matters but on 5 th November 1996
the president Farooq ahmed leghari in exercise of article 58(2)b of the constitution dissolve
the National Assembly an appoint ex speaker National Assembly malak miraj Khalid as the
caretaker Prime Minister.
New elections
At the same time February 3 1997 was fixed as the deed for the next general elections.
Conclusion
Benazir Bhutto not completed its five year tenure. in her government chief is a lot of
difficulties to maintain her government. At last her government was dissolved by president
Farooq Ahmed leghari.
SLOs# 8. Discuss the functioning of the Nawaz government.
Nawaz Shareef's First Term Government(1990-1993).
Background:
After dissolution of Benazir's government General Elections were held for the National
Assembly on October 24th 1990 provincial Assemblies on 27 th October 1990 as a result
the Islamic Jamhuri Ittihad. which initially formed government during 1988 elections and
won the greatest number of seats in the National Assembly.
Formation of Government.
Emerging as the leader of the Parliamentary Party with the greatest number of seats in the
National Assembly. Nawaz Shareef was invited by the President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on
6th November 1990 to form the government.
Agreement On Nuclear Installation
On January 27th, 1991, India and Pakistan renewed the agreement on not attacking each
other's nuclear installations.
Formation Of National Finance Commission:
For the distribution of resources between the federation and the provinces P.M Nawaz
Shareef established National Finance Commission.
Formation of IRSA:
For the distribution of water of the River Indus, Chief Ministers of all the four provinces
signed an agreement in 1991 The Prime Minister Nawaz Shareef approved this agreement
and decided to form the Indus River System Authority(IRSA)
Formation Of Privatization Commission:
To improve the economy on January 22nd 1991 the Privatization Commission was formed
with the objectives of improving the economy of Pakistan which were continuously in
losses.
Foreign Investment:
The government introduced certain reforms which facilitated Foreign Investment in the
country and exports increased up to twelve(12) percent, due to which foreign exchange also
increased. Agricultural Policy:
The government also introduced an agricultural policy aimed at promoting the
development of agriculture sector in the country
Sharia Bill 1991
'Sharait Bill 1991" was introduced in and passed by National Assembly. The Bill was
aimed at ensuring the primacy of Holy Qur'an and Sunnah in legal and administrative
affairs. Under this bill, Baitul Mal was established for the welfare of the poor and needy
people.
Self Employment Scheme.
Self Employment Scheme was established under which unemployed population could
receive three kinds of loans ie. Fifty thousand, one lac and one lac fifty thousand rupees.
The government of Nawaz Shareef launched a motorway between Islamabad and Lahore
as to reduce traffic jams. However, it was during Nawaz's Second term in office that it was
completed. The motorways was inaugurated in 1997.
Self-Reliance Scheme:
on September 5 1992 the government of Nawaz shareef announced Self Reliance Scheme,
initiated public transport programe for the Self-employed School.
Downfall of Nawaz. Government
Differences emerged between the President and Prime Minister on the issue of issue of the
appointment of the Chief Of Army Staff and Eighth amendment in the Constitution of
1973.On April 18th 1993 the President dissolved the provincial assemblies and dismissed
Nawaz Shareef and appointed Balkh Sheikh Mazari as the care taker Prime minister
Appel Against Dissolution Of National Assembly
Nawaz Shareef also submitted a petition in the Supreme Court and soon found vote of
confidence on 27th March 1993 from the national assembly.
Resignation of president
On July 18th 1993 President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved the National Assembly and
resigned from his post Waseem Sajjad, the chairman Senate Qureshi Prime Minister.. was
became acting President and Moeen appointed as care taker president.
Nawaz Shareef second term
Nawaz Sharif's Oath As Prime Minister:
Nawaz shareef won the elections on February 17th 1997 and took the oath as Prime
minister.
Thirteenth Amendment Bill:
On April 1st 1997 the thirteenth amendment Bill was passed according to this amendment,
the powers of President were decreased, he could not dissolve now the National Assembly
and the appointment of the armed forces. The Thirteenth amendment restored the
Parliamentary character of the original 1973 Constitution.
14th Amendment:
On June 30 1997 the fourteenth amendment to the constitution was enforced, outlawing the
practice of the floor-crossing (changing to another party after being elected while a
member of a firs-t party). When the opposition challenged this amendment in the Supreme
Court, the Chief Justice Syed Sajjad Ali Shah was against it but the other judges rebelled
against the Chief Justice
Attack On Supreme Court
The Supreme Court was attacked by the supporters of Nawaz Shareef and his government.
Because of a lack of any real powers and President could not solve the situations. Thus,
Farooq Ahmad Khan Laghari resigned from -his position as the President of Pakistan on
Waseem Sajjad, the chairman Senate became acting President
Appointment Of Chief Justice:
The appointment of Sajjad Ali Shah as the Chief Justice Of Pakistan was declared illegal
by a ten member bench of the Supreme Court on December 23rd. 1397 and Main Aimal
was appointed as Chief Justice. Appointment Of President Pakistan Muslim League
(Nawaz) nominated -Justice: (retired) M.Rafiq Tarrat for the Presidency.
Solution Of Judicial Crises:
In 1998, the judicial crises was resolved. But in the then North West Frontier Province
(KP) where the Pakistan Muslim League formed a coalition government with the Awami
National Party, the provincial assembly passed a resolution demanding the remaining-of
the province as Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa But the Federal Government ignored this demand
and the relation between PML (N) and the ANP were affected.
Pakistan As Nuclear Power:The 1998 was an important year for Pakistan On Apr)! 5th
1998 Pakistan launched Ghauri, a missile with the range of 1500 kilometers. On May 11th
and 13 th 1998 conducted Nuclear tests and threatened Pakistan Pakistan responded with
its own nuclear tests on May 28, 1998 which created a-wave of excitement among the
masses.
Construction of Kalabagh Dam:
Nawaz Shareef declared his intention to start work on Kalabagh Dam opposition as well
other patties was not in favor f it and this issue was postponed
Lahore Declaration:
in February 1999t the Lahore Declaration was jointly issued by the Nawaz Shareef and his
visiting Indian counterpart Atal Bahari Bajpai, which called for the resolution of all
outstanding issues between the two neighbors through dialogues. In 1999 Pakistan
successfully launched Ghauri Il and Shaheen Missiles. A Kargil War And Washington
Declaration limited war was started between India and Pakistan in the Kargil sector on
July 4th, 1999 the war came to an end with the Washington Declaration which brought
negative sentiments in the nation.
Downfall of Nawaz Government And (4th Martial Law):
On October 12th, 1999 Nawaz Shareef removed General Pervez Musharaf from the
position of Chief Of Army Staff and appointed General Zia-ud-Din But as the COAS
General Pervez Musharaf did not act with the order and overthrew Nawaz's governments.
SLOs#9: Discuss Pakistan's emergence as a nuclear power.
Pakistan as a Nuclear Power
When Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took over powers in 1971, he declare that atomic energy
is necessary for our progress and defence but we want atomic energy not for war or destruction
but for our prosperity and development.
The first atomic plant of Pakistan was set up in Karachi in 1972 but it was not
fulfilling the country’s needs. For the development of the growing
industries in Pakistan, it was very essential to obtain more atomic energy.
When India did its first atomic blast in the Rajasthan Desert in
1974,I becama atomic power. With this blast, the balance of power in South Asia was disturbed;
therefore, Pakistan had to make its efforts to become an atomic power.
Ali Bhutto wished to obtain an atomic re-processing plant from France. An agreement was
signed between the two countries for a plant in 1976. Out of the totalc of 40 crore dollars for the
plant, the first instalment of 10 crore paid but India, Russia,America and
other atomic powers did not appreciate this. Then France refused to provide the plant to
Pakistan. General Zia-ul-Haq’s government continued this programme under Dr. Abdul
Qadeer Khan’s supervision. He announced that Pakistan had obtained the technique of
uranium enrichment in 1984.On this announcement the enemies of Pakistan started their
propaganda movement against Pakistan’s nuclear programme. It was blamed that Pakistan could
use the atomic weapons through American F-16 and French Aircraft Mirage which had access to
big cities of India. Dr. Qadeer Khan claimed in 1989 that Pakistan had gained the capability to
build an atomic bomb or device. India and Pakistan had kept their programmes secret from each
other, but with its atomic blast in 1974, it was exposed to the world that India was an atomic
power. A was completely silent but when Pakistan proceeded in this field
the Pressler Amendment was enforced rapidly. When the Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP) came to power in India in 1998, it conducted five atomic blasts in Pokhran
(Rajasthan) on 11th May, 1998 to establish its atomic supremacy in
the region. President Bill Clinton forced Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif not to reply the
Indian aggression and threatened to curtail economic aid to Pakistan if it conducted blasts in
return, but Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif refused to accept Bill Clinton’s threat. In spite of
international pressure, and the government demonstrated courage on the demand of the public
and conducted 7 blasts in the Chaghi Hills of Balochistan in reply tot five blasts of India.
Pakistan became the world’s seventh and the world’s firsta
power. As soon as ‘Allah-o-Akbar’ sounded over the Chaghi Hills, the Pakistani nation
was excited with pride and the enemy’s arrogance dashed to ground. 28th May was declared
Youme-Takbeer. The nation celebrates this day with full honour and enthusiasm every year.
The Causes of the Military Take over of 12th October, 1999

On 12 October 1999, the Chief of Army Staff General Pervaz Musharraf suspended the constitution,
overthrew the government of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and
dissolved the national and provincial assemblies. The Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s
decision of appointing General Zia-ud-Din, Chief of Army Staff was also declared unconstitutional.

Later on, Supreme Court, in a decision, gave General Pervez Musharraf’s government a period
of three years so he could bring constitutional and social reforms in the country.
Definition of martial law

Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civil functions or suspension of
civil law and imposition of military rules.

Causes of marshal law

1. Lack of leadership after the Demise of the Quaid-i-Azam

Lack of leadership also played its role in the failure of the constitution. This crisis lead
military to take over the state.

2. Extreme Political Instability

There was extreme political instability in the country. There was serious crisis of political
leadership within a couple of years from 1951 to 1958, Pakistan had only two Governors-
General and one Commander–In-Chief while seven Prime Ministers toppled one after the
other. Extreme political instability also force military to intervened.

3. The Constitution Making Dilemma 1947-56 (Punjabi/Bengali Controversy)

Constitution making in Pakistan was delayed for about nine years. The two most important
factors which delayed constitution making in Pakistan were the differences between Punjabi
dominated West Pakistani and East Pakistani. East Pakistan demanded maximum provincial
autonomy, whereas the West wing favored a strong center. The second most important issue
was the quantum of representation. To limited the disturbance of the situation military
intervened.

4. Worst economic condition of the state

Political stability is necessary for economic stability of the country which was becoming bad
in the Country Day by day. The food item were imported from other countries and was very
costly. Smuggling, black marketing and Hoarding were also at the peak. Smuggling in the
country had adopted the shape of a business while smugglers were supported by effective
people.

5. Political disorder

There was instability in the country. Differing minister of the government were not functioning
Satisfactorily. The Prime Minister in the country were changing every day and the ruler were
postponing the election in the country for their own interest. At the end the result of such
political mismanagement come in the shape of martial law.

6. Worst economic condition

Like political and economic condition trade condition was also hopeless enough. Profiteering
and adulteration in food stuff had been common. Demand for our goods and raw materials in
the world market was near to finish and the ruling class did not take any steps for its
improvement. Pakistan currency was devalued And for the completion of all the
developmental projects Pakistan remained dependent on Western countries. In addition
industrial development was in a very slow motion. As a result the people become
distrustfully from rulers

7. Missing sense of responsibility

There was no sense of responsibility all were focusing on self interest or own interest instead
of national interest that’s why 22 rich families occupied all wealth of Pakistan.

8. Provincialism: The geographical separation of East and West Pakistan produced not only
administrative, physical but social, economic and political problems as well. Distance made
communication irregular and expensive. Misunderstandings arose easily and were difficult to
end. Since the capital was in the West wing, East Pakistan felt neglected. Differences in
languages and cultures were obstacles in the way of national integration. So that why military
take over the state.
9. Interference of the Heads of State

Iskandar Mirza was the head of state. The office of the head of state is nominal and non–
partisan. The head of the state has no political role to perform as such. Islander Mirza was
directly involved in making and breaking governments at the federal and provincial levels.

10. Role of political parties:

The role of political parties were not healthy as well as they were not well ordered and
disciplined.

11. Leak of political training:

There was lack of political training in the country. They type of democracy introduced by the
constitution of Pakistan was alien to the people.

12. Weakness of the constitution:

 While drafting the constitution, the backwardness of Pakistan was not taken into account but
the circumstances of the land of the foreign rulers were kept.

Conclusion

Whenever there were weak democracy and the leader not perform their role properly the military
intervene and suspend constitution and impose military rules in the country.

SLOS#10: Comprehend the causes of military take-over of 12th October 1999.

The Regime of General Pervez Musharraf (1999-2008)
Background:
Pervez Musharrarf regime started on October 12th 1999 when he overthrew the
government of Nawaz Shareef and became the country's Chief Executive. On October 12th
1999 the plan (Pk.805) in which Musharraf was conning back from SriLanka to Pakistan
was not allowed to 4and at Karachi Airport because of this action the Nawaz government
was ended and Martial Law was started Fourth Martial law And Public Support:
Musharraf which Fourth Martial law was enforced in the country by was warmly
welcomed by the masses and by the political circle because Nawaz's Government and
governors were pushing the country to social, political and administrative disaster.
Musharraf As President.On June 20th 2001 Musharraf removed Rafiq Tarrar the
presidency and himself became the President Of Pakistan
Local Governments:
On March 23rd 2000 Musharraf as Chief Executive, proposed a comprehensive for the
devolution of power to local Government Institutions. Its purpose was to realize
participation of the masses in the political process at the grass root level.
Three Tier Structure:
On August 14th 2000 Musharraf announced Three tier Structure for local government
consisting of the Union Council, Town/Thana Council and District Council.
Referendum 2002,
On April 30th the Election Commission field a referendum on the question that
(Musharraf will be a President for the nest five (5) years or not. in referendum Musharraf
got majority votes.
Legal Frame Order 2002:
On August 2002 Chief Executive Musharraf Pervez issued the Legal Frame Work This
empowered the President 10 amend in the --constitution which cannot be challenged in any
court of law. President orders and ordinance which was passed from October 12th, 1999 to
August 21, 2002 could not be challenged as well
Local Government Ordinance 2005:
A new Local Government Ordinance 2005 was enforced with the approval of Provincial
Assemblies. The number of Union Councils and Councilors were reduced from 21 to 13.
General Elections 2002:
General Elections were held throughout the country on October '10th 2002. The number of
general seats in the National Assembly was fixed at 272 with 72 seats: Pakistan Muslim (Q)
emerged as the party with largest number of seats in National Assembly. It also secured
130 seats in the Punjab Assembly PPP was the second largest party with 63 seats in the
National Assembly. Mutahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA) secured 45 seats in the National
Assembly. In the Punjab and Sindh PML (Q) while in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the MMA
formed governments.
Musharraf Moderate Policies
Some of the Musharraf moderate policies were.-
1)Industrialization:
Musharraf adopted the industrialization policy and did investment in many sectors
according to the World Bank report that in Musharraf Regime industrialization growth
was 6.8 percent in the last-eight (8) years. A defense exhibition with the name of "Ideas
2000" was organized in Karachi. The exhibition helped to introduce Pakistan's defense
industry to the world. In December 2003, the father of Microsoft. Bill Gates, agreed to
invest in the development of information technology in Pakistan. During Musharraf
regime, 5 percent of citizens rose from the poverty level and
2) Privatization:
During Musharraf regime 5% of citizens rose from the Poverty level and became the part
of the middle class. Most important Industrial Sector made much progres
Effects Of Privatization:
The effects of privatization were long lasting which were
1. Private sectors were encouraged to invest more which are working now as well
2. Privatization' also improves the position of the employees 3. Private enterprises
established School and Health units which provide incentives for the employees
3) Computerization Of National Database:
The introduction cc computerized National Identity Cards to the citizens and the creation
of National database of demographic statistics helped to improve the holding of censuses.
Downfall of Musharraf's Governrnent:
In 2007. Musharraf got vote of confidence from National Assembly for remaining President
for the next five years but Musharraf was refused because ne had completed his tenure. In
response of strong protest Musharraf suspended Chief Justice of Pakistan
General Election, (2008):
As a result of held on February 18, 2008 Pakistan people's party came into cower and
Yousaf Raza Gilani became prime Minister On Musharraf resigned from his post on
September 6th 2008 Asif Ali zardari was elected the country's new President.
SLOs #11: Define the devolution of power process initiated by Pervez Musharraf's
government, with particular emphasis on the local self-government.
The System of Devolution of Powers Initiated by Pervez Musharraf with Particular
Emphasis on Local Self-Government
Local Government
A government by the local people who formulate and implement domestic policies at the
local level is called the local self-government.
Historical Background
The following is the historical background of the system of the local government in
Pakistan.
Viceroy Lord Rippon's System of Local Governments
Viceroy Lord Rippon enforced the Local Government system through an act in 1884 in
South Asia and established local boards at district and tehsil levels. Their responsibility
was to solve the problems of local people, but these institutions failed to solve the problems
because they had neither the powers nor the financial resources.
President Ayub Khan's Basic Democracies System
President Ayub Khan issued an order for Basic Democracies on 27th October, 1959 which
introduced a system of local government in Pakistan. It was called "Basic Democracy"
system. Its main aim was to transfer the power at the lower level through their own
representatives. This system could not bring any substantial changes and came to an end.
The system of local governments was not even successful in the Bhutto regime.
General Zia-ul-Haq's Local Government System
When Zia-ul Haq came to power, the Local Government system was enforced again and
the elections of Local Governments were conducted twice. This system was established on a
firm basis and it kept on progressing step by step but the majority of people could not get
reasonable benefit from this system.
Local Government Plan 2000
General Pervez Musharraf promised to bring visible changes in the system of local
governments soon after coming to power on Oct. 12,1999. The power was to be transferred
to the lower level of the public. The local government in Pakistan was divided into three
parts-union government, tehsil government and district government.
1. Union Government
A Union Government was comprised a Nazim, Naib Nazim, Union Council and Union
Administration. People elected 13 members of a Union Council among which were one
Nazim, one Naib Nazim, four male General Councillors, four female General Councillors,
two male Farmers/Labour Councillors, two female Farmers/Labour Councillors and one
Minority Councillor. The duties of a Union Council included the security arrangements
within its boundary, making the annual development programme for the area, imposing
taxes at the local level and solving the criminal and civil cases of small nature, and land and
family disputes.
2. Tehsil Government
The tehsil government was comprised Tehsil Nazim, Naib Tehsil Nazim, Tehsil Council and
Tehsil Administration. The educational qualifications of the Tehsil Nazim and the Naib
Nazim was at least matric. They were elected by all the union councillors present in Tehsil.
The Tehsil Nazim was the administrative head of the tehsil government. The Naib Nazims
of all the Union Councils of the Tehsil were included in the Tehsil council. 33% of the seats
in the Tehsil Council were for women, 5% seats were for farmers and labourers and 5%
seats were reserved for the minorities.The Tehsil Nazim was the head of the Tehsil
Government. A Tehsil Municipal Officer (TMO) worked under the Tehsil Nazim. Four
Tehsil Officers (TOS) worked under the Tehsil Municipal Officer and supervise the affairs
of the different departments. These departments included finance, budget and accounts,
record of land revenue, planning, rural and urban development, municipal coordination
and its stages etc.
3. District Government
The district government was comprised Nazim, Naib Nazim, Council and Administration.
The head of the district government was the District Nazim. In one district, the Nazims of
all the Union Councils were included in the District Council. Out of the total seats in a
district council. 33% seats were for women, 5% seats for farmers and labourers and 5%
seats were reserved for the minorities.
From one district, all the elected union councillors, Nazims and Naib Nazims together
elected the District Nazim and Naib Nazim. The District Nazim was the head of all the
administrative powers. The district police and administration were answerable to the
District Nazim. The District Nazim provided political leadership and was responsible for
the development and prosperity of his district.
The administration of the district was run by the District Coordination Officer (D.C.O)
The District administration was comprised of different departments and the head of every
department was called the Executive District Officer (EDO). The district administration
framed the rules and regulations for the district. After getting the approval of the District
Nazim and the District Council for the different programmes and budget, it got them
implemented in the district. The district government also had the powers to impose tax. It
can increased or decreased them.
SLOs#12: Discuss the 2002 elections and restoration of democracy.
Restoration of democracy
Restoration of democracy alliance was created to campaign for Pakistan’s return to civilian
rule after the 1999 military coup led by General Musharraf and was reported to include
over a dozen political parties. The alliance believed that the people of Pakistan deserve
nothing less than an opportunity to freely elect leaders that represent their views and
ideals.
Condition of B.A. (Graduation)

Elections were held in October 2002. General Pervez Musharraf took the oath as the
President of the country for the next five years in November 2002. For the first time in
Pakistan, it was declared mandatory for a candidate to be a graduate.
Absolute Authority of General Pervez Musharraf According to the Legal Framework
Order (LFO), General Pervez Musharraf was given unlimited powers. He could appoint
governors, three heads of the armed forces, Chief Election Commissioner and the
Chairman of Federal Public Service Commission. He could dissolve the assemblies.
LFO as a Cause of Dispute and Elections 2008
LFO became the main cause of dispute between the government and the opposition. Prime
Minister Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali made utmost efforts for reconciliation between the
government and the opposition. All the opposition parties A.R.D. published a white paper
in 2003 on the price hike, unemployment, waiving off the loans of favourite people and
failure of Musharraf government on internal and external fronts. The National Assembly
again elected General Pervez Musharraf on 1st Jan 2004. He announced elections in
January 2008 with the condition that he would be elected as President for the next five
years before dissolution of the present assembly.
General Pervez Musharraf was re-elected as President for the next five years. Elections
were held in February, 2008. The People's Party and The Muslim League (N) gained the
majority in these elections, but The Muslim League (Q) failed miserably. Syed Yousaf Raza
Gilani was elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan. In this 2013 General Elections Muslim
League (N) got the majority and Muhammad Nawaz Sharif became the Prime Minster of
Pakistan third time. In 2017 Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was disqualified by the
Supreme Court of Pakistan and Shahid Khaqan Abbasi became Prime Minister. After the
2018 General Election Imran Khan the head of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, took over as
Prime Minister of Pakistan.
SLOs#13: Define enlightened moderation.
General Musharraf's Concept of Enlightenment
Enlightment Moderation
Enlightened moderation is a term coined by a former Pakistani president, Pervez
Musharraf; it applies to practicing a moderate Islam, as opposed to the interpretations of
fundamentalist Islam. It refers to a justly balanced way of life, avoiding extremes and
experiencing things in moderation.
Idea of kamal ataturk
After coming to power, General Pervaz Musharraf introduced a concept of enlightened,
inspired by the ideas of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.
Changes in education
In view of this concept, he made some changes in the educational curriculum which were
opposed by the religious scholars.
Freedom of media
Restrictions on newspapers and magazines were lifted. Due to which, many private
television channels started their operations.
Participation of women
For the first time in the history of Pakistan a female doctor, Shamshad Akhtar, was
appointed the Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan. Women were appointed, for the
first time, fighter pilots in the Air Force by the government. Women were allowed to
contest on general seats despite having reserved seats in the national and provincial
assemblies. Women were given small loans without guarantees on easy terms by the banks.
Women were appointed traffic wardens in main cities of Punjab. A direct commission was
made possible for the women in the army.
SLOs#14: Describe the privatization and industrialization during the Musharraf era.
SLOs#15: Describe the impact of privatization.
SLOs#16: Discuss the economic reforms introduced by Pervez Musharraf and Shaukat
Aziz.
Reforms Undertaken by Shaukat Aziz And Pervez Musharraf Government:
introduction:
snaukat Aziz who was appointed by Musharraf as Prime Minister. He came in power as
Prime Minister of Pakistan from 20 August 2004 to November 15th 2007 as well as the
Finance Minister of Pakistan from November 6th 1999 to November 15th 2007.
Reforms:
Some of the reforms introduced by the government of Shaukat Aziz and perve Musharraf
are as under:
1)Economic Reforms:
 General sales tax was implemented
 Tax rate reduced while tax net was widened
 Understanding the burden of indirect taxes which falls largely on the poor, steps
were taken for increasing the share of direct taxes from the rich in the total tax
revenue.
 To increase the revenue generating capacity of provincial governments, provincial
taxes were introduced.
 The collection of tax on agricultural income was made a provincial matter. The
office of tax Muhtasib was established.
Social Reforms:
To put society in the right direction, moderation policy was adopted. Women were given
their rights in society. They were given more representation. Efforts were made to curb
nepotism and corruption
Democratic Reforms:
For Local Government bodies with more powers was one of the most important reforms
undertaken by the Musharraf regime. It helped to promote democratic culture at the grass
root level and National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) was established so that democratic
institution are stabilized.
I) Reforms In The Education Sector
The Higher Education Commission (HEC) was established with the objectives of
promoting higher education in the country. Foreign Scholarships were offered to both
students and teachers of Outstanding academic record for pursuing higher education more
public Universities were established. In under this reforms from 1999 to 2000. 31 public
universities were established from 2005 to 2006.'n net shell, under these reforms
betterment came espacially in education and economic system.
 CHAPTER#2:
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Students will be able to:
• Define the objectives of Pakistan’s foreign policy.
• Narrate Pakistan’s relations with immediate neighboring states.
• Explain the genesis and development of the Kashmir problem.
• Comprehend Pakistan’s relations with the Central Asian countries.
• Discuss Pakistan’s relations with OIC countries.
• Explain Pakistan’s relations with SAARC countries.
• Describe Pakistan’s relations with USA, China, U.K., EU, Russia and Japan.
• Discuss Pakistan’s contribution towards peace keeping
SLOs#1 :Define the objectives of Pakistan’s foreign policy.
PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY:
No Country can expect to live in isolation from the rest of the world and meets its own
economic needs and requirements. It is a country's foreign policy that determines the kinds
of relations, it wants to establish with others in the international community The ultimate
objectives of a country's foreign policy are the safeguarding and promotion of the country's
interests. Foreign policy of a country not only depends on the emerging conditions in the
world around it but also on a country's re-evaluations of its priorities to preserve and/or
attain its natural interests Thus, in international relations, there is no enemy and no friend
forever. Nothing is permanent but only the national interests.
Pakistan was created on the basis of Ideology. Ideological considerations and national
interests were taken into account while laying down the foundations of its foreign policy.
Following are the objectives of Pakistan's Foreign policy.
1. National Integrity and Security:
National and territorial integrity is the fundamental goal of Pakistan's foreign policy.
Pakistan has always given primacy to the national security in its relations with other states.
Pakistan respects security of other countries and expects the same from them.
2. Ideological Protection:
Since Pakistan is an Ideological state, the protection of its ideological frontiers is an
important objective of Pakistan's foreign policy. As the Ideology of Pakistan is rooted in
Islam, promotion of unity within the Muslim world has a central place in Pakistan's foreign
policy. Pakistan has constantly played an important role in the Organization of Islamic
Conference (OIC) and the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO).
3 Economic Development-
Being a developing nation, economic development among the country's top priorities.
Pakistan wants have better relations with those countries with whom trade or economic
cooperation can help achieve this. In recent years, Pakistan has adopted its foreign policy
keeping in view the trends of economic liberalization, free trade and privatization to get
maximum benefits.
PAKISTAN'S GEOGRAPHICAL AND POLITICAL IMPORTANCE:
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is situated in the North-West of South Asia. To its North-
West and South-West, Afghanistan and Iran the Muslim countries lie respectively while to
its North-East and East of China and India respectively. To the South of the country lies
the Arabian Sea.Because of its central location in Asia and the geo-strategic importance of
the area it occupies, Pakistan plays a key role in the world politics. Its geographical
location makes it conducive to promoting both regional and world trade and the interests
of the Muslim world.
Centre of the Muslim World:
Pakistan lies at the Centre of the Muslim world which expands from Morocco in the west to
Indonesia In the East and which has huge reserves of natural resources like oll, gas and
minerals besides agriculture produce.
Friendly State of China:
Pakistan is neighbor to China which is an emerging world power Pakistan has cordial
relations with China. Many development initiatives are currently undergoing in Pakistan
with the collaboration of China. The Karakoram Highway is an important trade route
between the two countries.
Arabian Sea (Marine Transport):
On the shores of Arabian Sea lies Pakistan's major port city of Karachi. Its location at the
crossroads of World trade routes (marine and air transport) give it great importance. The
building of a new part at Gwadar in Balochistan with Chinese cooperation and assistance
has also greatly increased the strategic importance of Pakistan..
Trade Route For Landlocked:
The landlocked countries of Afghanistan and central Asia can carry out their external
trade through Pakistani parts. Afghanistan conducts much of its foreign trade via
Pakistan.
Communication Networks:
Pakistan is expanding and modernizing its transportation and communication networks
which are expected to facilitate the development of trade and commerce not only within the
domestic realm but also regional and global levels by providing a link between the Central
Asian Republics and the world through the Arabian Sea.
SLOs#2: Narrate Pakistan’s relations with immediate neighboring states.
Pakistan shares its border with the following countries
1. In the North-east, there lies a friendly state of China.
2. In the East, there is India.
3. In the North-West, there is Afghanistan.
4. In the West, Islamic Republic of Iran les

PAK-INDIA RELATIONS:
The relations b/w Pakistan and India have been stained right from independence.
Kashmir issue (1949):
The fundamental cause for this is Kashmir issue. The Kashmir issue is not merely the
source of friction and cold war b/w these neighbors, it has led them to war on no less than
three occasions.
Water Dispute (1950):
The water dispute b/w Pakistan and India was resolved by the Sindh Tas (Indus Basin
Treaty) agreement of 1900which was achieved with the help of the World Bark
Civil War (1971)
In 1971, India provided support to secessionist elements in East Pakistan which led to the
fail of Dhaka.
Simla Agreement
In July 1972, Pakistan and India sign the Simla agreement in the Indian resort town of
Simi, celling for both the countries to resolve their disputes through bilateral dialogues.
Improvement in relations:
The relations bw India and Pakistan witnessed some improvement. Travel restrictions b/w
the two countries were relaxed, facilitating people to people contacts. Bilateral trade
commenced, though on a limited scale.
SAARC Conference (1998):
On the occasion of the SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation)
conference in 1988 the Prime Ministers of India.
Nuclear Installations Targeted:
Pakistan signed an agreement barring the two countries from targeting each other's
nuclear Installations.
Mutual Trade:
In 1990, relations b/w Pakistan and India slightly Improved. Mutual trade and travel b/w
the two countries also increased but these relations could not flourished as India is not
ready for a just resolution of the Kashmir Issue.
Agra Agreement:
An important meeting took place in Agra b/w the Presidents of Pakistan and Prime
Minister of India on July 14-17, 2001. All the world was ardous for its outcome. The
President of Pakistan presented its stand on Kashmir issue, but the 3 days talks ended
without any conclusion.
SAARC Conference 2004:
In 2004, during SAARC conference In Islamabad, a meeting took place blw the President
of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India.
Different agreements:
Many agreements were signed. Later on September 2004, both the heads of the states met
during the UN General Assembly session. They agreed to continue dialogue but still the
tension exists b/w the two countries.
PAK-CHINA RELATIONS
After the communist revolution in 1948, the People's Republic of China had faced
difficulties in its International relations. Pakistan recognized and maintained diplomatic
relations with Communist China Pak-China relationship became very friendly in 1960s.
Pakistan played a pivotal role in restoration of China as a permanent member of Security
Council of UN
Border Dispute:
In 1950s, there came to a surface a border dispute between the two neighbors that were
peacefully resolved with a bilateral treaty signed in Peking (Present day Beijing) in 1963.
Trade Agreement
In 1963, the first trade agreement between China and Pakistan was signed leading to the
Import of jute, cotton, chromite, leather and leather goods, cement, chemicals and raw
materials by China. The development of bilateral trade led to the consolidation of relations
between these countries on the basis of shared interests Today, despite having good
economic cooperation and trade relations China and Pakistan are also bound by strong
defense ties JF 17 Thunder fighter plane is one of symbol of collaboration in the defense
production Sector
Important Monuments;
The Karakoram Highway and the Gawadar Port (Pakistan's second largest port after
Karachi) are Important monuments of the cooperation between China and Pakistan in the
economic field.
Investment in Pakistan:
The Heavy Mechanical Complex at Taxila, the Aeronautical Complex at Kamra, the
Sandak Project Chashma Power-Plant, Chitral tunnel and Al-Khalid Tanks are some of
the other examples of Chinese Cooperation in both the development and defense sectors of
Pakistan.
International Issues:
Pakistan and China often have the same position on international issues, in and outside the
United Nations Organization. To maintain and promote these relations, visits between
heads of states and governments as well as other high-level delegations are regularly
exchanged.
PAK-AFGHAN RELATIONS:
Pakistan shares with Afghanistan not only deep religious ties but the two countries are
locked in common history and culture. In spite of all this, they could not forge friendly
relations.
Opposition of Pakistan's Membership in UNO:
Afghanistan was the only country to have opposed Pakistan's membership of the United
Nations Organization, still the UNO accorded membership to Pakistan on September 30th,
1947.
Official Visits of Prime Ministers:
The Prime Minister of Pakistan paid an official visit to Afghanistan in August 1955 which
was followed by the visit of his Afghan counterpart to Pakistan in November the same year.
These visits paved the 1956 way for normalization of relations between the two countries
Agreement on Trade Route:
Afghanistan a land locked country. In 1955 Pakistan agreed to let Afghanistan conduct its
foreign trade using Pakistan for transit of goods to and from Afghanistan.
USSR Invasion in 1979:
The Communist revolution in Afghanistan caused further hurdles in Pak-Afghan relations.
The people and the interests of the country. It provided shelters and basic amenities to
millions of Afghan refugees.
Diplomatic Relation
The resistance finally won and in 1962 Pakistan recognized and established full diplomatic
relations with the government of the Mujahideen which had taken over Kabul but tensions
broke out between the various Mujahideen factions leading the country to civil war
Taliban Government
In 1996, the Taliban took control of Kabul and formed a government there Pakistan was
among the three countries which recognized Taliban as Afghanistan's legitimate
government.
9/11 Event OR World Trade Centre
In the wake of the event of September 11, 2001 Afghanistan was invaded by the United
States and its NATO alles. The Taliban government was toppled down.
New Democratic Government:
A new democratic government under Hamid Kharza as President came into existence
which was duly recognized by Pakistan. So relations between two countries have
strengthened. Pakistan is one of the prominent countries which provided financial
assistance to Afghanistan
PAK-IRAN RELATIONS:
Pakistan enjoys friendly relations with Iran right from its birth. Indeed the ties blw the
people of Iran and of the lands now known as Pakistan are ancient, going back to
prehistory. Owing to their historic cultural and social relations, Iran and Pakistan are very
close to each other.
1st Recognition of Pakistan by Iran:
Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan soon after its birth. Laquat Ali Khan,
Pakistan's first Prime Minister went to Iran on official visit which was reciprocated by the
Shah of Iran who visited Pakistan in 1950.
Mutual Interests:
The relations b/w these two countries are deep-rooted and are based on mutual interests.
RCD (Regional Co-operation for Development):
In 1964, Pakistan, Iran and Turkey entered into a part called Regional Co-operation for
Development (RCD).
Cultural Agreement:
In 1965, Pakistan and Iran signed a cultural agreement for the promotion of exchange of
students, teachers, scholars and artists b/w the two countries.
ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization):
RCD became defunct after the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran. It was succeeded by the
Economic cooperation Organization which was founded in 1985. The ECO was founded
with the explicit objective of promoting mutual economic cooperation among the member
states.
Disintegration of USSR:
In 1992, following the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), the
Muslim countries of central Asia and Afghanistan also joined the ECO.
Support of Iran:
Iran and Pakistan have supported each other on various occasions. In 1961, following the
efforts of the shah of Iran, relations b/w Afghanistan and Pakistan were reestablished.
Wars of 1965 and 1971:
During the 1955 and 1971 wars, Iran supported Pakistan morally, financially and
diplomatically. Likewise, when relations b/w Iran and Egypt deteriorated, Pakistan offered
its service for normalizing these relations, Pakistan also tried to bring the Iran-Iraq war to
an end.
D-8 Countries:
In 1997, Pakistan and Iran joined by six other developing countries, formed the D-8.
Pakistan as Nuclear Power:
In 1998, when Pakistan became an atomic power, sanctions were imposed on the country.
In these difficult days, Iran provided support to Pakistan.
Mutual Relations:
Though sometimes tensions surfaced in the relations b/w the two countries, they have often
been both momentary and minor, without affecting the foundations on which the relations
b/w these countries are built.
SLOs#3: Explain the genesis and development of the Kashmir problem.
Relations of India and Pakistan on Kashmir issue:
Because of Kashmir issue both the countries have no good relations and India always
wanted to get the area of Kashmir and occupled it by force.
3rd June Plan 1947:
The issue of Kashmir goes back to the partition of British India. According to the June 3,
1947 Plan, the rulers of Princely states of British, India were free to join either India or
Pakistan, Keeping in view, the wishes of the people and the geographical location of the
states
Standstill Agreement:
At the time of partition, Kashmir was ruled by its Hindu Maharaja Raja Hari Singh
Dogra. On August 12, 1947, he signed the Standstill Agreement with Pakistan assuring her
that the decision of the future of Kashmir would not be taken in haste.
Indian Accession to Kashmir.
In spite of Kashmir's greater proximity with Pakistan rather than with India and in spite
of the fact that 75% of its population was Muslims, on October 27, 1947, Maharaja
proclaimed his decision of Kashmir accession to India. In view of the unpopularity of this
decision among the Kashmir masses and the anticipation of an uprising that it might lead
to, he also requested India to send its military into Kashmir.
Liberation Movement:
In 1947-48, Pakistan had to indulge in Kashmir to safeguard its borders. Pakistan gave
support to liberation movement to Kashmir.
Freedom Fighter:
Apart from other means, allowing the tribesmen from the tribal areas of Pakistan to fight
alongside the Freedom Fighters
Pakistani Frontiers:
Parts of Kashmir adjoining the Pakistani frontiers which were almost completely Muslim
and were liberated and the government of Azad Kashmir was established there.

Security Council and its Resolutions:

On January 1" 1948, India put the matter of Pakistan interference in Kashmir at the
Security Council of United Nations. The United Nations enforced a ceasefire agreement
between India and Pakistan and Passed two resolutions for the peaceful solution of the
dispute, One on August 13, 1948 and the and other on January 3, 1949 These resolutions
called for the holding of a plebiscite in Kashmir under the UN mandate for deciding its
future on the principle of self determination.
Resolutions and Indian Decision:
The UN has sent many commissions to the subcontinent with a view to facilitate
implementation of these resolutions, but India has squarely refused the holding of
plebiscite in Kashmir.
Indian hold in Kashmir:
In the meanwhile, the situation in Indian-held Kashmir remains restive. The Freedom
Fighting goes on with varying Intensities while the cruelties of the Indian army also
continue.
Paklatan's Moral and Diplomatic support to Kashmir:
Pakistan maintains a principled stance on extending its morel and diplomatic support to
Freedom Fighters. It is hoped that they will determine their future over the state of
Kashmir.
Current Situation:
Nowadays the Indian Prime Minister wants to resolve the issue peacefully and wants to
pass resolution and hold plebiscite in Kashmir but steps have been taken practically by the
Indian government, besides this Security Council also not taking active steps for the issue
of Kashmir.
Conclusion:
The most important solution to the problem is to recognize the state of Jammu and
Kashmir as an Independent country. Another suitable solution acceptable to Pakistani and
Kashmiri is the implementation of the UN resolutions
SLOs#4: Comprehend Pakistan’s relations with the Central Asian countries.
Central Asian Republic::
Soon after their becoming independent states in the wake of the disintegration of the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Pakistan gave recognition to and established
diplomatic relations with the Central Asian Republics of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan.
1. Uzbekistan:
Pakistan has entered Into various agreements with Uzbekistan regarding the promotion of
cooperation. The first treaty on aviation between the two countries was signed in Karachi
in 1992. In March 1992, a bilateral agreement for the promotion of economic and trade
relations in the private sector was arrived at between the two countries. Under various
agreements Pakistan and Uzbekistan are currently cooperating in the energy, trade,
banking and communications sectors. Uzbekistan is of the view that the Kashmir issue be
settled amicably and in accordance with the wishes of the Kashmir people who are the
main stakeholders in the whole issue. For the promotion of ties between the two countries,
summits are frequently held between their heads of governments and heads of states.
2. Turkmenistan:
Although Pakistan and Turkmenistan lle at great distance from each other in terms of
geography, they are by the fabric of a common religion, cultural traditions and a history.
Pakistan and Turkmenistan maintain good bilateral relations. The two share similar views
on most of the issues in the region.
Pakistan International Airline (PIA) and National Bank of Pakistan (NBP) have opened
their offices in Ashakabad, the capital of Turkmenistan. As early as in 1991, Pakistan
signed an agreement with Turkmenistan for the purchase of natural gas. In 1999, a joint
commission for the promotion of cooperation in various sectors was formed by the two
countries.
3. Kazakhstan:
Pakistan maintains good relations with Kazakhstan, which in terms of territory is the
largest country of the Muslim world. The two countries have unanimity of views on almost
all the issues the region. During the visit of the Kazakh President to Pakistan In 1992, the
two countries entered into various agreements on cooperation in the fields of science and
technology, trade, economy and communications. In 1998 an agreement on Transit Trade
was signed between Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrghystan and China, that would promote
trade in all these four countries.
4. Kyrgystan:
Pakistan enjoys friendly relations with Kyrgystan. The two countries have the same views
on most of the issues affecting the region and the world. In 1991 Pakistan and Kyrgystan
signed an agreement for the promotion and expansion of economic and cultural ties
between the two countries. The two have also an agreement on the control of drug
trafficking.
In 1994, Pakistan, China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgystan came to agreement on upgrading the
Karakoram Highway to international standards and on extending it to Kazakh capital
Almatay and the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek. At the same time, the representatives of the four
countries signed Memoranda of Understanding on diverse subjects of common interest.
Pakistan and Kyrgystan first exchanged diplomatic missions in 1994.
5. Tajikistan:
Among the Central Asian Republics, Tajikistan is Pakistan's closest neighbor. It is
separated from Pakistan by a narrow strip of Afghan land known as the Wakhan belt.
Tajikistan and Pakistan are united by common religious and cultural traditions and they
maintain close, friendly relations.
In view of the power shortage faced by Pakistan, in January 1992 Tajikistan offered
Pakistan the supply of electric power. The two also signed agreements on air transport.
Pakistan offered Tajikistan transit trade facility. In 1994, the two signed bilateral
agreements on co-operation in the fields of science and technology, trade and economic
affairs.
PAK-UZBEK RELATIONS:
Pakistan has entered Into various agreements with Uzbekistan regarding the promotion of
cooperation.
First Treaty On Aviation:
The first treaty on aviation between the two countries was signed in Karachi in 1992. In
March 1992, a bilateral agreement for the promotion of economic and trade relations in the
private sector was arrived at between the two countries.
Various Agreements:
Under various agreements Pakistan and Uzbekistan are currently cooperating in the
energy, trade, banking and communications sectors.
Kashmir Issue:
Uzbekistan is of the view that the Kashmir issue be settled amicably and in accordance
with the wishes of the Kashmiri people who are the main stakeholders in the whole issue
Summits:
For the promotion of ties between the two countries, summits are frequently held between
their heads of governments and heads of states.
SLOs#5Discuss Pakistan’s relations with OIC countries.
INTRODUCTION OF OIC
OIC stands for Organization of Islamic Conference and its main aim to unite the Muslim
countries at over the world.
Formation of OIC
The OIC founded on 25th September 1969 at Rabat (Morocco). The causes behind the
formation of this organization were the Arab-Israel war in 1967. The Israeli aggression was
started on Masjid-AL Aqsa on 25th August 1969.
Founding Leaders of OIC:
The founding leaders of OIC were:-
 King Faisal of Saudi Arabia
 King Hassan of Morocco
 Zulfiqar All Bhutto of Pakistan
They tried hard to unite all the Muslim countries on's single platform.
Members of OIC:
It consists of 57 Muslim countries and all the members of this organization are taking
active participation in it.
Goals of OIC
Goals of OIC are as under
Resolving the problems faced by the Muslim world.
Supporting the liberation movement of the Palestinian people and providing them with
assistance in their recovery of lands occupied by Israel.
Ensuring the defense of Muslim's holy places.
Defending the Independence and territorial integrity of the OIC member states and the
efforts for the creation of an environment conducive to the promotion of unity and
cooperation between them.
PAK TURKEY RELATIONS:
Pakistan's relations with Turkey have been cordially since the beginning diplomatic
relations between the two countries. The two countries share a common heritage. During
the Balkan war and the World War 1 (1914-18), the Muslims of British India supported
Turkey.
At the end of the war, they started Khilafat Movement protect Khilafat and Turkey from
Ill designed of Allied powers.
Agreement on Economic, Political and Cultural Cooperation: A treaty of friendship was
signed between Pakistan and Turkey in 1951, which calls for political, economic and
cultural cooperation between the two countries with view to safeguarding their own
common interests and the Interests of their common Allies.
Membership In Various Organizations;
As members of Baghdad Pact and CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) defense
collaboration between the two countries grew. In 1964, the Organization of Regional
Cooperation for Development (RCD) was created by Pakistan, Turkey and Iran. In 1985,
the RCD was succeeded by Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) which was later on
joined by Afghanistan and the Central Asian Republica
Support In Various Wars:
During the Wars of 1985 and 1971 between India and Pakistan, Turkey supported and
politically.
Stand on Kashmir Issue: Turkey has supported Pakistan's stand on the Kashmir issue also.
Pakistan’s relations with Kingdom of Saudi Arabia:
Pakistan enjoys excellent relations with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Government of
Saudi Arabia has supported Pakistan not only since its inception but even before that, in its
support for the Pakistan movement.
Time Tested Countries:
The relations between the two countries are time-tested. Saudi Arabia has extended
diplomatic, moral and economic support to Pakistan on occasions when Pakistan had
needed it.
Cooperative Relations;
Saudi Arabia has extended diplomatic, moral and economic support to Pakistan. These
relations grew diplomatically in the Zia Regime.
Cultural and Defense Links:
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia enjoy strong relations in the field of culture and defense.
Pakistani workers and technical experts are working in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, Pakistani
students are learning Arabic language in Saudi Universities.
Support in Wars:
When in 1948, 1965 and in 1971 war broke out between India and Pakistan. Then Saudi
Government supported Pakistan and also took strong stand in favor of Pakistan in UNO.
Stand on Kashmir issue;
It supports Pakistan and Kashmir issue and also wants to resolve this issue peacefully.
Faisal Masjid and IIUI:
The Faisal Masjid and the International Islamic university in Islamabad were built with
the financial support of Arabia.
Support on Nuclear Power
When sanctions were imposed on Pakistan in May 1998 and Pakistan became nuclear
power, the Saudi Government provided oil and also helped us economically.
Natural Disasters and Saudi Assistance:
Following the devastating earthquake on October 8, 2005 and floods in 2009 and 2010,
Saudi Government provided Pakistan such as medicine, financial and material assistance.
Common Muslim Culture:
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have strong links because of brotherhood. Consequently both
the nations have always caused on the Muslim Countries in the world.
War on Terror and Saudi Government;
When 9/11 event was done in 2001 and the US President Bush targeted Pakistan and
blamed that Muslims are terrorists, then Saudi Government supported Pakistan that the
event is done by Afghanistan. So that's why Saudi Government took a strong hold towards
Pakistan against US Government.
Current Situations:
Nowadays Pakistan and Saudi Arabia's relations are going better. Both the head of the
state and Government paid official visits each other's countries. Both the countries want to
make diplomatic and cultural relations strong.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that both the countries have closed relations and have been working
together for cooperation in economics, politics, religious, cultural, security, trade and
commerce. Their relations are based on Muslim brotherhood, mutual respect and trust.

SLOs#6: Explain Pakistan’s relations with SAARC countries.

SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) came into existence
primarily with the efforts of Bangladesh though Pakistan also showed great interest in its
formation.
Formation of SAARC
The Foreign Secretary level meetings were held in Colombo, Kathmandu and Islamabad.
The Islamabad's meeting led to the formation of SAARC The first SAARC summit was
held on 8th December 1985 in Dacca the capital of Bangladesh). The SAARC is
intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia
Founding Members of SAARC:
Its founding members include Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives
and Bhutan. In recent years Afghanistan also joined BAARC as a member state.
Pakistan and Bangladesh
1. Pakistan recognized Bangladesh in Lahore in 1974, on the occasion of the Second Islamic
Heads Conference.
2. Different agreements were signed in July 1976, in Dhaka, between the two countries for
improvement in the fields of ship-building, banking and telecommunication.
3. The first Meeting of Heads of SAARC was held in 1985, and the Seventh Meeting of Heads
of SAARC was held in 1993, in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh where many steps were taken
to promote trade among the SAARC countries.
4. An agreement was signed between Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1993, according to which
Pakistan would provide 300 tractors to Bangladesh in the future two years.
5. The 13th Conference of Heads of SAARC was held in Dhaka in 2005 in which Prime Minister
of Bangladesh, Khaleda Zia, was elected as the President of SAARC for the next year. In this
meeting, Pakistan laid stress on resolving matters of dispute and declared that the solution of the
Kashmir issue was undeniable for the regional future and growth. Different sports competitions
are being held between Pakistan and Bangladesh. Bilateral trade is being promoted. From the
SAARC platform, cooperation in various fields is underway between the two countries.
Pakistan and Sri Lanka
1. Sri Lanka is an island country surrounded by sea from all sides. Its main source of income is
fishing Tea, coconut and rubber is in plenty in Sri Lanka. It exports these goods and earns
foreign exchange. The Sinhalese and Tamil people inhabit Sri Lanka. Both are different from
each other. Tamil and Sinhalese languages are spoken.
2. The 6th SAARC Heads Conference was held in 1991 in Colombo, the city of Sri Lanka.
Different proposals were discussed for controlling the growing trends of terrorism and violence
in Asia. The Prime Minister of Pakistan Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif gave proposals for
establishing permanent peace in the region, to abide by the UN Charter and elimination of
nuclear weapons.
3. The 10th SAARC Heads Conference was held also in Colombo, the city of Sri Lanka in 1998,
in which the SAARC countries stressed for eradicating poverty and promoting joint
collaboration. 4. The 15th SAARC Heads Conference was also held in Sri Lanka in 2008. In this
session, the SAARC countries presented different proposals for bilateral cooperation in the fields
of energy, environment, resources of water, tourism, culture, trade, science and technology and
education.
5. In 2010, Pakistan and Sri Lanka signed an agreement of free trade in which both countries
agreed to increase the mutual trade volume.
 6. The President of Sri Lanka visited Pakistan in 2015 and met the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
On this occasion, Pakistan and Sri Lanka signed various agreements including cooperation in the
fields of defense, nuclear energy, prevention of drug smuggling, sea trade and sports etc.
7. In 2016, Prime Minister of Pakistan visited Sri Lanka. During this visit, different agreements
and memorandums were signed. During the present period, various cultural, tourist and trade
delegations are exchanged between Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
Pakistan and Nepal
1. Nepal is a mountainous country. Its main source of income is tourism. The world's highest
mountain peak, Mount Everest, is located in Nepal.
2. The Third SAARC Heads Conference was held in 1987, in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.
In this conference, it was clear that all other six countries. except India, held the same ideas and
thinking. All were also agreed to combat the food crisis in the SAARC countries.
3. The Eleventh SAARC Conference was held in 2002, in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. In
this conference, a resolution was passed for economic development. eradicating of poverty,
cooperation in health, environment, communication, social development and eradicating of
terrorism.
4. The eighteenth SAARC Heads Conference was held in Nepal in 2014, in which Prime
Minister of Pakistan participated. A joint communique was issued at the end of the conference
which member countries agreed to enhance regional and economic cooperation and
establishment of SAARC Development Fund. The SAARC countries have also signed an energy
partnership agreement.
5. In 2018, the Prime Minister of Pakistan visited Nepal. On this occasion, the Prime Ministers of
Pakistan and Nepal agreed to further promote cooperation in the fields of trade, defense and
culture.
Pakistan and Maldives
1. Maldives consists of more than one thousand islands in the Indian Ocean. The major
profession of the people is fishing Male is its capital. Conch and seashells are collected
and exported to other countries.
2. The Fifth SAARC Conference was held in 1990 in Malé, the capital of Maldives. The
President of Maldives played the host. The Pakistani delegation was headed by the Prime
Minister, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif. The withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait
and imposing restriction on smuggling was emphasized.
3. In 1997, the Ninth SAARC Heads Conference was held in the Maldives. in which it was
emphasized on the solution of various problems facing the member countries. The
Seventeenth SAARC Heads Conference was also held in Maldives in 2011. In the joint
communique the SAARC countries committed for peace, the protection of human rights
and eradication of poverty.
 4. The President of Maldives has visited Pakistan in 2015. In 2017, the Prime Minister of
Pakistan visited the Maldives. During the visit, the two countries signed several
memorandum of understanding for further promoting of bilateral cooperation in various
fields including trade, education and tourism. Different goods are traded between
Pakistan and Maldives.
Pakistan and Bhutan
1. Bhutan is a mountainous country. The name of its capital is Thimphu. There are many forests
in Bhutan. People earn their living by woodcutting. Most of its population lives in valleys.
Raising sheep and goats is an important profession. The official language of Bhutan is Dzongkha
2. In 2010, the 16th SAARC Heads Conference was held in Thimphu, Bhutan's capital. The
Prime Minister of Pakistan represented Pakistan in the conference. A joint statement was issued
at the end of the conference, which member countries agreed to take effective measures to
eradication of poverty, terrorism and tackle the climate changes.
3. In 2011, the President of Bhutan visited Pakistan and met Prime Minister of Pakistan. The two
leaders agreed to further promote the bilateral tourism and trade. In terms of the scope of
SAARC, Pakistan has developed a very close relationship with Bhutan. Different trade and
cultural delegations are exchanged between Pakistan and Bhutan.
SLOs#7: Describe Pakistan’s relations with USA, China, U.K., EU, Russia and Japan.
Pakistan's Relations with Great Powers:
Right from the beginning, Pakistan has established friendly ties with great powers with the
view to facilitate the growth of its own economic and military power with their cooperation.
So Pakistan extended its hand of friendship to USA, China, Britain, Russia, European
Union and Japan. Relations with China have already been discussed.
Pakistan's Relations with United States of America:
Pakistan's relation with US has witnessed many ups and downs. Soon after gaining
independence, Pakistan expressed its intensions of friendship with the United States and its
Western Allies.
Pakistan's First P.M visited U.S.A:
When in 1950, President Trueman of US invited the Indian Prime Minister Nehru, but he
refused to visit US after that US turned his eyes towards Pakistan and 1st PM Mr. Liaquat
Ali Khan visited U.S In 1950.
SEATO and CENTO Agreements:
Pakistan formally joined South East Asian treaty (SEATO) and Central Treaty
Organization (CENTO) In 1955. The two countries also signed a mutual defense pact in
May 1954.
Pak-India war 1965 and Armed Embargo:
In Pakistan's 1965 war with India, U.S did not provide Pakistan any help but indeed it
imposed an arms embargo on both the sides. Pakistan's war efforts were seriously
undermined by the embargo.
Withdrawal of Pakistan From SEATO and CENTO:
In 1971 war, US did not provide any substantial support to Pakistan Consequently,
Pakistan's policy began to turn towards non-alignment and the country left both SEATO
and CENTO in the era of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
USSR Invasion in Afghanistan and Iran Revolution:
In 1979, following the Iranian revolution and the Communist revolution in Afghanistan,
the relations between Pakistan and US took a new turn but after the withdrawal of Soviet
troops from Afghanistan with the help of Pakistan, US interested in the region waned and
so did the US military and economic assistance to Pakistan.
9/11 Event and War on Terrorism:
After the event of September 9, 2001, the US declared war on terrorism and invaded
Afghanistan The relations between Pakistan and US took a new turn again, because
Pakistan's support in this war on terror was and continue to be indispensable for US. Thus,
the two countries have been drawn together into an alliance.
Current Situation:
Now US has repeatedly declared that she wants permanent relations with Pakistan but the
fact is that in International Relations there is no permanent friend or enemy. The real thing
is the National Interests.

2. Pakistan's Relations with United Kingdom:

Relations of Pakistan with the United Kingdom are good and have friendly ties also.
Britain was among that states who give recognition to Pakistan as an Independent
Sovereign state and established diplomatic relations with it.
Pakistan's Membership in Common Wealth:
Relations with the United Kingdom are of special importance to Pakistan. This is so, to a
large extent because of its membership in the British Common Wealth.
Support in different wars:
In 1965, the issue of Run kutch between India and Pakistan was resolved with the efforts of
Britain. After the 1971 war between Pakistan and India, the relations with Britain became
tense. Later on, though these were normalized. Likewise, in 1999, Britain played a positive
role in defusing the tensions between India and Pakistan following their nuclear
detonations.
Economically Support of U.K towards Pakistan:-
In 1981, British Prime Minister Margret Thatcher visited Pakistan and announced aid to
the Afghan refugees in Pakistan. In 2001, war on terrorism, U.K provided assistance to
Pakistan. In Natural disasters like earthquake in October 2005 and floods in 2009, UK
provided Pakistan economically assistance and material both. So both countries are
enjoying better relations UK supports Pakistan in every field such as economically,
educationally and militarily
3. European Union (EU) and Pakistan:
Pakistan enjoys friendly relations with the European Union 20% of Pakistan's exports end
up in the European Union. Since 2001, Pakistan's relations with the EU have been
constantly growing.
Biggest Donor to Pakistan:-
The EU is one of the biggest donors of aid to Pakistan, cooperating with both government
and non- governmental organizations in such fields as health, education, population,
welfare, human development, environmental protection and the eradication of child labour
and drug abuse.
4. Pakistan and Japan
Relations between Pakistan and Japan are based on sound footings. Trade and aid is quite
prominent in these relations. Pakistan exports cotton to Japan whereas it has helped
Pakistan in its industrial growth.
Advanced Industrial Nation:
Japan emerged as a modern and advanced industrial nation. It not only offered massive
financial aid but also made a lot of investment In Pakistan towards its progress.

Trade and Development Works

The Indus Highway that links Peshawar to Karachi, the Kohat Tunnel, The Pakistan
Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) Islamabad and Ghazi Brotha power projects are some
of the most important examples of Japanese economic cooperation with Pakistan.
5. Pakistan and USSR
Bilateral relations between Pakistan and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R)
commenced in 1948. These relations are based on history and culture.
Ups and Downs between Pakistan and U.S.S.R:-
For some time the relation between the two remained friendly during 1947-1950 but the
relations between the two countries lost warmth in 1958. During the cold the relations
between Russia and Pakistan saw many ups and downs
1965 War and U.S.S.R
After the 1965 war between India and Pakistan, normality returned to relations between
Pakistan and U.S.S.R. After 1979, situations and 1990s, these relations were all the time
remain low, but in spite of all these, both the countries have started bilateral exchange of
educational, cultural, military and governmental delegations.
Conclusion:
After the recognition of Pakistan in UNO, Pakistan established friendly ties with great
powers for the purpose to extend its economic and military powers with their cooperation.
Pakistan has better relations with China, USA, UK, EU countries, Japan and Russia and
has signed many agreements with them and joined many organizations to increase their
economic level eg Common Wealth and EU etc and all these powers have also good
relations with Pakistan for their national interests and other sources.
SLOs#8: Discuss Pakistan’s contribution towards peace keeping in the world.
PAKISTAN'S ROLE IN UN
Pakistan became member of UNO on September 30th 1947 and has been playing an active
role in its affairs ever since. Pakistan has attempted to use the platform provided by the UN
for projecting its point of view on issues of national as well as international interests and
for pursuing them
Non-Permanent member of UN Security Council
Pakistan has become non-permanent member of the UN Security Council on several
occasions.
Presidentship in UN Security Council
In 1980, General Zia-Ul-Haq was appointed the president of the General Assembly as the
representative of Muslim world.

Military and Police Services

Pakistan has offered its military and police services to the UN for its peace keeping
missions in various conflict zones all over the world
Various UN Agencies:
Various UN agencies like the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the World
Food Program (WFP), the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations
International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Fund For Agricultural
Development (IFAD), the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and
UN habitat have been providing invaluable services to Pakistan in the fields of
humanitarian assistance, social welfare and economic development
Kashmir Issue In UN:
UN has disappointed Pakistan on the issue of Kashmir. In spite of the two resolutions of
UN for plebiscite (Elections), the issue is still unresolved since 1948.

CHATER#3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN

• Discuss Economic developments in Pakistan through decades.
• Describe major metallic and non-metallic mineral resources of Pakistan, their economic values
and distribution in Pakistan.
• Explain the role agriculture plays in the economy of Pakistan.
• Point out the agricultural potential of Pakistan along with problems and measures for
maximization of yield.
• Discuss the water resources of Pakistan and the existing irrigation system.
• Discuss the production and distribution of major crops, livestock and fishing.
• Enumerate the pattern of modernization in agriculture.
• Discuss the main problems associated with our agriculture.
• Discuss the importance of industries in economic development.
• Discuss briefly location and production of cottage, small and large scale industries.
• Discuss the importance of energy resources in development.
• Discuss the production and consumption of different sources of energy.
• Analyze international trade of Pakistan, its composition, direction and changing balance.
• Enumerate the causes and consequences of poverty in Pakistan. Point out the steps that can be
taken to alleviate poverty.
• Explain the importance of sea-ports of Pakistan.
• Discuss the significance of dry ports of Pakistan.
SLO#1: Discuss Economic developments in Pakistan through decades.
The economic development of Pakistan through decades is explained below: 1. The First
Period of Economic Development: 1947-1950
The industrial units which Pakistan had got as share after its creation were incapable of fulfilling
the country's needs. The source of income of the majority was agriculture. Before the creation of
Pakistan the trade and industry was mostly controlled by non- Muslims. At the time of partition,
these people migrated to India due to which a gap was created in the field of trade and industry.
To fill this gap the majority of Muslim traders migrated from India and settled in Karachi.
Karachi, thus, became the centre of our trade and industry. In 1947, the government held an
industrial conference. In this conference it gave recommendations for the establishment of
industrial units related to existing raw materials like jute, cotton, leather, etc. To promote the
work of investors, Industrial Board and Industrial Financial Corporation was established, with
which economic development started.
2. The Second Period of Economic Development:1950-1960
During the Korean War, from 1950 to 1952, Pakistan followed a liberal and soft trade policy
which earned it a lot of foreign exchange. The war ended and there was a fall in the prices of raw
materials. The government imposed restrictions on the import of goods of daily use which
greatly benefited the industries. In 1952 the government of Pakistan established a financial
organization called "Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation". This corporation basically
invested in cement, paper, Sui gas pipeline, shipyard, etc. In 1959-60 the share of industrial field
in Pakistan's GDP was 11.9 percent. During this time period, large scale industry flourished.
Many factories were also established. Pakistan's First 5 years Development Plan was for the
period from 1st April 1955 to 31 July 1960. Its volume was 1080 crore rupees. With regard to
objectives, this was a very good plan, but it could not achieve all its targets. According to the rate
of development there was an 11% increase in the national income. Per capita income could only
increase 3%. The rate of national savings decreased. In the industrial field many industries were
established such as paper (newsprint), cardboard, fertilizer, chemical products, etc. The rate of
increase in population was approximately 1.6% per annum. During this period exports could not
be increased, rather the number of imports rose. The balance of payment was greatly upset.
There was a deficit of 24 crore rupees in the balance of payment in the first 4 years. The
production of agricultural crops also could not be increased much.
From the above mentioned facts and figures, it can be estimated that the first 5 years plan failed
in the majority of fields. Despite this fact it cannot be denied that due to the experiences gained
in this plan, a modern thought process was born. This increased the speed of economic
development and helped create future developmental plans.
3. The Third Period of Economic Development: 1960-1970
In 1958, after coming to power, Muhammad Ayub Khan gave severe punishments to hoarders,
smugglers and black marketeers. Attention was paid to heavy machinery such as steel industry,
petro-chemicals, etc. After 1965 there was a downfall in the development of industry and an
increase in speed of development of agriculture. In relation to economic development in
Pakistan, the Second 5 years Plan (1960-1965) has a special importance. The volume of the
second 5 years plan was 1900 crore rupees. In 1961 it was increased to 2300 crore rupees.
Due to this plan, there was an improvement in the country's economic development. National
income increased above 30%. In the industrial field, there was an increase of above 40% per
annum. Exports went up by 7% annually. The agricultural field had a rise by above 15%.
Employment opportunities could not be raised to the expected limits. The second 5 years
development plan achieved its goals considerably and in some fields even crossed its set targets.
In the economic development of Pakistan this plan has a special importance.
During 1965-1970, the third 5 years development plan was made. The volume of this plan was
5200 crore rupees. During the third 5 years plan the development in the industrial field was 9%.
There was a drop of 4% in the rate of investment. Agriculture development was at 4.5%. The
growth of exports was at the rate of 7% per annum. The third 5 years plan could not be provided
with the resources and favourable conditions required for an economic development plan. That is
why this plan could not be completely successful.
4. The Fourth Period of Economic Development: 1970-1980 The separation of East
Pakistan from west Pakistan was a great tragedy. When in 1971
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took over power, Pakistan was surrounded by problems. In the first 7 years
of this decade, economic development was disappointing. The currency devalued and the
American dollar went up from 4.76 rupees to 11 rupees. The nationalization of oil factories,
commercial banks, aeroplane companies, flour mills, and cotton ginning and rice threshing
factories affected the economy negatively. During the rule of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq,
the country moved towards economic development. The 1978 Economic Reforms Ordinance was
issued. The industrial units related to agriculture were returned to their former owners. Due to
this, the production of agricultural raw material increased, export percentage and the agricultural
yield was greatly improved, but the government could not control inflation. Rs. 750 crore were
allocated for the fourth 5 years plan (1970-75). The targets were not met for an increase in
national income, agricultural yield and increase in per capita income. Due to unfavourable
conditions inside the country, the fourth 5 years plan could not be implemented and, at last, it
was cancelled.
5. The Fifth Period of Economic Development: 1980-1990
From 1980 1990 there was a record increase in the production of cotton, rice. sugar cane and
wheat. Agricultural development was at the rate of 6.2% per annum. This can be called the best
stage of economic development as steps were taken to restore the confidence of the private
sector. Through 1982 and 1984, industrial policies created a balanced development, job
opportunities, and strengthened the private sector. This led to an encouraging increase in the rate
of production of raw material.
From 1978-1983, the fifth 5 year plan commenced. The volume of this plan was 2102 crore
rupees. In spite of unfavourable circumstances, the per annum rate of development was 6%.
Industrial production increased by 9% per annum. To encourage the setting up of industrial units,
relaxations were also given. Inflation fell to 5%. During this plan special attention was paid to
the development of rural areas. At least 20% poverty stricken people were provided help through
the system of zakat. This was a big step towards social and economic justice.
The sixth 5 year plan (1983-1988) commenced on 1 of July 1983. Work was carried out quickly
from 1985 to 1988 according to Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo's 5 point programme.
There was more investment from the private sector in industries and energy producing
departments. Roads were built in villages and connected to city markets. The deserving were
helped through Zakat and the system of Ushr. Different steps were taken for providing
employment. Special attention was paid to the development of villages, backward areas, big and
small cities. More attention was paid to education and health sectors. GDP (Gross Domestic
Product) increased by 6.6% and agricultural production by 2.3%. There was an increase of 6% in
exports and 6% in imports per annum. The rate of inflation was 6 %. The production of
electricity increased by 13.6%.After the elections held in December 1988, Mohtarma Benazir
Bhutto came to power. The government lasted till 1990. During this period the economic
condition of the country was hopeful. From 1989 to 1990, the GDP increased to a rate of 5.1%.
Agricultural development was expected 5.2% but the increase was only 4% per annum. The
balance of payment improved. The foreign trade deficit decreased and investment was
encouraged in the country. In April 1989 the new economic policy was announced. Again new
incentives were announced for the private sector. Setting up of new industries was made easier.
Investment in new fields was made easy.
6.The Sixth Period of Economic Development: 1990-2000
In 1990 and 1996, the government of Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto was dissolved. In 1993 and
1999, the government of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif came to an end. General Pervez
Musharraf came to power in 1999. The seventh 5 years development plan (1988- 1993) was put
into action. During this time the G.D.P increased 5% per annum. The production in agriculture
remained 4.7%. Industrial production increased by the rate of 5.9%. The rate of national savings
remained 12.7% per annum. 50 medical centres were established in urban areas. Literacy rate
remained 36%.
The eighth 5 years plan commenced in (1993-1998). During this plan many national institutions
were handed over to the private sector. Due to the atomic blast in 1998, Pakistan had to face
many economic sanctions. A census was carried out in 1998. GDP and agricultural sector
showed an increase of 6% per annum. Private investment increased by 22.8%. Federal
government tax returns were increased by 22.6%. Exports decreased by 24.9%. Literacy rate
became 37.9%. National savings increased by 12.7%. After the 8th 5 years plan, no 5 years plan
was implemented in the country. Now annual development plans are prepared and, accordingly,
measures are taken for the national development.
7. The Seventh Period of Economic Development:2000-2010
The pace of economic development in General Pervez Musharraf's 9 year government was 7%.
Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz took many steps for economic development but the common man's
problems and inflation increased. In the elections of 2008, Pakistan People's Party emerged as
the majority party. Syed Yousuf Raza Gillani became Prime Minister. The PPP government
started work to improve Pakistan's economic situation and reduce the economic problems of the
people, but could not more succeed.
8. The Eighth Period of Economic Development:2010-2020 After 2010 during the People's
Party era load-shedding increased and did not increase the rate of economic development that
was expected. The government increased the salaries of civil servants, helped people through the
Benazir Income Support Programme and the Waseela-e-Haq Program, took many steps for
women's development and protection and improvement of the condition of farmers but the
country was facing difficulties in terms of economic development.
The PML-N government was formed after the 2013 elections. During the five-year period of the
Muslim League, the GDP rate was 3.7% in 2013 which rose to 5.53% in 2018. Agricultural
growth rate was 2.68 percent in 2013 and increased to 3.8 percent in 2018, the pace of industrial
development increased from 4.5 percent in 2013 to 5.8 percent in 2018. During this time, the
burden of external debt on the country increased. After general elections in Pakistan in 2018, The
Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Government was formed and Imran Khan became Prime Minister. The
PTI government is striving to change Pakistan's economic situation, improve social services,
agriculture development. to reduce water shortage and improve the living standard of the
common man.

SLO#2: Describe major metallic and non-metallic mineral resources of Pakistan, their
economic values and distribution in Pakistan.
Mineral Resources:
Raw materials play an important role in a country's industrial development The
existence and availability of mineral resources is a key to strong economy. Minerals
play an important role in the industrial development of a country it adds to the national
wealth. It brings prosperity and economic revolution in a country. For example, many
Arab and Gulf States are very rich and economically stable because of oil. Before
exploitation of oil, they were poor.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances found under varying conditions
and in different types of geological environments. They have a crystalline structure and
come with a definite chemical composition. Minerals are divided into two types, namely
 Metallic
 non-metallic minerals.
Metallic
Metallic Minerals are composed of one or more metallic elements whereas non-metallic
minerals do not contain any metal elements instead they consist of chemical elements
that usually don’t feature the properties or characteristics of metals.
For example Silver, Chromium, Tin, Nickel, Copper, Iron, Lead, Aluminum, Gold, and
Zinc.
Non-metallic minerals
Non-metals are minerals (Non-metallic minerals) which, as a rule, do not serve as raw
material for the extraction of metal. The group of non-metals, which is widespread
amongst the variety of minerals, is of great economic significance.
For example, sand, gravel, limestone, clay, and marble.
Pakistan's Mineral Resources:
There are 52 minerals found in Pakistan some are as follows;
Non-metallic minerals
Mineral Oil:
Nowadays, it is the most important mineral found in the world so far Rather it is the
center of politics of all the great powers. This is a great source of energy and the
availability in abundance of the oil in a country is a sign of prosperity for that country.
It is used in all types of vehicles, airplanes, and factories: Pakistan is just producing
10% of its own requirements and the remaining 90% is imported. It is found at Kot
sarang, Tut, Mail, Khewra, Qazain, Adhi, Dhodak, Kirsal, Balkaser and Kharkheli.
There are (3) three refineries at Morgah at Rawalpindi and one in Karachi
Natural Gas:
This is also an important mineral and a great source of energy Deficiency of coal and
petrol has been greatly overcome by the discovery of natural gas in It has been
discovered in 1952 at Sul, Therefore, it is called Sui Gas. It is a cheap source as compare
to other sources. Besides domestic uses, it is used to run cement factories and thermal
power houses.29% of natural gas is used in fertilizers factories and 24% in other
factories Natural Gas reserves in Pakistan are found in Sui in Balochistan at Khair Pur
Hundi, Mazrani. Kandkot and Saring in Sindh at Dhoduk, Pircoh, Dhalian and Miani
in Punjab and at Gurguri near Karak in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa.
Coal:
Coal is also one of the important sources of energy many factories and railway trains
were run by it. The coal of Pakistan is not of fine quality. the high quality coal is
imported. It causes air pollution. Therefore, Pakistan is now planning to run thermal
houses near Tharparkar with natural gas and oil. Coal is extracted at Mach, Khost,
Sharage, Dargai, Lakhra, Chahpur, and Tharparker and at Makarwal.
Mineral Oil:
Curdo oil also known as petroleum, is one of the world's most important source of
energy. Most of the transport on land, in a sea or air all over the world is carried out by
vehicles fuelled by petroleum refined from curde oil. Its importance is increasing with
the passage of time because its demand is constantly growing to industrialization and
the expansion of transportation.
Gypsum:
Gypsum is a stone of white color It is used in the production of fertilizers, cement and
plaster of paris. It has been found at Daudkhel. Dandot, Kewra Quetta and Kohat
districts.
Lime Stone:
it is used in cement and glass industries. Total production of lime stone is about 10
million tons. It is found at Kohat, Margalla Hills, Taxila, Ranipur and Harnai.
Marble:
Marble is a beautiful stone used for decoration and construction purposes. Different
colors of marbles are found in Pakistan contributing beauty to our country It is found
in Malagori, Nowshera, Swat and Mardan districts.
Sulphur
It is used in chemical industries like manufacture of explosives. It is mostly found in
Baluchistan, Jacobabad and Mardan districts Factories to refine Sulphur are located at
Quetta and Karachi.
Rock Salt:
Salt is used in domestic consumption to make our meal delicious. It is also used in many
industries Pakistan is one of the great producer of rock salt. Its deposits are found at
Kewra, Bahadur khel, Karak, and Tatta.
Metallic
Chromites.
It is a metal of white color used in the manufacture of stainless steel, dyes and
photographic material. It is found at Chaghi, Kharan, and around about Charsadda.
Copper:
Copper is a mineral having wide use. It is mostly used in making of electric wires,
utensil and coins. It is mostly found in Sindak and Chaghi.
Iron:
Iron is also one of the important mineral for the development of a country. It is used for
many purposes in industries and other machineries Pakistan has large deposit of Iron
but of low grades. It is found in Kalabagh, Langrial and Chitral. In addition, a high
grade Iron has now been found in Nokandi.
Gold
Pakistan has significant deposits of precious metal gold worth billions of dollars, besides
other high-value mineral resources. There are two major gold mines located at Chaghai
district in Balochistan.
SLO#3: Explain the role agriculture plays in the economy of Pakistan.
Agriculture continues to be the most important sector of Pakistan's economy because around 65%
of population is directly or indirectly associated with it. Apart from directly fulfilling the country's
food needs, agriculture also facilitates livestock raising, which in turn contributes to meeting the
country's food needs. A large portion of Pakistan's plains is irrigated by an excellent irrigation
system of the water of the river Indus and its tributaries. Cultivable land in the total area of the
country is only around 38% of which only 24% is actually under cultivation. The total irrigated land
of the country around 70% is irrigated through irrigation canals while the remaining 30% is
irrigated through Tube wells and Wells. In short, our economy will grow tremendously if the
remaining 62% is cultivable.

SLO#4: Point out the agricultural potential of Pakistan along with problems and measures for
maximization of yield.
Introduction
Agriculture continues to be the most important sector of Pakistan's economy because around 65%
of population is directly or indirectly associated with it. Apart from directly fulfilling the country's
food needs, agriculture also facilitates livestock raising, which in turn contributes to meeting the
country's food needs. A large portion of Pakistan's plains is irrigated by an excellent irrigation
system of the water of the river Indus and its tributaries. Cultivable land in the total area of the
country is only around 38% of which only 24% is actually under cultivation. The total irrigated land
of the country around 70% is irrigated through irrigation canals while the remaining 30% is
irrigated through Tube wells and Wells. In short, our economy will grow tremendously if the
remaining 62% is cultivable.
In Pakistan the land is fertile, people are hardworking and have good system and enough rainfall
but our production per acre is very low. There are tow reasons for our low yield production

Causes Of Low Agricultural Production In Pakistan:

Subdivision Of Holdings:

In Pakistan land has been divided in small plots. On this account modern agricultural equipment's
cannot be applied. Therefore, the yeild is low and meagar.

Old Method Of Farming:

In our country the farmers are still using out of date and primitive method and implements the
use of wooden ploughs and sickles in many parts of the provinces i-e Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and Baluchistan which is very old, so this is the main cause of low production

Natural Calamities:

Natural calamities such as windstorm, cyclone and floods cause great damage to standing crops.
Besides these, various parts and diseases attack the crops. That's why per acre productivity is low

Jagirdari System:

This system affects the production adversely because most of the bounded labour takes very little
interest in the work and the major portion of the land become barren. Inspite of land reforms, it is
still held by feudal lords.

InAdequate Roads:

Most of the cultivated land is situated away from the roads and markets Inadequate means of
transport is another hurdle in the way of increasing production.

High Prices And Taxes:

The high prices, sale tax, chemical fertilizers and insecticides increase the cost of production which
discourage cultivation.

Water Logging And Salinity:

Water logging and salinity are eroding the area under cultivation. By sinking of tube wells in such
areas, land is being reclaimed.

Lack Of Professional

Most of the farmers in rural areas are illiterate. Their ignorance in the use of modern agricultural
implements cause low production.

Lack Of Finance:

Our farmers are mostly poor. They cannot utilize land properly The due to poverty cannot afford
the fertilizers and use animal wastes (dung as fertilizers and fuel.

10. Inferior Quality Seeds:

The farmers store a little portion of grain for seeds which is damaged by the insects These seeds
are of low quality and also cause low production.

11. Weak Health Of Farmers:

Our farmers and their family members do not keep good health due to defective
accommodations, lack of medical facilities and ignorance about different diseases.

12. Storage System:

There is shortage of stores to preserve the agricultural products. Therefore, climatic conditions
affect and damage it. Due to lack of cold storage, our crops are not secured properly.

Steps For Increasing Country's Agricultural Production:

Salinity Control And Land Reclamation:

Water logging and salinity control projects can help land reclamation and thus increase the area
under cultivation.

2. Absentee LandLordism:

Hundreds of thousands of acres of cultivable land owned by landlords who no interest in farming.
So it remains uncultivated or under cultivated, bringing these lands under cultivation will increase
the volume of agricultural output of the country.

3. Land Reforms:

Land reforms can motivate the farmers to work with greater zeal.

4. Agricultural Education:

Government can start programme wherein the farmers can be educated in agricultural sector and
pest control etc.

5. Agricultural Research:

Government has to be established for better yield which can certainly help to improve agricultural
productivity.

6. Chemical Fertilizer:

The timely availability and low costs of fertilizers would make the use more widespread and thus
increase land productivity in agricultural goods.

SLO#5: Discuss the water resources of Pakistan and the existing irrigation system.
Means Of Irrigation:

Water resources are very unevenly distributed throughout the country. While in some places
there are found in abundance, others lack it almost completely. The rate of rainfall varies greatly.
While in the north western mountainous regions it is high, in the plain it is dry.

The Irrigation System:

Most of the cultivated land in the country is irrigated either through canal irrigation system or
tube wells.

The Canal System:

Pakistan's canal rigation system is among the most important in the world. The network of darns,
barrages, head works, and the canals and water channels flowing from them expands in many
regions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab, and Sindh provinces. The irrigation network operates on
very limited scale in Baluchistan. Around 70% of the total cultivated area of the country is
irrigated through canal irrigation system.

Tube Wells:

The number of irrigation tube wells operating in the country is in the tens of thousands. In area of
Sindh and Baluchistan where there are no perennial water flows. Efforts are being made to install
new tube well for irrigation purposes.

Wells:

The practice of using animal power for drawing water from wells for irrigation is still in place in
some parts of the country. Wherever the water level is high wells have been dug and its water is
used for irrigation.

Karez:

Karez is the name given to the method of irrigation practiced in parts of Baluchistan whereby
ground water reserves are drawit out through underground canals. The karez system begins at an
elevated place and runs down to lower plains.

Because of the dwindling ground water resources, this method is falling into disuse.

Barrages:

Building barrages on rivers and diverting the flow of their waters through canals is an important
method of irrigation in the country. Many great barrages have been built on various rivers like
those at Chasma, Kalabagh. Taunsa, Gaddu, and Kotri on the river Indus. Barrages at the rivers
Jehlum and Chenab are also a source of irrigation water. Because of these barrages many of the
barren lands of the country have become fertile.

6)Dams:

There are many dams in Pakistan catering to the country's irrigation needs which at the same time
are used for power generation. The three largest among these are Tarbela Dam, Mangla Dam, and
Warsak Dam.

SLO#6: Discuss the production and distribution of major crops, livestock and fishing.
Pakistan's Major Crops:

1: Wheat:
Wheat is the country's most important crop. It is the staple food of the people of Pakistan. No
other crop is grown as extensively in Pakistan as wheat. It is grown throughout the country,
mostly in irrigated plain areas and on a small scale in the barani areas. Potohar is also a wheat
growing area.

Rice:

Rice is one of Pakistan's main food crops. The country is not only self-sufficient in its rice
production but also an important exporter of high quality rice in the world. Much of the rice
produced in the country is grown in the humid plains of Punjab and Sindh. It is also grown in the
mountainous regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Northern Areas.

3: Cotton:

Cotton is an important crop and a huge source of the country's foreign exchange. Cotton is mostly
grown in the southern plains of the Punjab and in Sindh.

4: Sugarcane:

Sugarcane is grown in warmer climates with enough irrigation water. It is grown widely in the
Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

5: Maize:

Maize is an important crop of the country used as staple food source in many rural areas. Parts of
the malze crop which are not edible for humans are fed to livestock. Maize, or corn, is also used in
the manufacture of edible oil. It is grown in most of the regions in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir.

6: Tobacco:

Tobacco is one of Pakistan's most important cash crop. Around 75 percent of the tobacco crop is
produced in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and about 25 percent in the Punjab.

7: Pulses:

Various kinds of pulses such as Chane, Massoor, Mong and Mash etc. are grown in the barani
areas of Punjab, Sindh, and Southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

SLO#7: Enumerate the pattern of modernisation in agriculture.

Pattern of Modernization in Agriculture

1. The Use of Machines and Fertilizers
In Pakistan there has been an increase in production in the agricultural sector due to the use of
machines. There is a use of tractor and drills for the preparation and harvesting of land; for cutting,
combine harvesters and to keep land level, laser land leveling technology. Excellent fertilizers have
also helped in increasing the per acre yield.
2. The Use of Good Quality Seeds
For the development of the agricultural sector in Pakistan, good quality seeds are being used. They
help in increasing the per acre yield of different crops. Seeds are prepared inside the country as well
as being imported from other countries.
 3. Pesticides
The climate of our country is suitable for promoting crop diseases and insect growth.
Pesticides are manufactured in Pakistan and also imported from abroad. These steps are taken to
get rid of crop diseases and insects and they also increase production.
4. Improvement in the System of Irrigation
The irrigation system in Pakistan has improved through developing the canal system, increasing the
capacity of dams to store water, and construction of dams. Instead of traditional distributaries,
irrigation is carried out through improved distributions.
Economical methods like drip and sprinkler are being used for irrigation.
5. Water Logging and Salinity
Different plans are being devised to reclaim a vast area of land and make it cultivable. Steps have
been taken to avoid water logging in further areas.
6. New Roads
Farmers face difficulty in carrying their crops to markets. For this purpose new roads have been built
in distant areas.
SLO#8Discuss the main problems associated with our agriculture.
Main Problems Associated with Agriculture
Find below a few of important problems the agricultural sector is facing in Pakistan.
Lack of Agricultural Inputs Pakistani farmers are a victim of backwardness. Their financial
condition is poor. The person who provides food for others is not getting sufficient food for
himself. The procuring and usage of the following things is difficult for an average farmer: good
quality seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, tractors, thresher, harvester and modern methods of
irrigation.
Inefficient use of Cultivable Area
In Pakistan, there is no planning to bring lakhs of acres of land under cultivation. Due to lack of
capital and inadequate irrigation facilities very little of cultivable land is in use. To maintain the
fertility of land, a large portion of land is left empty every year.
Natural Disasters
Natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, storms and drought cause problems for farmers. These
cause severe damage to the crops.
Inadequate Irrigation Facilities
In spite of the canal system in Pakistan, the sources of irrigation are inadequate. Water is wasted
in distributaries and fields. A large quantity of river water is lost in oceans and there are no
adequate measures to store this water. Excessive load-shedding affects tube wells, and this is
another set back for the crops.
Lack of Modernized Cultivation
In Pakistan, the use of advanced seeds, chemical fertilizers and agricultural machinery is not very
popular. Less attention is paid towards cultivating more and more crops on
agricultural land.
Lack of Agricultural Credit
Due to the scarcity of organizations giving agricultural credit, farmers take these loans from
money lenders. The percentages of interest are huge. These people exploit the farmers and worry
them.
Water Logging and Salinity
A large part of our agricultural land is not cultivable due to water logging and salinity. Besides
this, every year a lot of land falls victim to river erosion. This decreases the fertile area.
Lack of Efficient Means of Transportation
In our country, it is difficult to transport agricultural goods from villages to markets due to
underdeveloped means of transport. As farmers do not have access to markets, the middlemen do
not give sufficient payments to the farmers. This makes their financial condition poorer.
Plant Diseases
Plant diseases kill plants or make them weak. According to an estimate, this lessens the crop
productivity by 25%.
Backwardness of Farmers
Illiteracy is a major reason for the backwardness of farmers. This makes the farmers unable to
learn new methods or plan for better production.
Prices of Agricultural Goods
The prices of agricultural produce are much less as compared to industrial goods. Farmers prefer
other professions and business rather than farming. This affects the agricultural sector.
SLO#9: Discuss the importance of industries in economic development.

Industries of Pakistan

Industrial sector.

The role of industry in the economic development of a country is considered very important. It produces
industrial goods and raw material and fulfils many of our needs. It brings new goods into the market and
changes the way we spend. Following are details of the cottage, small and large scale industries of
Pakistan.

Cottage Industries

An industry or act of production which is carried out in homes or on a small scale falls in the category of
cottage industries. Cottage industries usually include those industries in which Pakistani craftsmen use
old fashioned, simple tools and traditional methods. Local raw material is used in these industries.
Cottage industries play an important role in the industrial development of a country. These products
form 30% of the exports of Pakistan. Our famous cottage industries include:

i. craft of spinning with a spinning wheel

ii. leather goods manufacturing

iii. craft of making clay utensils

iv. wood and iron craft

v. hand made carpet and mat craft

vi. different items of daily use from leaves and cane

vii. embroidery on clothes

viii. weaving cotton, making woollen and jute items with hand tools

ix. Metal goods, and dagger and knife manufacturing

x. sports goods manufacturing

xi. silver and gold craft

xii. stone craft

xiii. clay toys manufacturing

Handicrafts industry is being carried out in each province and villages of Pakistan since ancient times. It
is practiced according to individual cultures and is still popular today.

Small Industries

In the industrial sector of Pakistan, a large number of people are associated with small industries. Small
industry means that industry which employs 2 to 9 workers and manufactures different items. A few of
our small industries are listed below:

 dairy farm industry

 bee-keeping industry iii. utensil making industry
 fan, electric motor making industry
 fan, electric motor making industry
 poultry farming
 carpet weaving
 sports goods manufacturing industry
 manufacturing of stainless steel cutlery, etc.

These days, it is difficult for small industries to receive the facilities like the large scale industries. Their
competition is with large scale industries which sell better quality products. As a result, small industries
suffer.

Large Scale Industries

The following large scale industries in Pakistan are very important:

i. sugar industry
ii. iron and steel industry
iii. petroleum and petroleum products industry
iv. automobile (jeeps, cars) industry
v. armaments industry
vi. heavy machinery industry
vii. cement industry
 viii. fertilizer industry
ix. buses, tractors industry
x. motorcycle industry
xi. machinery, T.V. sets industry
xii. refrigerator, air-conditioner industry
xiii. tobacco and cigarette industry
xiv. textile and textile related industries
xv. leather and leather goods industry
xvi. paper and paper products industry
xvii. cosmetics industry
xviii. tyres and tubes industry
SLO#10: Discuss the importance of energy resources in development.

Discuss the production and consumption of different sources of energy.

Different Sources of Energy
Energy plays an important role in the economic development of a country. Electricity is an
important source of energy which fulfils industrial and domestic needs.
Natural gas is used for producing thermal electricity, in homes, industries, for cars and
other needs. InPakistan petroleum is an important source of energy
as well. Pakistan fulfils its requirements of energy mostly with the use of petroleum. Coal
is also used in industries. The rising prices of petroleum and gas have led to the increased
importance of coal. We are forced to look for alternate sources of energy and coal is one of them.
Electricity, gas, petroleum and coal are important sources of energy in Pakistan. Their details are
as follows:
1. Electricity
Electricity is obtained by the following methods in Pakistan:
i) Hydro-Electric Power
Electricity defines the modern world. Apart from being essential part of everyday life in modern
times, it fuels the economy. Around two-thirds of Pakistan's electricity generation is
accomplished by burning gas, or petroleum in thermal power plants. Around 70 percent
electricity is thermal. In distirct Thar Parker a thermal power plant is being built. Where the cost
of electricity will be low but it will pollute the environment.
Electricity produce by water is called hydroelectric. Around 30 percent of electricity is hydro
electricity. For this purpose, huge power-houses have been established at Tarbela, Mangla,
Warsak, Dargai and Ghazi Barotha. The cost of installing power-station is greater whereas the
expenditure on electricity generated by them is quite low. Besides, they do not cause air
pollution.
In country, suitable areas for producing hydro-electric power are located in the northern and
north western mountain ranges. Natural conditions are present there for the generation of
electricity. In the plains it is possible to produce hydro-electric power through increasingt
force of flowing water in rivers and canals. The large projects for producing
hydro-electric power are given below:
Tarbela Dam (located on River Indus) is the biggest project for production of hydro electric
power. Ghazi Brotha project is the second biggest project.
Mangla Dam (located on River Jhelum) is the third biggest source of hydroelectric power in
Pakistan. Warsak Dam has been built on River Kabul. Besides these, hydro-electric power is also
produced in Chashma hydro-electric power station, Malakand, Dargai hydro-electric plan and
Rasool hydro-electric station.
ii) Thermal–Electric Power
In Pakistan, thermal–electric power stations produce electricity with the help of gas, oil and coal.
Important thermal- electric power producing units are located in Karachi, Lahore, Multan,
Faisalabad, Guddoo, Jamshoro, Muzaffargarh, Sukkur, Larkana, Kotri, Pasni and Kot Addu.
Natural gas was discovered in the country for the first time at Sui in Baluchistan. This was
during 1950-52 while actually rigging for the exploration of crude natural oil in the area. The
natural gas at Sui is easily accessible, lying at around 4,000 feet below the surface of the earth.
The Sui gas fields continue to meet a large share of the country's needs.

To meet the energy requirements in the future, many plans have been made and quick measures
are being taken to implement some of these plans.
iii) Nuclear Power
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for the planning, setting up, running
of nuclear power plants in Pakistan. In the present era, the atom is the most modern and
complicated source of producing energy. It is playing an important role in meeting the ever
increasing energy requirement of the world. Nuclear energywas first introduced in
Pakistan in 1971 and in 1972 in Karachi the first plant
“Karachi Nuclear Power Plants (KANUPP)” was established. Four nuclear
electricity stations are established in Chashma called Chashma Nuclear Power Plants C-1, C-2,
C-3 and C-4 and are attached to the national grid.
iv) Solar-Electric Power
The energy received from the Sun is called solar power and this is used to produce electricity.
Presently solar power is being used on a small scale in Pakistan. Small machines and small
motors are run on solar energy. In the near future solar power will be the biggest source of
energy. This is so because other sources of energy are expensive and difficult to
reach.
v) Wind-Electric Power
To obtain wind-electric power, fast moving windmills are used to produce electricity. Work is
underway in Pakistan to produce wind-electric power. Even though vast resources for producing
wind-electric power are found in coastal areas, Sindh and Balochistan and this source has been
used at small scale. Windmills comprise 3 or 4 big blades mounted on a pole. These blades are
called the turbines of the windmill. When these turbines move with the wind then energy is
produced.

SLO#11: Analyze international trade of Pakistan, its composition, direction and changing balance.
Composition of Pakistan Trade
Components of Exports According to the facts and figures of Pakistan
Economic Survey 2018-19, the total exports of Pakistan were in 3 fields- cotton and cotton
products (58.5%), rice approximately (8.7%), leather and leather goods (3.1%) - total (70.3%).
The share of the following in the total exports was consumable goods 15%, semi finished goods
10%, finished goods 75%.
Components of Imports
According to the facts and figures of Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19, the share of eight
sectors (machinery, petroleum and petroleum manufactures plastic goods, transport, edible oil,
iron and steel, fertilizer and tea) in the total imports was approximately 51%. The share of
imports was as follows-heavy goods 30%, raw material for heavy goods 10%, raw material for
consumable goods 51% and consumable goods 9%.
Directions of Pakistani Trade
Export
According to the facts and figures of Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19, Pakistan's exports
are mostly being bought by America, China, Britain, Germany, Afghanistan. Spain, UAE,
Italy, Bangladesh and France. The share of these countries in Pakistan exports is 59%:
Directions of Pakistani Exports (Large Markets for Exports) Country's Name,
America, China, Britain, Germany, Afghanistan, Spain, UAE, Italy, Bangladesh, France
Import
According to the facts and figures of Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19, Pakistan's imports
mostly come from China, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, America, Japan, India, Kuwait,
Malaysia and Germany etc. According to table below the share of these countries in
Pakistan's imports is 66% Directions of Pakistani Imports (Large Markets for Imports)
Country's Name, China, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, America, Japan, India, Kuwaitl,
Malaysia, Germany
Balance of Trade
The difference between the value of exports and imports of any country in a given time frame
is called balance of trade. If the value of exports is higher than value of imports then this
balance of trade is profitable for a country. Contrary to this if the value of imports is higher
than the value of export then this is called trade deficit. This type of trade is unprofitable and
a country falls prey to debt. According to the facts and figures of Pakistan Economic Survey
2018-19, Pakistan's exports are 19.17 billion American dollars and imports are worth 45.47
billion American dollars. In this manner our trade deficit was 26.3 billion dollars.
SLO#12: Enumerate the causes and consequences of poverty in Pakistan. Point out the
steps that can be taken to alleviate poverty.
INTRODUCTION
Poverty is an important problem of Pakistan. According to World Bank report, a person
earning less than 1.25 dollar per day is living below the poverty line. Presently about 21% of
the world's 7 billion population is the victim of poverty because they earn less than 1 dollar.
According to an estimate, approximately 24.3% of population of Pakistan lives below the
poverty line. Poverty leads to hopelessness and the pace of economic development slows
down.
Definition
Poverty:
Poverty can be formally defined as under, “The state or standard of life in which people live
under poverty have not enough to meet their basic needs like food, clean drinking Water,
shelter, education and basic health care”.
Reasons for Poverty in Pakistan

 Pakistan's population is increasing quickly. Compared to this, there is less

 increase in production capacity.
 Rate of inflation is high.
 Due to energy crisis, employment opportunities are limited
 Illiteracy and lack of technical education.
 Economic development is slow and trade activities are limited
 There are few opportunities for local and foreign investment due to the country's
condition.

Measures for Poverty Reduction

 Job opportunities should be created in different departments.

 Loan schemes for youth should be started so that they can establish their own businesses.
 Deserving students in educational institutions should be provided aid.
 Citizens should be provided with basic facilities.
 Deserving people should be helped with finances from Bait-ul-Maal and Zakat
SLO#13: Explain the importance of sea-ports of Pakistan.
Pakistan's seaports hold a position of great importance.
Importance for trade
Nearly all of Pakistan's trade is carried out through sea-routes. For this purpose the oldest seaport in
Pakistan is in Karachi which is of international standard.
For loading and unloading
Here facilities are available for the loading and unloading of trade goods from ships and oil tankers.
Bin Qasim port
The increasing national requirements led to the construction of Bin Qasim Port in the east of
Karachi. In the first stage 8 berths were built here to accommodate ships. Bin Qasim Port is located
near Pakistan steel mill. Therefore it is being used for the import of goods for large scale factories
and raw iron.
Gawader port
On Baluchistan’s coast line a seaport has been built with modern facilities in Gwadar, with the help
of China. For purposes of trade, ships hold great importance along with facilities provided by
seaports. Ships are under the responsibility of Pakistan National Shipping Corporation.
Transportation of goods
To carry trade goods to foreign countries, Pakistan has many cargo ships. These are not very big but
can travel to distant sea routes easily. These ships transport goods to Japanese and Chinese seaports
in the East, and to Muslim countries, European countries, Britain and American seaports in the west.
Then they transport the goods from these countries to Pakistan and earn huge profits.
SLO#14: the significance of dry ports of Pakistan.
Importance of Dry-Ports of Pakistan

In 1973, the first dry-port of Pakistan was constructed in Lahore. After its success, the dry-ports in
Karachi (1974). Quetta (1984), Peshawar (1986), Multan (1988) and Rawalpindi (1990) were
established. Besides them, many dry-ports under private- sector were also established, two of them,
Sialkot dry-port (1984) and Faisalabad dry- port (1994) are important. Because of these dry-ports,
positive changes have occurred which increased the trade volume of the country.
CHAPTER#4: POPULLATION, CULTURE AND SOCIETY

• Discuss the growth and distribution of population in

Pakistan
• Analyze the rural-urban composition of population and the geographical distribution.
• Discuss the gender composition of population in Pakistan.
• Explain the basic features of Pakistani society and the major social problems faced by it.
• Discuss the educational and health conditions in Pakistan.
• Identify the major features of Pakistan’s culture and commonality in regional cultures leading to
National Integration and cohesion.
• Trace the origin and evolution of national and regional languages.
• Trace the role of minorities in Pakistan with specific reference to Quaid-i-Azam’s speech of 11
August 1947, defining their status.

CHAPTER#4: POPULLATION, CULTURE AND SOCIETY

SLO#1: Discuss the growth and distribution of population in Pakistan Growth and
Distribution of Population in Pakistan
Pakistan is a densely populated country. Density of population means the average number of
people living in a square kilometer. According to the facts and figures of Pakistan Economic
Survey 2018-19, the population of Pakistan is 212.82 millions. It is increasing at the rate of 2.4%
per annum.
Density of population in pakistan
rapid growth in population can be seen from the facts that according to the census of 2017,
Pakistan's population was 207.7 million. This increased to more than 212 million in 2019. Two
important points are kept in view in reference to population: first, its distribution and secondly its
rate of growth. According to the census of 2017, the density of population of Pakistan was about
261 persons per square kilometre. The latest statistics show that it is in excess of 267 persons per
square kilometre. That means that the area is the same but population is increasing rapidly. That
is why Pakistan is included in the list of densely populated countries.
Density of Population in Relation to Provinces
1. The Punjab is the largest province of Pakistan in population. About 53% of Pakistan's
population lives in the Punjab. On average, 535 persons live in a square kilometre in the
Punjab.
2. In Balochistan there are on average 35 persons per square kilometre.
 3. In Sindh average number of persons per square kilometer is 339
4. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa it is 349.
Census

To develop a meaningful and successful plan for any country, the essential facts about
different aspects of population should be available, such as total population and its regional
distribution, ratio of rural and urban population, growth rate, population per kilometre,
education and educational ability and significant professions of the people etc are on top. The
process of obtaining these facts and figures is called a census. A census is generally held
after every 10 years. The first census in the Indo-Pak subcontinent was held in 1881. After
the creation of Pakistan, census has been held six times.
The Factors Affecting the Distribution and Density of Population
No country has uniform distribution and density of population. Some areas are heavily
populated, some lightly populated and some have an average population. Many factors affect the
distribution and density of population. Some are natural factors and some are human factors.
Their details are given below: An area which has level, soft and fertile land is easy to populate.
Here resources and
1. Geographical Factors
Geographic factor means of living can be easily obtained by farming and gardening. In such
areas, living. building houses and obtaining the necessities of life is relatively easy. That is why
these areas are overpopulated. On the other hand, rugged terrain, mountains, forests, or barren
and wasteland areas are not suitable for living. That is why such areas have a very small
population. The plain areas of Pakistan where the soil is very fertile and cultivable have a dense
population, such as the River Indus Plain, the valleys of Peshawar and Mardan, etc.
2. Climate
The health of people living in a favourable climate is good. Timely rainfall leads to high
agricultural production and abundant availability of food. That is why such areas usually are
heavily populated. Large ancient cities existed near river banks. Temperate and semi hot climates
where there is a lot of rainfall become densely populated. The climate of our northern mountain
ranges is very cold. The climate of Balochistan plateau and desert areas is extremely hot. That is
why these areas are sparsely populated. The northern areas of the Punjab and Karachi have a
temperate climate so they are densely populated.
3. Mineral Resources
In the areas which have valuable mineral reserves e.g. coal, iron, oil, gas or precious stones etc,
many people there gather to earn a livelihood. In such areas, there are means of transportation as
well. Near such areas, mills and factories are also established. Large industrial cities come into
being and population increases, like the Potowar Plateau in Pakistan.
4. Water Reserves
Most of the population of the world is settled around water reserves. For example, the largest and
most densely populated city of Pakistan, Karachi is located along the coast of the Arabian Sea. In
Punjab and Sindh, cities with more population are settled near rivers, whereas shortage of water
in areas distant from water sources leads to small population there.
5. Trade and Industrial Areas
The areas which are located on or near trade highways have an increase in population. Besides
land routes, sea and air routes hold great importance as well. Therefore, those cities and areas
which have large seaports and airports along with trade markets, grow in population as well.
Those areas where industries are located provide sources of income and so have more
population. Faisalabad has become the 3rd largest city of Pakistan due to industrial development.
Industries are also one of the reasons for the dense population of Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala,
Sialkot, etc.
6. Political and Social Conditions
The areas which have peaceful political conditions and where people have social freedom and
economic facilities are heavily populated. Sometimes for religious, political or social reasons
people are forced to move from one area to another. Such was the migration of millions of
Muslims from India to Pakistan at the time of partition. They settled in different areas of
Pakistan.
The Urban and Rural Distribution of Population
According to the facts and figures of Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19, 77.40 million
population of Pakistan lives in cities, while the 135.42 million lives in villages. Facilities like
electricity, gas, telephone, road, education, etc. are not only more but also better in cities than in
villages.
In the present times the population of cities is increasing fast. People not only move to cities for
better facilities of education, medical and livelihood but also for raising the standard of living.
Populated cities
population of Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Rawalpindi and
Gujranwala etc, has increased quickly in the past few years.
Population of village
Two-thirds of the population of Pakistan lives in villages, and depends on agriculture for their
livelihood. There is a scarcity of modern facilities of life like water, electricity, schools, colleges,
hospitals, and trade centers in villages. As there is less availability of social activities and means
of earning livelihood in villages, people are moving towards cities. Due to this trend of
migration, the load of overpopulation is increasing continuously to an alarming level in cities.
This is leading to problems arising in housing, employment, education, entertainment, transport
and many other necessities of life.
SLO#2: Analyze the rural-urban composition of population and the geographical
distribution.
The Ratio of the Urban Rural Population of the Country:
Around 63.68 percent of the country's total population lives in rural areas. The remaining 36.33
percent lives in urban areas.
In 1947, only around 15.4% of the population lives in urban areas while the remaining 84,5
percent lived in rural areas. This shows that migration from rural and urban areas is taking place
on a large scale. Urban planning and development requires huge investments. It is estimated that
in almost 60 percent of house, there is no basic facilities like water supply, drainage, electricity
and formal latrines. The rapid industrialization of the country demands the expansion of these
facilities. Otherwise s areas are formed which itself is a problem. Rural population is mostly
engaged in Agriculture which is about 51 percent of the working force, because of no civil
amenities in the rural areas, people migrate to urban areas for these amenities and employment.
Due to the pressure of increasing population on cities the imbalance between population and
resources is also increasing.
SLO#3: the gender composition of population in Pakistan.
Gender-wise Distribution of Population
Gender-wise distribution of population means division of population on the basis of being male
or female. According to the facts and figures of 2018-19, males constitute about 51% of the total
population of Pakistan, while females constitute about 49% of it. People move to urban areas
from rural areas in search of work. Most of these people are males. That is why urban areas have
a larger number of males while rural areas have a low number of males. Facts and figures show
that the rate of birth of males in Pakistan is more than that of females. These facts can be
declared to be very suitable for economic development and activities. According to the facts and
figures of Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19, about 65.50 million population of Pakistan
consists of the labour force, which males are 50.74 million while females are 14.76 million. It is
possible to increase economic development in Pakistan by making individuals skilled.
The Distribution of Pakistan's Population According to Age and Sex:
In 1950, according to population, Pakistan was the fourteenth largest country in the world, and in
2004, it was sixth. 6 -5 The overall population of Pakistan consists of 49% male and 51% female.

SLO#4: the basic features of Pakistani society and the major social problems faced by it.
Major Social Problems of Pakistan
Some big social problems of Pakistan are given below:
1. Overpopulation
The fast growing population of Pakistan is showing negative effects on its per capita income.
Opportunities for savings are getting fewer and the standard of living is falling
2. Disorderly Condition of Health and Cleanliness
Many precious lives are lost each year due to the disorderly condition of health and cleanliness.
Despite scientific development, people lack awareness of the rules of good health.
3. Illiteracy and Ignorance
Illiteracy and ignorance are major problems faced by Pakistan. People cannot differentiate
between right and wrong due to illiteracy, and cannot play an important role in the economic
development of the country.
4. Weak Economy
A lot of people are unemployed because of the country's weak economy. This leads to turmoil in
the country.
5. Poverty
There is a lack of appropriate employment opportunities and due to poverty the standard of
living of people is low. For the eradication of poverty it is important that new employment
opportunities should be created and resources should be improved.
6. Unequal Distribution of Wealth
Unequal distribution of wealth leads to the rich getting richer and the poor becoming poorer.
This is creating many problems.
SLO#5: Discuss the educational and health conditions in Pakistan.
Literacy Rate in Pakistan
According to the facts and figures of Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19, the literacy rate in
Pakistan is about 62.3% in the 10 years and above population. In urban population this rate is
about 76.6% and in rural population it is about 53.3%.
According to the Pakistan Economic Survey 2018-19, a National Education Policy Framework
has been formulated to combat the multiple challenges facing the education sector. The
Framework has established following priorities areas:
Priorities of education
1. Decrease Out of School Children and Increase School Completion
2. Achieve Uniformity in Education Standards
3. Improve the Quality of Education
4. Enhance Access to and Relevance of Skills Training
Educational Condition in Pakistan
The government of Pakistan considers education to be the basic right of every citizen and is
striving for the development of the education sector. The experiences of the developed
countries show that the development of the education sector depends on collective
educational income. To progress economically and socially it is important to invest in the
education sector. Education and economic and social development are mutually
interdependent. Despite the fact that for a long period of time, attention was not paid to this
sector, but now better planning is being done for the promotion of education. According to
the facts and figures of 2018-19, the literacy rate in the 10 years and above population is
about 62.3%. This increase is still small compared to that of some other developing
countries. For the growth in economic development, it is necessary that the literacy rate
should be high.
Educational Structure of Pakistan
The educational structure of Pakistan is divided into the following stages.
1. Prep and Primary Education
The education before Class One is called Prep. This usually includes children aged between 3
and 4 years. From Class I to Class 5 is called primary education which is imparted in primary
schools and masjid schools. The federal and provincial governments are trying to establish
primary schools in every village so that all citizens are given similar educational
opportunities.
2. Middle, Secondary and Higher Secondary Education In Pakistan, middle education is
from class 6 to class 8. Secondary education is from class 9 to class 10. Higher secondary
education comprises Class 11 and Class 12. Higher secondary education has course duration
of 2 years in which the courses taught are Arts, Science and Commerce etc. The Class 5 and
Class 8 exams are held under the supervision of School Education Department. The exams of
Class 9 to Class 12 are held under the supervision of the Board of Intermediate and
Secondary Education.
3. University Education
After Higher Secondary the University education commences. Many universities inth ountry
have been established for education of this level. There are many types of university
education. This education includes the degrees of B.A, B.Sc. M.A. and M.Sc. M.Phil and
Ph.D etc. Many colleges provide higher education as well. For professional studies students
have to get admission to professional colleges. Likewise the education for Commerce,
Agriculture and other technical subjects there are colleges and universities established.
Educational Problems of Pakistan
The important educational problems of Pakistan are given below:
i. Pakistan is facing the problem of overpopulation. Due to this the number of educational
institutions is falling short. Students are not getting adequate opportunities to study. The
majority of students in Pakistan belong to poor and middle class families. Poor parents are
unable to send their children to school due to bad economic conditions. This leads to a low
literacy rate.
ii. Healthy extracurricular activities, sports, debates, poetry recitation, speeches, seminars and
study tours help in the moral upbringing and personality development of students. The
facilities for these activities in our educational.
Educational Problems of Pakistan
The important educational problems of Pakistan are given below:
i. Pakistan is facing the problem of overpopulation.
Due to this the number of educational institutions is falling short. Students are not getting
adequate opportunities to study. The majority of students in Pakistan belong to poor and
middle class families. Poor parents are unable to send their children to school due to bad
economic conditions. This leads to a low literacy rate.
ii. Healthy extracurricular activities, sports, debates, poetry recitation, speeches, seminars
and study tours help in the moral upbringing and personality development of students. The
facilities for these activities in our educational institutions are limited.
ii. student's aptitude and mental capacity
The majority of parents in Pakistan want to make their children either engineers or doctors.
The student's aptitude and mental capacity are not considered. Students are forced to study
science subjects which place a psychological pressure on them.
iv. The budget allocated for education in Pakistan is insufficient. There is a scarcity of
teachers as well.
 v. There are some faults in our examination system. This includes rote learning done by
students, trend towards cheating, question papers being leaked prior to the exams, the attitude
of the examination staff, shortage of time and the method of assessing papers. To increase the
intellectual capacity and performance of students, the system of exams should be made
transparent and effective.
vi. Political interventions also create problems in the education system of Pakistan. Students
become directly involved in politics which affects their educational future.
vii. Different courses are taught in Pakistan in government and private educational institutes.
This dual system of education also takes the form of an educational problem. This lack of a
uniform system of education is harmful for Pakistan's unity and solidarity.
viii. Most of the educational institutions of Pakistan have lack of basic facilities s clean water,
electricity problem, faulty system of sanitation, lack of hostels and transport problem etc. Many
students are deprived of education due to these problems.
Suggestions for the Solution of Educational Problems
Some important suggestions for the solution of educational problems are given below:
i. Keeping in view the requirements of the increasing population, new educational
institutions should be set up. The budget allocation for education should be increased.
ii. A uniform system of education should be implemented in the whole country.
iii. The examination system should be set right. Cheating and other unfair means should be
checked.
iv. Students should keep a distance from political activities. They should concentrate only on
their education.
v. Teachers should be encouraged.
All government educational institutions must be provided with sports fields. clean drinking
water and other facilities.
vii. Art and technical subjects should be included in the curriculum. In madrassa schools
science and other conventional subjects should also be taught.
viii. Educational institutions should be provided with facilities for healthy extracurricular
activities and social hobbies.
ix. Subjects should be taught according to the aptitude and mental capacity of students.
x. Reforms should be brought in the education sector to dispel the worries of students.
Governmental Measures
To hasten the pace of educational development, the following are the measures he government:
i. Provision of free education and free textbooks from Prep to Secondary level.
ii. Provision of scholarships for students for their elementary education.
iii. Restructuring curriculum keeping in view the future needs, and on scientific basis.
iv. Cooperation with government and private sector and their wholehearted encouragement for
the promotion of technical, vocational and scientific education.
v. Improving the standard of higher education for socio-economic development. Establish of
more and more universities for higher education, at government and private levels.
vi. Establishment of "Education Foundation" for the solution of educational problems at national
and provincial levels.
vii. Revolutionary efforts in the field of information technology.
health Condition in Pakistan
In Pakistan the health department is under the control of provincial government. Its head is
the Health Minister. The Health Minister, together with the provincial cabinet. decides upon
policies for the whole province. At village level Lady Health Visitors (LHV) fulfill their
duties. At primary level Basic Health Units and Rural Health Centres are established. Tehsil
Headquarter Hospitals and District Headquarter Hospitals are at secondary level. Besides
these, teaching hospitals, mental health institutes, cardiology
institutes and children's hospitals etc. are also working.
Establishment of Medical Colleges and Various Medical Institutions Presently there are
many medical colleges and medical universities in the country which fulfill medical needs.
Institute of Public Health and University of Health Sciences are established in Lahore,
Pakistan Nursing Council and Medical and Dental Council were established in Islamabad.
Hospitals for heart diseases, burn units, and mother and child care units are built in the large
cities of Pakistan. They provide timely medical care to patients and are involved in the effort
to save their lives.
Eradication of Diseases
There are efforts underway in Pakistan with the cooperation of the United Nations and other
countries for the eradication of polio, chicken pox, malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, cancer,
leprosy. AIDS, dengue and other fatal diseases. For the eradication of polio, a drive was started
in 1985 which is still in progress. According to the facts and figures of Pakistan Economic
Survey 2018-19, a table of the medical facilities in Pakistan is given below.
Health Problems
i. A larger budget should be allocated for the health sector by the government.
ii. Hospitals should be provided with medical facilities. The problems of shortage of doctors and
other staff should be overcome. Overpopulation should be controlled.
iii. People should be made familiar with health safety rules and the importance of a balanced
diet. Rate of population growth should be controlled effectively. Steps should be taken to check
the adulteration of food and drink items.
iv.Non-qualified doctors (popularly called 'quacks') should be discouraged. The people should be
made aware of the problems that such non-qualified doctors can create for patients.
SLO#6: the major features of Pakistan’s culture and commonality in regional cultures
leading to National Integration and cohesion.
Major Features of Pakistani Society and Culture
Meaning of Culture
The identity of a country is due to its culture. When the people of a nation live together for a
long period of time, then they have the following similar points: mutual values, tradition and
customs, local laws, entertainments, sports, arts and rules of community life. These special
aspects make a nation different and distinct from other nations.
Edward Tyler has given this definition of culture: "Culture is related to all types of
knowledge and arts, laws and beliefs, traditions and customs. It is also related to the
thoughts and actions of humans."
Culture is a whole and it thrives due to the intentional or unintentional actions of people living in
an area. In this way their beliefs, customs and traditions, knowledge and arts. laws and social
behaviours are included in it. The notable characteristics of Pakistani culture and society are
given below:
1. Social Values
In all the provinces and areas of Pakistan, excellent and distinctive social values are found.
Respect for elders, love for the young and showing respect for women are our values. People
share each other's grief and joy. In rural areas, panchayats (comprised of elders of the village)
solve many disputes at the local level.
2. Diets
Different areas of Pakistan have different diet preferences. In the Punjab and Sindh vegetables,
pulses, meat and rice are favourites. In Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa people eat meat,
dry and fresh fruits, wheat, barley and rice. For drinking, people prefer milk and laban (lassi) in
the Punjab. In Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, people prefer green tea (kehwa). Half a
century back Sajji and Karahi Gosht were dishes limited to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the
Northern Punjab. Now these dishes are appreciated from Peshawar to Karachi and Quetta,
Pakistani people enjoy eating meat.
3. Religious Harmony
When Saints spread Islam in the subcontinent, many people embraced Islam. At the present time
there is religious uniformity in Pakistan. Pakistan's most important recognition is Islam even
while there are regional, provincial, lingual, racial and other bases. They give comparatively
little importance to caste and creed, colour and race and regional classes. The constitution of
Pakistan gives complete protection to the minorities. Along with religious uniformity in Pakistan
there is religious toleration as well.
4. Mixed Culture
In the past people who settled in areas which now comprise Pakistan came from different areas.
Whichever group came, it brought with it its customs, traditions, festivals, dress, food and style
of living. These groups had an influence on each other and a mixed culture emerged.
5. Dresses
Pakistani dresses are made keeping in mind climatic and religious needs. In the rural areas of
Punjab, men wear dhoti, kurta, shalwar, kamees and turban. Women like to wear dupatta,
shalwar and kurta. In urban areas shalwar kamees, pants and coal. sherwani and waistcoat are
preferred. A baggy shalwar with many folds is preferred in Balochistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and Sindh. Women like to wear embroidered clothes. On the occasion of a wedding, the bridal
dresses are very beautiful.
6. Fairs and Urses
Countless fairs and Urses are organized each year in Pakistan. These fairs and Urses reflect our
culture. The Urses of the great saints, Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh Ali Hajvery (2) Hazrat Farid-ud-
Din Ganj Shakr (), Hazrat Shah Rukn-e-Aalam Multani () Hazrat Baha-ud-Din Zakriya Multani
(k), Hazrat Madhu Lal Hussain () (Mela Charaghan), Hazrat Sayedin Shah (), Hazrat Sachal
Sarmast () in Sindh, Hazrat Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai () in Sindh are held yearly. The annual fair
of Sibbi is also very famous.
7. Sports
The Pakistani teams of cricket, hockey, and squash etc are world famous. The tournaments of
different sports are held at district, divisional, provincial and the national level. Polo is extremely
popular in Gilgit and the Northern Areas.
8. Religious Festivals
The majority of the population of Pakistan is Muslims. They celebrate their different religious
and social festivals with fervour. These festivals include Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul- Azha, Eid-Milad-un-
Nabi Shab-e-Meraj and Shab-e-Baraat. These festivals are an important part of our centuries old
culture. Youm-e-Aashura is observed with religious respect and dignity. In Pakistan, minorities
are also free to celebrate their festivals.
9. Customs and Traditions
Pakistani citizens behave according to specific customs and traditions on different occasions. For
example when a Muslim child is born, the Azan (call to Prayer) is recited in his/her ear so that
he/she realizes that due to the blessings of Allah Almighty he/she is born into a Muslim family.
When a Muslim passes away, relatives, near and dear ones and acquaintances gather at the
deceased's house. After Namaz-e-Janaza, the deceased is buried. For Isaal-e-Sawaab, Quran
Khwani is organized. In Pakistan all minorities have the right to observe the customs of
marriage, death, etc. according to their religious traditions.
10. Different Arts
Some important buildings of Pakistan, which have an attraction for tourists, such as Mausoleum
of the Quaid-e-Azam (RA) (Karachi), Badshahi Masjid, Shahi Qala, Wapda House (all in
Lahore), Faisal Masjid (Islamabad). Masjid Mahabat Khan and Qala of Bala-Hisar (Peshawar),
Quaid-e-Azam (RA) Residency building (Ziarat) and Qala of Kalat (Kalat). Handicrafts have
great importance in Pakistan. Men and women make handicrafts. These handicrafts are much
appreciated in foreign countries. The art of painting in Pakistan is very unique. It is considered
Pakistan's identity. In the art of calligraphy famous calligraphists of Pakistan have created
unrivalled masterpieces. Works of art of painting and calligraphy belonging to Mughal and
modern times are displayed in the Lahore Museum and Shahi Qala
Commonality in Regional Cultures Leading to National Integration and Cohesion
The Effects of Islamic Values
There are effects of Islamic values thriving in South Asian cultures on regional cultures of
Pakistan. The Muslims coming to South Asia gave the people a new lifestyle whose central
values include brotherhood, equality, social justice and honesty. These new values appealed to
the local people who were in the grip of a caste system. In a short span of time Islam spread to all
comers of South Asia. Today these regional cultural similarities are a source of integration and
cohesion.
Provincial Cultures
All four provinces of Pakistan have their provincial cultures. There are differences in civilization
to some extent, present in their customs and traditions and lifestyles. In spite of regional and
linguistic differences, with the passage of time regional cultural similarities are thriving. Despite
living in different regions, people have the feeling of being close to each other and have a sense
of being linked to each other. This gives birth to integration and cohesion. National identity is
strengthened which is quite encouraging.
Era of Muslim Rulers
In the Indo-Pak subcontinent, during the era of Muslim rulers, there was great development in
knowledge and literature, music, painting, construction, calligraphy and languages. In these
areas, the prominent works of Muslim artists are our cultural heritage, and are a means of our
recognition. In spite of different regional affiliations (Punjabi, Sindhi, Pathan, Baloch) Pakistani
people have feelings of brotherhood. Common religious beliefs foster unity.
Education System
Our education system, the subjects and topics taught are also a source of focusing attention on
cultural similarities. This increases joint cultural values. For the growth of culture, the minds of
children are trained on national lines. Common cultural values are inculcated in them.
Regional Mystical (Sufiana) Poetry and Literature
Our regional mystical poetry and literature is also a source of expression of our common cultural
heritage. This is present equally in the literature of all areas. There are lessons of mysticism,
humanity, peace and justice, love and cooperation in the works of all
authors and poets of national and regional languages. The poets include Hazrat Sultan Bahu
(RA), Baba Bulley Shah (RA) and Waris Shah from the Punjab, Hazrat Sachal Sarmast (RA) and
Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai (RA) from Sindh, Rahman Baba (RA) from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and
Gul Khan Naseer from Balochistan. These all religious personalities gave the same teachings of
love, attachment and brotherhood.
Local Means of Information
Our means of information are also a source of expression of similar and varied cultural elements.
Cultural similarities prosper due to this and national integrity, cohesion and harmony are
promoted.
Urdu Language as Cohesion
Urdu has a vital role in producing cohesion in Pakistan. This language is not associated with a
specific region or racial group of Pakistan. It is spoken and understood all over Pakistan. It is
Pakistan's national language as well as the language of communication. People of Pakistan have
a special relation with it and a liking for it. After the creation of Pakistan, Urdu was given the
status of the national language. For its development and propagation Urdu has been made the
source of education. The establishment of the Federal Urdu University holds a prominent place
in the progress of Urdu. Urdu has developed greatly but further development is required so that it
may play an effective role as a language for education, courses and for official use.
SLO#8: the origin and evolution of national and regional languages.
National and Regional Languages
Urdu
Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and also holds the status of a symbol of national
identity. It is a language of communication. During the Muslim rule in South Asia people from
different areas were recruited in the army (lashkar) of those days. These people were Punjabi,
Sindhi, Pathan, Bengali, Baloch, Arab, Irani, Turkish, Hindustani, etc. These people spoke
different languages. While in the army, their mixing up with each other created a new language.
Urdu (lashkar). Urdu is a Turkish word which means "army".
Gradual Development of Urdu
In the beginning it was called Hindvi, Hindi and Hindustani. Later it was called Rekhta. In this
way Urdu acquired and changed different names in different ages. During different stages as it
changed names, it changed its nature as well e.g. Amir Khusro is considered to be an ancient
poet of Hindi. When it was called Rekhta, Mushafee was famous and at the time of its beingca
rdu-e-Mualla, Mirza Ghalib and Zauq were its famous poets.Wh hah Jahan made Delhi as his
capital instead of Agra. This led to people speaking Lashkari and Delhi languages living in the
same market (place). The emperor suggested that this market be called Urdu-e-Mualla. Therefore
the language being spoken there was called Urdu-e-Mualla or Dehlavi language.
When this language reached Deccan and Gujarat, it was also called Deccani and Gujrati. Seeing
its popularity, the rich people made special efforts for it development. In this way it rose from
being a language of daily communication to the level of being a language in which literature was
written.
Beginning of Urdu Poetry
According to modern research Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the ruler of Golkanda, was
the first poet who arranged a Divan (collection of poetry).
The Deccan poet, Wali Deccani is included in the early poets of Urdu. The poets who widened
the scope of Urdu literature include Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda, Mir Taqi Mir and Khawaja
Mir Dard.
Besides Delhi and Deccan, the popularity of Urdu spread to the states of Awadh and Lukhnow.
Along with Ghazal (collection of couplets) the art of Marsiya telling (elegy) thrived as well.
Urdu was blessed with poets like Mir Anees and Mirza Dabir. In the early decades of the 19th
century, there was great development in Nazm (thematic poem) writing. During this time,
esteemed poets like Zauq, Mirza
Ghalib and Bahadur Shah Zafar were born. Along with his Ghazal, Mirza Ghalib's prose is an
important treasure of Urdu literature.In this age Maulana Haali wrote the Musaddas (a poem of 6
line units) and
shook the whole nation to make them realize their great heritage. After this the sun of the
philosophy and poetry of Allama Muhammad Iqbal() (Poet of the East) rose. Through his poetry
he tried to convince the Muslims of South Asia that they were the inheritors of an esteemed
cultural, civil and ideological inheritance. Allama Muhammad Iqbal() wrote his poetry in Urdu
and Persian both. His poetry was so popular amongst the people that some persons had even
memorized his lengthy poems. After Allama Muhammad Iqbal (), under the influence of modern
literature, a progressive movement started in Urdu literature.

The Role of Prose Writers in the Development of Urdu

After the 1857 War of Independence there was a prominent change in the political and social
conditions. This led to a new direction being taken by the creative Urdu literature. Owing to the
Aligarh Movement started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, along with Muslims social development,
the prose of Urdu literature developed prominently as well. Sir Syed and his contemporaries
experimented with Urdu Nazm and prose and introduced Urdu in new forms. In this age the
nation's pain and feelings were presented collectively. At the same time Maulana Shibli
presented Islamic history in a new manner.
During the struggle for independence and after the creation of Pakistan, there was an atmosphere
of freedom and confidence in the development of Urdu literature. Different authors and writers
presented prominent work in their
The Role of Prose Writers in the Development of Urdu
After the 1857 War of Independence there was a prominent change in the political and social
conditions. This led to a new direction being taken by the creative Urdu literature.
Owing to the Aligarh Movement started by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, along with Muslims social
development, the prose of Urdu literature developed prominently as well.
Sir Syed and his contemporaries experimented with Urdu Nazm and prose and introduced Urdu
in new forms. In this age the nation's pain and feelings were presented collectively. At the same
time Maulana Shibli presented Islamic history in a new manner.
During the struggle for independence and after the creation of Pakistan, there was an atmosphere
of freedom and confidence in the development of Urdu literature. Different authors and writers
presented prominent work in their genres of literature. The genres worth mentioning include
research and criticism, poetry, novel writing, drama writing and story writing.
Regional Languages
A study of the beginning and development of a few famous regional languages of Pakistan is
given below:
1. Punjabi
Punjabi is an ancient language of the Punjab. Its link is with the ancient Darawari or Harpai
language. Due to historical and geographical changes, it has six major accents and dialects.
These are called by different names. Shah Puri. Majhi, Chachi, Saraiki Dhani and Pothwari are
some of these. The best is considered to be the Majhi accent which is in use in Lahore and the
areas surrounding it. The knowledge and literature of Punjabi can be traced to Mahmood
Ghaznavi's times.
The topics of poetry of that time were mysticism, love and romance, and patriotism. This brings
to mind the name of Hazrat Baba Farid Ganj Shakar. Then comes the age of Sultan Bahu, Baba
Bulley Shah and Khawaja Ghulam Farid. Along with mysticism, the colour and effects of the
social and political situation of their age were dominant in their works. The expression of these
can be seen in special and commonly understood symbols. This is the reason for their verse
being so popular amongst people. Folk tale has a special position in Punjabi poetry. The famous
poets who gave folk tale a poetic touch are Waris Shah (Qissa Heer Ranjha), Hashim Shah
(Qissa Sassi Punnu), Hafiz Barkhurdar (Qissa Mirza Sahiban), Fazal Shah (Qissa Sohni
Mahiwal) etc. These tales not only have excellent poetry but also contain forceful reflections of
the history of the Punjab of those times - its social, religious and economic life. Among the
works of famous Punjabi novel writers, the novels of Dabir Singh, Meeran Singh and Sayedan
Buksh Minhas are very famous. There is no counterpart of Punjabi literature as it presents a
forceful, effective and blunt picture. It has the ability to express the tiniest feelings of life in its
forms of narration. These include waar, dhot, mahiya.
dohay, ghori, sithniyaan, tappay, simmi, boliyaan, etc. After the 20th century, different people
did invaluable work in novel writing, drama writing, narrative writing, research and critid other
forms of prose. Television and radio have served to develop 112 of 128ing. In the department of
Punjabi of the University of the Punjab, the course of MA Punjabi and Ph.D. are taught.
2. Sindhi
Sindhi is an ancient language which is spoken in the province of Sindh. As it is related to Ariyai
Family it is spoken in the Indus River Valley and the areas near it. This language has the effects
of the following languages: Greek, Turkish, Irani, Darawari, Sanskrit.
Arabic, Persian and other ancient languages. It is written in the Arabic script. After the advent of
the British, English words were also included in Sindhi, which increased the literature and
vocabulary reserves of Sindhi. Sindhi is stronger than the other regional languages of Pakistan
due to its old cultural heritage.
There are many accents of Sindhi. In lower Sindh and its Rajasthani area, Kichi, Kathiawari and
Aqdi dialects are spoken. In its other areas the dialects in use are Kohistani, Saraiki and Vicholi.
The high standard of its accent is foremost in knowledgeable literary and journalistic writings.
In the whole of the Muslim world's local languages, Sindhi is the first language to have a
translation of the Holy Quran. Sindhi was a developed language, it was a common practice to
read and write in it, even before the coming of Islam. After the arrival of Islam, Sindhi too had
importance along with Arabic.
From 1050 to 1350 AD special contribution was made to create literary and religious works. This
is accepted as the early age of literature in the Sindhi language. During this time the topics
written on were patriotism, determination, self respect and spiritual beliefs. This period's
Dastaan, Qissa and Gunaan are worth mentioning. Gunaan is a unique style of poetry. Sufi saints
of this time (belonging to different schools of thought) spread the teachings of Islam through
poetry.
The Sufi poets like Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai and Sachal Sarmast had enriched Sindhi literature
through their exemplary poetry. This age is called the golden age of Sindhi literature. Shah
Abdul Latif Bhitai made prominent the dignity of the common life and poor labour class. He
adopted a style of using similes in poetry. He took his basic subject matter from Sindhi folk tales.
That is why the echo of his poetry can be heard in every corner of Sindh. His collection of poetry
is called Shah Jo Rasalo.
The highly esteemed poet Sachal Sarmast wrote poetry in Sindhi, Urdu, Saraiki, Punjabi and
Persian. He was a man with Sufi qualities. In mysticism his special topic was Unity of Existence
(Wahdat ul Wajood). Along with poetry, in prose also a wealth of literature was gathered due to
the collective efforts of teachers, scholars and preachers. The efforts of Abul Hassan Sindhi in
this respect are prominent. He used the Arabic script for writing Sindhi to create a new script.
Another name in this context is of Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim. He was a great religious
scholar. He wrote about 150 books in Persian and Sindhi. The topic of these books is the
elaboration and correction of religious beliefs. Some of these books still have the role of course
books in Madrassas and in Jamia Al Azhar (Egypt). During this period Akhwand Aziz Ullah
wrote a prose translation of the Holy Quran. During British rule Sindhi developed a lot. The
name of Mirza Qaleech Beg is very important for this age. He wrote nearly 400 books on poetry
and on other topics. During the British reign, the political and social life in the subcontinent
underwent many important changes. People's awareness grew stronger. During this age Sindhi
journalism flourished. In 1970 Maulvi Malaah wrote the translation of the Holy Quran in verse.
Bait, Wai, Kaafi and Molood are special forms of Sindhi literature. Modern literary trends
affected Sindhi as well. After Pakistan came into being, much work has been done in the modern
prose, play literature etc. Modern writers of sindhi language have harmonized the modern trend
with the classical one. They have revived all forms of prose. In this regard. Sindhi language
development institution plays a prominent role. Development in research and criticism has also
been made.

3. Pushto

Pushto or Pakhto is spoken in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It traces its origin to Bakhat
or Bakht, an area in Afghanistan about five thousand years ago. In this connection the speakers
of this language are called Pashtun or Pakhtun, later replaced by Pakhto or Pushto.
Like other languages, literature in this language began in poetry. The first book of prose was
written in the last decade of the 8th century AD. The name of this book is Patah Khazana. By the
end of the 14th century AD, Pushto literature had absorbed the external influences. The use of
Arabic and Persian words can be seen in it There are three accents in the Pushto language. One
accent is of the northeast region, the second of the southwest region and the third is of the Zai
tribe. Basically, the only difference between the three is of the pronunciation. Ameer Krore is
thought to be the first poet of nazm (poem) in the Pushto language. In the reigns of Ghias-ud-din
Balban and Sher Shah Suri qaseeda and madh forms were made part of Pushto literature.
Researchers found an old, writing. "Tazkara-tul-Aulia comprising 1200 pages, from which it can
be deduced that the Pushto poets of this era also tried their hands at the hamd-o-naat forms.
In Mahmud Ghaznavi's era, a person named Saifullah actually prepared Pushto alphabet which is
still in use. The topics worth mentioning which feature prominently in Pushto poetry are liberty,
honour and war, etc. Mysticism is mentioned too. Mulla Mast is acknowledged the leader in this
form. Khushal Khan Khattak is a great Pushto poet. In addition to being a master of the pen, he
was a master of the sword too. He expressed this in these words "Those moments are worth
seeing for Khushal, when the sword and the suit of armor clink". In his poetry, Khushal Khan
has written about different fields of life. The prominent topics in them are love of the Creator,
love of a fellow human being, mysticism, behavior, liberty and bravery. The second greatest poet
of Pushto literature is Rahman Baba. This humble poet was always immersed in moods of
romance and mysticism and the same are the topics of his poetry. According to him, romance is
the reason for the creation of the universe. Rahman Baba holds a high position in the Pushtun
society. The style of Khushal Khan Khattak and Rahman Baba is like a milestone in Pushto
literature and its impression can be found in the poets that came later.
In Pushto literature folk songs are an unparalleled asset. Pushto literature has many facets but
chaarbeeta, tappa, laimkai, etc. are its very famous forms. Some poets have made the different
forms of folk songs, the topic of their poetry. These poets include Noor Din, Mulla Maqsood,
etc.
Pushto prose started developing in the 20th century. After Pakistan came into being, under the
influence of modern education, the writers, who possessed new ideas and thoughts did prominent
work in writing a Pushto dictionary, grammar writing, biography, short story writing, novel and
drama.

4. Balochi
The Balochi language is spoken in the province of Balochistan in Pakistan. It is related to Aryan
languages. No matter how many viewpoints there are about how old the Balochi language is or
about its families. It is still a fact that the Balochi literature's age of development was after the
creation of Pakistan. There are two main accents of the Balochi language, one Sulemani and the
other Makrani. Although the Balochi script was already invented but the ancient Balochi
literature came very late in written form. In totality, Balochi poetry can be divided into three
parts. In Balochi poetry, the more important and first part is of epic poetry. The topics included
in it are courage, grandeur, honour and bravery.
The second part is of romantic poetry. In it, beauty and romance, youth and other topics are
found. The third part covers folk stories. In it, the forms of lori and motak have been presenting
the reflection of social life from the olden times. In 1840, the work of introducing the ancient
Balochi poetry began. In Balochi literature, in old and classical prose, the tales of Mir Chakar
Khan, Hassan Zandu, Pir Nag Wagran Nazsha, Mureed Wahani, etc are famous and popular. The
first book in the history of the Balochi language and literature was written by Sher Kamsir Marri.
In the Balochi poetry of the British era the topics of mysticism, morals and hatred against the
Britishers are found. In this era, the poet of high calibre was Mast Tawakli. After the creation of
Pakistan, by adding and removing the letters of the Urdu alphabet, a quality script was developed
for Balochi. Balochi magazines and journals marked the speedy development of Balochi
literature.
In 1960, with the publication of the first Balochi magazine, journalism and literature found a new
direction in the Balochi language. The Balochistan University started the Ph.D. degree in the
Balochi language.
SLO#8: the role of minorities in Pakistan with specific reference to Quaid-i-Azam’s speech
of 11 August 1947, defining their status.
Role of Minorities in Pakistan
The rights of the minorities have been fully protected in the 1973 constitution of Pakistan.
According to the constitution, they have full rights. They have complete liberty to worship
according to their religions, perform customs, transmit and publish their religious principles and
set up their own religious organizations. They have been given separate representation in
Pakistan's constitution. The government abolished the separate system of elections and put into
practice the mixed system of elections. In this way, the long-awaited demand of the minorities
was fullfilled. In the National Assembly, ten seats have been reserved for the minorities; in the
Punjab Assembly eight. Sindh Assembly nine. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly three and
Balochistan Assembly three seats have been reserved. In our federal and provincial cabinets,
mostly a non-Muslim minister is included.
Economic field
In the economic field too, citizens are given equal opportunities so that they can improve their
financial conditions. To obtain government employment, the minorities have the same rights as
the Muslims. The constitution of Pakistan provides equal political, economic and social rights to
all citizens because of which good citizenship is promoted.
Status of the Minorities in the Light of the Quaid-e-Azam's (RA) Speech on 11th August,
1947
On 11 August, 1947 the Quaid-e-Azam (RA) while making a speech regarding the place of
minorities said:
"After the partition of India, for minorities to be in one state or the other was inevitable. Every
one of you whether the first, second or last citizen of this state has equal rights, privileges and
obligations. No matter what relation someone had with you in the past. no matter what his
colour, caste or creed is, no matter to what community he belongs. there will be no end to the
progress you make. In this state of Pakistan you are free. Go to your temples, mosques or other
places of worship. The running of the state has nothing to do with the religion, caste, creed or
faith you belong to.
As you must know with regard to history, some time ago, the conditions in England were worse
than what exists in today's India. Roman Catholics and Protestants committed atrocities against
one another. Even today, there are countries where a specific sect faces discrimination and
restrictions are imposed on its members. By the grace of Allah Almighty, we are starting our
journey in such conditions and in an age where such discrimination is not encouraged. No
distinction is made between different castes and faiths. We are taking a start with this basic
principle that we are equal citizens of our state.
A journalist asked the Quaid-e-Azam (RA),"Can you give a brief statement, as the
Governor General, about the problem of the minorities?" The Quaid-e-Azam (RA) replied:
Presently, I am a nominated Governor General. Let us assume for a moment that on 15 August,
1947, I shall actually be the Governor General of Pakistan. After this assumption, let me tell you
that the minorities will be protected. No matter which faith they belong to. Their religion and
faith will be safe in their freedom to worship. There will be no interference in their freedom to
worship. Their religions, faiths, their life and their culture will be secure. Without any
discrimination of caste and creed and faith, in all respects, they shall be citizens of Pakistan.
They will be provided with rights and privileges. Minorities will play their role in the affairs of
the state as long as they are faithful and well-wishers of the state in the true sense. As long as I
have power, they should not have any doubts. I expect that the Muslims in India will receive the
same kind of fair treatment that we intend to give the non-Muslim minorities.

The minorities have always tried to perform prominently in all the fields. In the field of law, the
name of Justice AR Cornelius does not need any introduction. He has rendered invaluable
services. He had expertise in Shariah and Fiqh. He was the chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
He played a major role in compiling the 1973 constitution. Justice (Retd) Rana Bhagwan Das
was a judge in the Supreme Court too.
Physics
Doctor Abdus Salam rendered important services in physics.
Army
Captain Eric Gardenhall, Wing Commander Nazeer Latif, Wing Commander Marvin
Middlecoat, Squadron Leader Peter Christie and Flight Lieutenant William, D. HarrowLeigh
received high civil and military awards for their excellent performances. Harcharan Singh is the
first Sikh officer to be included in the Pakistan Army.
In the field of health, Doctor Ruth Pfau worked for the leprosy patients till her death. Doctor
Drago of Mirpurkhas was especially famous for treating poor patients. He received the
Presidential Award too.
In the field of sports, Anil Dalpat and Anthony D'Souza in cricket, Michael Masih in football,
and in yachting, Behram D. Avari, are famous names.