CLASS IX

CHAPTER 15
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD
RESOURCES Part -2
 IMPROVEMENT IN
FOOD RESOURCES

Animal
Crops husbandry

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Mrs. Ragini Bhatt JNV Shyampur 3
 Animal Husbandry
Animal husbandry is the scientific management of
animal livestock.
It includes various aspects such as feeding, breeding
and disease control.

Animal Husbandry

Cattle Poultry Fish Bee

Farming Farming Production Keeping

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 CATTLE FARMING
Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes—
• Milk(Milk-producing females are called Milch Animals
or dairy animals

• Draught labour for agricultural work such as tilling,

irrigation and carting. (by draught animals.)
Indian cattle belong to two different species-
Bos indicus, cows, & Bos bubalis, buffaloes.

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 Milch animals (dairy animals),
Milk production depends, to some extent, on the
duration of the lactation period, meaning the period of
milk production after the birth of a calf.
Milk production can be increased by increasing the
lactation period.

Exotic or foreign Cross breeding Local breeds ( Red

breeds (Jersey, Sindhi, Sahiwal)
Brown Swiss) show excellent
Show long Resistance to
lactation periods diseases.
Desired Qualities
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 Hybridization
Exotic or foreign breeds (Jersey, Brown Swiss )
Local breeds (Red Sindhi, Sahiwal).
Cross-breeding will give qualities of both.

Sindhi Jersey
Excellent resistance to diseases. Long lactation periods

Excellent resistance to diseases & Long lactation periods

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 Food requirements
The food requirements of dairy animals are of two types:
❑ Maintenance requirement- to live a healthy life
❑ Milk producing requirement- requirement during
lactation period.

Animal feed includes:

✔ Roughage which is largely fibre
✔ Concentrates- low in fibre and contain high levels of
proteins and other nutrients.
✔ Additives containing micronutrients promote the
health and milk output of dairy animals
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 Animal shelter
Proper cleaning and shelter facilities for cattles are
required for humane farming, for the health of the
animals and for production of clean milk as well.

Animals require
regular brushing to remove dirt and loose hair.
well-ventilated roofed sheds that protect them
from rain, heat and cold.
sloping floor of cattle shed to stay dry and to
facilitate cleaning.

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 Cattle diseases

Causes Effects
Internal & Reduced
external milk
parasites production

Virus & Death in

bacteria severe cases

Worms affect stomach and intestine while Flukes damage liver.

Vaccinations is essential against major viral and bacterial diseases.
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Poultry Farming

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 Poultry Farming
Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for
egg production(layers) and chicken Meat(broilers).

Cross Poultry
breeding diseases

Egg & broiler production

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 Cross breeding
Indian- indegenous X Foreign- exotic
Eg Aseel Crossed Eg-Leghorn) breeds
Variety improvement for desirable traits—
I. number and quality of chicks.
II. dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production.
III. summer adaptation capacity/ tolerance to high temperature.
IV. low maintenance requirements.
V. reduction in the size of the egg-laying bird with ability to
utilize more fibrous cheaper diets formulated using
agricultural by-products.

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 Egg & Broiler production
❑ Broiler chickens are fed with
vitamin-rich supplementary feed for
good growth rate & better feed
efficiency.
❑ Care is taken to avoid mortality and
to maintain feathering and carcass
quality.
❑ Daily food requirement -protein rich
with adequate fat & level of vitamins
A and K is kept high in the poultry
feeds.
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Good production of Poultry birds
• Maintenance of temperature and hygienic
conditions in housing
• Poultry feed, as well as prevention and control of
diseases and pests.

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 Poultry diseases
Causes of diseases Prevention techniques to
• Virus reduce loss of poultry
• Bacteria
• Fungi ✔ Cleaning
• Parasites ✔ Sanitation
• Nutritional ✔ Appropriate
deficiencies.. ✔ Vaccination
✔ spraying of disinfectants
at regular intervals

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 Indian varieties

At ICAR Directorate of poultry research

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Fish production

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 Fish production
There are two ways of obtaining fish.
One is from natural resources, which is called
Capture fishing.
Commercially raising fishes in tanks is called
Culture fishery.
Sources to obtain fish

MARINE FISHERIES (ii) INLAND FISHERIES

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 MARINE FISHERIES
Marine fish are caught using many kinds of fishing
nets from fishing boats.
Popular marine fish varieties
• Pomphret
• Mackerel
• Tuna
• Sardines,
• Bombay duck

Yields are increased by locating large schools of fish in

the open sea using satellites and echo-sounders.
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 High economic value fishes
Fish of high
economic value &
sea food
• Finned fishes like
Peneaus monodon
(marine)
mullets
• Bhetki
• Pearl spots
• Shellfish
• Prawns
• Mussels
• Oysters
• Seaweed
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 Mariculture
Culturing raising marine fishes in enclosed portion of
ocean or culture fisheries, a practice called mariculture.

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 INLAND FISHERIES- Aquaculture
Fresh water resources Brackish water resources
• Canals - seawater and fresh water
• Ponds mix
• Reservoirs • Estuaries
• Rivers. • lagoons

Fish culture is sometimes

done in combination with a
rice crop, so that fish are
grown in the water in the
paddy field.
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 Composite fish culture
A combination of five or six
fish species -in a single pond.
These species -do not
compete for food among
them
have different types of
food habits
As a result, the food
available in all the parts of
the pond is used.
Increase fish yield
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Problems of Composite fish culture
Most of the fish breed only during monsoon. Even
if fish seed is collected from the wild, it can be
mixed with other species. So, a major problem in
fish farming is the lack of availability of good
quality seed.

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 Solution for Composite fish culture
Breed these fish in ponds using hormonal stimulation.
This has ensured the supply of pure fish seed in desired
quantities.

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Bee keeping

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Bee Keeping -Honey Production
Benefits
• Bee-keeping needs low investments
• Farmers use it as an additional income
generating activity.
• In addition to honey, the beehives are a
source of wax which is used in various
medicinal preparations

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 Bee varieties
Varieties of bees
Local
1.Apis cerana indica, -Indian bee
2 Apis Dorsata- Rock bee
3.Apis florae- Little bee

An Italian bee variety

1.Apis mellifera- High yield variety and is used for
commercial honey production.
For commercial honey production, bee farms or
apiaries are established.
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 Honey Quality
The value or quality & taste of honey depends upon
1. Pasturage, or the flowers available to the bees for
nectar and pollen collection.
2. Adequate quantity of pasturage
3.Kind of flowers available will determine the taste of
the honey.

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 Summary on finger tips – Animal
Husbandry

Animal husbandry

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