CONJUNCTIONS

A-) EXPRESSING REASON AND RESULT ( SEBEP-SONUÇ):

1- BECAUSE+ clause

Because the public theatres in Renaissance England attracted large audiences

from all levelsof society, pickpockets and other criminals were drawn there.

2- AS+ clause

As the salaries are related to achievements, research at this institute is highly

competitive.

NOTE: as+clause temel cümledeki eylemle eş zamanlı olan başka bir eylemi
anlatan bir yan cümle oluşturabilir.

It’s a delightful novel, and the reader soon gets caught up in the lives of the
characters as the story progresses.

NOTE: as+noun bir kişinin veya şeyin ne olduğunu, ne olarak kullanıldığını

anlatır.

The year 1916 will always be remembered as the year when the British people
grew more hopeful.

NOTE: as+clause benzetme yaparken kullanılır.

As the writer suggests, one reason why Edith Wharton is so admired in America
is because she writes with elegance and ease.

3- SINCE +clause

Since so many of the team members were ill, it’s not surprising that we lost the
match.

NOTE: since+clause or since+noun zaman belirtir.

How many people had been out of work since the beginning of the century.

4- INASMUCH AS (=INSOFAR AS) +clause

Inasmuch as the students had successfully completed their exams, their parents
rewarded their efforts by giving them a trip to Paris.

5- SEEING THAT (= SEEING AS) +clause

Seeing that we are both experiencing similar problems, I suggest that we come
together and discuss the possible solutions.
 6- FOR + clause

I left in haste, for I was already late for the appointment.

7- NOW THAT + clause

Now that your aunt has retired, she is planning to leave the town where she has
lived all her life…

8- IN THAT + clause

Billiards is unlike all other games in that it appeals to the players on so many
levels.

9- BECAUSE OF + noun

The arctic is one of the few areas on the Earth still left unconquered by solo
explorers, primarily because of the extremely harsh conditions.

10- DUE TO +noun

Contemporary rock and pop music has come about due to vast advances in
technology.

11- OWING TO + noun

Primitive cave pictures are of a poor colour owing to the use of coloured earth.

12- ON ACCOUNT OF + noun

These plants must not be eaten on account of being extremely poisonous.

13- THANKS TO +noun

Thanks to the experience he had, Mr. Rose was invited to participate in

numerous committees and panels at a decision- making and strategic level.

14- ON THE GROUNDS OF +noun

ON THE GROUNDS THAT +clause

The police have refused to disclose the name of the victim on the grounds that
the investigation is not completed.

As it was not possible to offer a suitable alternative post, the employee’s

employment was terminated on the grounds of ill health.
 15- AS A RESULT ( transition)
AS A RESULT OF + noun

Japanese culture places a strong emphasis on mutual help among blood relatives.
As a result, the proportion of elderly people living with their children is very high
when compared with European countries.

16- SO (THAT) (transition)

He thought the idea behind the book was brilliant, so he agreed to write the
foreword for it.

17- THEREFORE (transition)

A play is written to be performed. Therefore, when you read a play, you must try
to imagine how it would appear and sound to an audience.

18- CONSEQUENTLY (transition)

Computers simply aren’t capable of simulating the human’s world outside.

Consequently, parents should have their children develop social skills and
cultural understanding.

19- THAT’S WHY (transition)

John failed to appear, that’s why we had to start our journey without him.

20- HENCE ( transition)

Actually, wood is the only material which has been used in Japanese sculpture
throughout its history. Hence, it is to be noticed that all the finest Works of
Japanese sculpture are made of wood.

21- THUS (transition)

Several anthropologists take a very different view of war. They see it as

fundamentally cultural, learned by nurture rather than nature. Thus if human
societies could be reformed, war would disappear.

22- AS A CONSEQUENCE ( transition)

AS A CONSEQUENCE OF + noun

Many insects transmit diseases, damage structures or destroy agricultural goods.

As a consequence, they are considered pests by humans.

Personal characteristics influence choice and hierarchy of information needs, and

how strong they are. But numerous cognitive needs have their main cause outside
a person. They arise as a consequence of social roles a person plays or are
induced by the environmental conditions.
 23- FOR THIS REASON (transition)

Early sociological studies considered the field to be similar to the natural

sciences like physics or biology. For this reason, many researchers argued that
the methods and methodology used in the hard sciences were perfectly suited for
use in the study of sociology.

24- ACCORDINGLY ( transition)

My mother continued to have severe headaches after the medication was stopped
and accordingly returned to the doctor.

NOTE: It will be a formal meeting.Everybody should dress accordingly. (in a

suitable way.)

25- THEREBY (transition- but followed especially by a gerund.)

In 1907, Japan limited the number of males who could emigrate to Canada to 400
a year, thereby becoming the first nation to control the movement of its citizens
to this country. ( böyle yaparak/ böylece vatandaşlarının…)

26- IN VIEW OF + noun

IN VIEW THAT + clause

The jury returned a guilty verdict although they requested mercy fort he accused
in view of his age. ( yaşını göz önünde tutarak)

B-) EXPRESSING CONDITION (ŞART):

27- ONLY IF + clause , inverted clause.

Only if it is repaid within two months, will we lend you the money.

28- PROVIDING/PROVIDED (THAT) + clause

If the item is diagnosed as faulty by our technicians, a replacement will be with

you within three working days providing that it is in stock at our warehouse.

29- ON CONDITION THAT + clause

The foreigners being outside Turkey, on condition that it doesn’t exceed total six
months,does not interrupt the working period.

30- AS LONG AS (SO LONG AS) + clause

I will do anything as long as I can earn a little money.

 31- IN THE EVENT OF + noun
IN THE EVENT THAT + clause

In the event of a power failure, we will have to shift our plans. ( elektrik kesintisi
durumunda…)

C-) EXPRESSING CONTRAST (ZITLIK):

32- ALTHOUGH + clause

Although it’s dying out in the towns, folk dance is still a vibrant tradition in
Turkish villages, as you may well see if you attend a traditional wedding party.

33- THOUGH + clause

Portugal and Brazil share the same language and culture though Brazil is Latin
American and half the size of South America.

NOTE: He is a bit snobbish. I like him, though.

34- EVET THOUGH + clause

Even though it had been snowing all day, a great many people managed to get to
the end-of-term concert.

35- MUCH AS + clause

Much as she was in need of a job, she had to turn down the offer.

36- EVEN IF + clause

A: Should we have asked Jane to come with us to the concert?

B: Even if we had, she wouldn’t have come.

37- WHILE + clause

Autobiographies and biographies deal with the lives of real people while essays
provide a writer a room to express his or her thoughts and feelings on a particular
subject.

38- WHEREAS + clause

The name Kızılırmak emphasizes the colour of this river, whereas the earlier
name “Halys” stresses its saltiness.

39- WHEN + clause

She stopped short when she ought to have continued. ( devam etmesi
gerekirken…)
40- DESPITE + noun

Kiev is one of the most historic cities of Ukraine. Despite its rapid growth during
the 19th century, it stil reveals many signs of its long and rich history.

41- IN SPITE OF + noun

In spite of having failed many times, he won’t give up his aims.

42- HOWEVER / NEVERTHELESS / NONETHELESS ( transition)

Emily was perhaps the quietest of the three Bronte sisters,but she was,
nevertheless,the most passionate.

43- STILL ( transition)

It was snowing. Stil, we had to go out.

44- EVEN SO (transition)

The Romantic Age in England was part of a movement that affected all the
countries of the Western World.The forms of romanticism were so many and
varied that it is difficult to speak of the movement as a whole. It tended to align
itself with the humanitarian spirit of the democratic revolutionaries. Even so,
romantics were not always democrats and democrats were not always
revolutionaries…

45- ( ON THE ONE HAND ) …ON THE OTHER HAND ( transition)

On the one hand, it costs you nothing to encounter danger; on the other hand, it
even gives you delight.

46- ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + AS ( = ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + THOUGH)

The rumour was, unbelievable as it seemed, that Jackie would be promoted to a

more senior position. ( İnanılmaz gözükse de… )

47- ON THE CONTRARY ( transition)

Mrs. Douglas did not ever want to divorce her husband. On the contrary, she was
one half of a very happy marriage.

48- IN CONTRAST ( transition)

A multilateral treaty has several prties, and establishes rights and obligations
between each party and every other party. In contrast, bilateral treaties are
negotiated between a limited number of states, most commonly only two,
establishing legal rights and obligations between those two states only.
 49- NOTWITHSTANDING = NEVERTHELESS/DESPITE/ALTHOUGH

It began to rain but the teams played on notwithstanding.

Notwithstanding the steps taken, the place is rather noisy and disordered.
Nobody knew Mr. Dickens notwithstanding he had lived in that town for a long
time.

50- CONTRARY TO + noun

When children stare at computer screens, rather than laughing with each other,
they get so involved that they forget to laugh at all; this is contrary to what’s
natural for them.

51- AS OPPOSED TO + noun

On our web page, new headlines will be listed in different categories, as opposed
to the previous format which listed them on one page. ( önceki formatın tersine…)

52- FOR ALL + noun ( = in spite of)

For all the protests, she stil loved to be in our group.

D-) EXPRESSING PARALLEL AND CORRESPONDING STATEMENTS (PARALEL

İFADELER):

53- MOREOVER ( transition)

The first European author, remembered primarily as a biographer, is Plutarch, a

Greek philosopher who lived under the Roman Empire. His Parallel Lives of
ancient Greek and Roman statesmen and soldiers is one of the most fascinating
works of antiquity and influential in the European biographical tradition.
Moreover, he seems to have been the first author to distinguish sharply between
biography and history.

54- BESIDES + noun

Besides tiredness and depression, symptoms of “seasonal affective disorder”

(SAD) include sleeping more and physical aches.

NOTE: Ray is a good father. Besides, he is a successful businessman.

55- FURTHERMORE ( transition)

We did not go right to the top and look into the crater as we had insufficient
time. Furthermore, it was rather foggy and freezing cold so high up.
 56- IN ADDITION ( transition)

Most of the story is presented through dialogue, the words the characters speak.
In addition, it is divided into short units of actioncalled “scenes” and larger ones
called “acts”. ( ayrıca/ buna ilaveten/üstelik…)

57- IN ADDITION TO + noun

Without advertising, commercial television companies would have to close down.

In addition to this, advertisements increase our knowledge, and this enables us to
make better choices as consumers.

58- AS WELL AS + noun

As well as organizatonal change, technology has played a central role in the

evolution of warfare. ( organizasyondaki değişikliğin yanı sıra…)

59- INDEED ( transition)

King Henry VIII of England enjoyed the love and admiration of his people at least
during the early years of his reign. This was partly becausehe came as a welcome
change after his cold and calculating father, Henry VII. Indeed, the young king
had many advantages. He was young and handsome; he was a fine sportsman; he
also had a first-class intellect. ( gerçekten de…)

E-) EXPRESSING PURPOSE (AMAÇ):

60- IN ORDER TO / SO AS TO + verb

Mail your package early in order to/ so as to ensure its timely arrival.

61- SO THAT + clause

Let’s take some steps so that we can work in harmony. ( uyumlu bir şekilde
çalışabilelim diye….) purpose

=> We took some steps, so that we could work in harmony. ( böylece uyumlu
şekilde çalıştık) result

62- IN ORDER THAT + clause

Many animals have developed different behavioral and morphological adaptations

in order that they can survive the winter.

63- LEST + clause

The soldiers did not light any fires lest they should be seen by their enemy.
( düşmanları tarafından görülmemek için…)
F-) PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS:

64- NEITHER…..NOR

It’s universally accepted that neither the right to live nor the right to be
prosecuted only according to the laws that are in existence at the time of the
ofference can be limited in times of national emergency.

65- EITHER…OR

As most students learn a foreign language an order to communicate either orally

or in writing, language learning should include a real life use of language.

66- NOT ONLY…..(BUT) ( ALSO/ AS WELL)

The company is not only looking for well-qualified people; it also wants them to
be enthusiastic about their work.
Cutting down trees to build houses not only damages the environment, but also
threatens human health.
This system is not only cheaper than the others; it’s safer as well.

67- BOTH….AND

The seeds,or beans, were used as a form of currency, valid both fort he purchase
of everyday items and fort he payment of tribute Money to the king.

68- WHETHER…..OR

Whether we look at the problem historically or sociologically, we find that art has
often been a thing of no beauty. ( soruna ister tarihsel ister sosyolojik açıdan
bakalım…)

NOTE:” whether…..or not” yapısı sözü edilen eylemin her iki olasılıktan da
etkilenmeyeceğini gösterir.

I’m coming with you to the hospital, whether you want met o or not.

69- NO SOONER…..THAN ( yan cümle soru formatındadır)

No sooner had I opened the front gate than somebody touched me on the
shoulder. ( kapıyı açar açmaz…)

70- HARDLY….WHEN (yan cümle soru formatındadır)

Hardly had I put the phone down when it began to ring. ( telefonu kapatır
kapatmaz…)
G-) GIVING EXAMPLES AND CLARIFYING ( ÖRNEKLENDİRME):

71- FOR INSTANCE/ FOR EXAMPLE

New Guinea is home to some of the world’s strangest creatures. For example,
there is a special species of kangaroo that lives in trees…

72- IN OTHER WORDS

English is spoken by over a billion people around the world; in other words, by
more than a quarter of the world’s population.

73- THAT IS TO SAY

For many companies, shares of stock are limited to the founders of the company
and their employees. These companies are called”private” companies because
their stock is owned privately; that is to say, it’s not possible for the public to buy
shares in the company. ( başka bir deyişle….)

74- THAT IS ( yani)

The admission to the museum is free for children, that is, anyone under fifteen
years old.

H-) OTHER EXPRESSIONS:

75- AS FOR

When we were at sea, there was never a dull moment. As for the kids, they had a
play room that they could stay in with other kids of their age. ( çocukları
sorasan…)

76- AS TO

We had no idea as to how all these events happened on the same day. ( ……
hakkında / ……konusunda)

77- AS REGARDS

There is no fixed rule as regards the lenght of a poem, but, generally speaking,
they’re composed of four, eight, twelve or sixteen lines. ( şiirin uzunluğu
hakkında…)

78- AS OF

I’ll be taking care of the website of our company as of today. ( bugünden

itibaren..)
 79- AS IF/ AS THOUGH

It seems as though we are going to have trouble finding tickets again. (……zorluk
çekecekmişiz gibi görünüyor.)

80- IN CASE

The doctor gave me her number in case I might have some more questions that I
wanted to ask. ( ….sormak istediğim soru olabilir diye.)

NOTE: I took my umbrella with me in case it might rain. (Yağmur yağma ihtimaline
karşı şemsiyemi aldım)
I took my umbrella with me so that I wouldn’t get wet. ( Islanmamak için/
Islanmayayım diye şemsiyemi aldım.)

81- IN CASE OF/IN THE EVENT OF

We had better insure our car in case of / in the event of accident. (in case I should
have an accident)

82- OTHERWISE/ IF NOT

You have to study now. Otherwise/ If not, you’ll have to do it in the evening, which
will be more difficult.

83- OR ( ELSE)

They knew that it would be useful, or else they would have no reason to conduct
their research. ( …aksi takdirde….)

84- BUT FOR

The project would not have been completed but for the support and generosity of
many helpful and caring people.
(….. desteği olmasaydı…)

85-EXCEPT FOR

Except for a few people who are close to the director, nobody knows which
specialists will be consulted. (… birkaç kişi dışında / haricinde…)

NOTE: “except for” yapısı “but for” yapısına benzer bir anlamda da kullanılabilir.
We would have got lost except for you.

86-FOR FEAR OF + noun

FOR FEAR THAT + clause
 The doctor prescribed antibiotics for fear that the patient’s condition would get
worse.
They closed all the windows for fear of rain.

87-LIKE

Like any romantic, he believed in the possibility of progress and improvement for
humanity. ( her romantik gibi….)

88-UNLIKE

Volunteer fire brigades, unlike professional ones, rarely have the training to deal
with big or complicated fires. ( profesyonellerin tersine….)

89-MEANWHILE (=IN THE MEANTIME)

Culturally, politically and even scientifically, China’s home-grown experiments

and experiences could not be matched for a long time. In the meantime, the Chinese
were enthusiastic travellers and explorers…
( ….bu arada / bu süre zarfında…)

90-REGARDLESS OF

We decided to g oto the beach on foot regardless of the distance that made some
of us oppose to the idea. ( mesafeyi göz önüne almayarak…)

91-APART FROM (= ASIDE FROM)

We were happy to see that apart from a few scratches, the car was absolutely
undamaged. ( birkaç çizik dışında….)

NOTE: “ apart from” ek olarak/ ilaveten anlamında da kullanılır.

Apart from its price, the house is too far away from work.

92-LIKEWISE

The people we met in Spain were extremely polite and consumed with hilarious
laughter over our attempts to speak their language and likewise we were too.
(…..benzer şekilde….)

93-SUCH AS

Moreover, facilities in the rural areas, such as transport,health and education

services should be improved. ( ulaşım, sağlık, eğitim hizmetleri gibi…)

NOTE: “ such….as” yapısı karşılaştırma yaparken kullanılır.

I have never drunk such delicious coffee as this.

94-RATHER THAN

This car is cute rather than attractive. (… çekici olmaktan çok sevimli)

95-NOR

This mistake cannot have been made by Tony nor by anyone else at the office.
A direct Access to the sea is not always of capital importance for the
development of a country nor was it one hundred years ago.

96-ON THE WHOLE

On the whole, deep voices like his are not valued as much as they deserve to be. (
Genelde…..)

97-IN FACT (=AS A MATTER OF FACT)

In fact, the brain is nearly 80 per cent water. ( aslında…)

NOTE: “in fact” söylenen bir söze karşı bir fikir belirtirken de kullanılır.

People say that he is extremely careful with money. In fact, he is a generous man.

98-IN PARTICULAR

Yeats was not simply a writer. He was involved in many different kinds of activity.
In particular, he worked to help Ireland get its independence. ( özellikle….)

99-AFTER ALL

After all, Pat’s mother is still guite young and never gets ill. ( Her şeye rağmen…./
Unutulmamalıdır ki……)

100- INSTEAD (OF)

Instead of wine, we served fruit juice.

We didn’t serve wine. Instead, we served fruit juice.

NOTE: “Instead” cümle sonunda da kullanılabilir.

We didn’t serve wine. We served fruit juice instead.

101- TO SUM UP , IN CONCLUSION , BRIEFLY, IN SHORT

… It was about 3 pm when I decided to leave. I had to take the trainonce

again, to go home. To sum up,
It was a great learning experience for me…