CS4206 Commonto CSE,IT, ADS ProgramminginC

UNIT-IV
STRUCTURESStructure-Nestedstructures–PointerandStructures–Arrayofstructures–
ExampleProgramusingstructuresandpointers–Selfreferentialstructures–
Dynamicmemoryallocation-typedef

4.1 Structure
Arraysallowtodefinetypeofvariablesthatcanholdseveraldataitemsofthesamekind.Si
milarlystructureisanotheruserdefineddatatypeavailableinCthatallowstocombined
ataitemsofdifferentkinds.
Structures are used to represent a record. Suppose you want to keep track of
yourbooksinalibrary.Youmightwanttotrackthefollowingattributesabouteachbook
−
 Title
 Author
 Subject
 BookID
DefiningaStructure
Todefineastructure,youmustusethe struct
statement.Thestructstatementdefinesanewdatatype,withmorethanonemember.Thefor
matofthestructstatementisasfollows−
struct[structuretag]{

memberdefinition;member
definition;
...
memberdefinition;
}[oneormorestructurevariables];
Thestructuretagisoptionalandeachmemberdefinitionisanormalvariable
definition, such as int i; or float f; or any other valid variable definition. At the
endofthestructure'sdefinition,beforethefinalsemicolon,youcanspecifyoneormorest
ructure variables but it is optional. Here is the way you would declare the
Bookstructure−
structBooks
{chartitle[50];ch
arauthor[50];
charsubject[100];i
ntbook_id;
}book;
AccessingStructureMembers
To access any member of a structure, we use the member access operator (.).
Thememberaccess operatoris coded asaperiodbetweenthestructure
variablenameandthestructurememberthat we wish to access. You would use
thekeyword struct
todefinevariablesofstructuretype.Thefollowingexampleshowshowtouseastructureinap
rogram−
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

structBooks{ch
artitle[50];

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charauthor[50];charsubject[100];intbook_id;
};

intmain(){

structBooksBook1;structBooksBook2;

/*DeclareBook1oftypeBook*/
/*DeclareBook2oftypeBook*/

/*book1specification*/
strcpy(Book1.title,"CProgramming");strcpy(Book1.author,"NuhaAli");
strcpy(Book1.subject,"CProgrammingTutorial");Book1.book_id=6495407;

/*book2specification*/
strcpy(Book2.title,"TelecomBilling");strcpy(Book2.author,"ZaraAli");
strcpy( Book2.subject,"Telecom BillingTutorial");Book2.book_id=6495700;

/*printBook1info*/
printf("Book1title:%s\n",Book1.title);printf("Book1author:%s\n",Book1.author);printf("Book1sub
printf("Book1book_id:%d\n",Book1.book_id);

/*printBook2info*/
printf("Book2title:%s\n",Book2.title);printf("Book2author:%s\n",Book2.author);printf("Book2sub
printf("Book2book_id:%d\n",Book2.book_id);

return0;

}
Whentheabovecodeiscompiledandexecuted,itproducesthefollowingresult−
Book1title:CProgrammingB
ook1author:NuhaAli
Book1subject:CProgrammingTutorialBo
ok1book_id :6495407
Book2title:TelecomBillingBoo
k2author:ZaraAli
Book2subject:TelecomBillingTutorialBoo
k2book_id:6495700
4.2 NestedStructure
When a structure contains anotherstructure, itis called nested structure.
Forexample,we have two structures named Address and Employee. To make
AddressnestedtoEmployee,wehavetodefineAddressstructurebeforeandoutside

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EmployeestructureandcreateanobjectofAddressstructureinsideEmployeestructure.
Syntaxforstructurewithinstructureornestedstructure

structstructure1
{
----------
----------
};

structstructure2
{
----------
----------
struct structure1obj;
};

Exampleforstructurewithinstructureornestedstructure

#include<stdio.h>

structAddress
{
charHouseNo[25];char
City[25];
charPinCode[25];
};

structEmployee
{
int Id;
charName[25];fl
oatSalary;
structAddressAdd;
};

voidmain()
{
inti;
structEmployeeE;

printf("\n\
tEnterEmployeeId:");scanf("%d",&E.Id);

printf("\n\
tEnterEmployeeName:");scanf("%s",&E.Na
me);

printf("\n\
tEnterEmployeeSalary:");scanf("%f",&E.Sal

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printf("\n\
tEnterEmployeeHouseNo:");scanf("%s",&
E.Add.HouseNo);

printf("\n\
tEnterEmployeeCity:");scanf("%s",
&E.Add.City);

printf("\n\
tEnterEmployeeHouseNo:");scanf("%s",&
E.Add.PinCode);

printf("\nDetailsofEmployees");printf("\n\
tEmployeeId:%d",E.Id);printf("\n\
tEmployee Name : %s",E.Name);printf("\n\
tEmployeeSalary:%f",E.Salary);
printf("\n\tEmployeeHouseNo:%s",E.Add.HouseNo);printf("\n\
tEmployeeCity:%s",E.Add.City);printf("\n\tEmployeeHouseNo:
%s",E.Add.PinCode);
}

Output:

EnterEmployeeId:101
EnterEmployeeName:SureshEnterE
mployeeSalary:45000EnterEmploye
eHouseNo:4598/
DEnterEmployeeCity:Delhi
EnterEmployeePinCode:110056

DetailsofEmployeesEmployee
Id:101EmployeeName:Su
reshEmployeeSalary:450
00
EmployeeHouseNo:4598/

4.3 PointerandStructures

Structures
canbecreatedandaccessedusingpointers.Apointervariableofastructurecanbecreatedasbe
low:
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structname{
member1;
member2;
.
.
};

intmain()
{
structname*ptr;
}

Here,thepointervariableoftypestructnameiscreated.
Accessingstructure'smemberthroughpointer
Astructure'smembercanbeaccesssedthroughpointerintwoways:
1. Referencingpointertoanotheraddresstoaccessmemory
2. Usingdynamicmemoryallocation
1. Referencingpointertoanotheraddresstoaccessthememory
Consideranexampletoaccessstructure'smemberthroughpointer.
#include<stdio.h>typ
edefstructperson
{
intage;
floatweight;
};

intmain()
{
structperson*personPtr,person1;
personPtr=&person1;

//Referencingpointertomemoryaddressofperson1

printf("Enterinteger:");scanf("%d",&(*personPtr).age);

printf("Enternumber:");scanf("%f",&(*personPtr).weig
ht);

printf("Displaying:");printf("%d%f",(*personPtr).age,
(*personPtr).weight);

return0;
}
Inthisexample,thepointervariableoftype structperson isreferencedtotheaddressof
person1.Then,onlythestructurememberthroughpointercancanaccessed.
Using->operatortoaccessstructurepointermember
Structurepointermembercanalsobeaccessedusing->operator.

(*personPtr).ageissameaspersonPtr->age

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(*personPtr).weightissameaspersonPtr->weight

2. Accessingstructurememberthroughpointerusingdynamicmemoryallocation
Toaccessstructurememberusingpointers,memorycanbeallocateddynamicallyusing
malloc()functiondefinedunder"stdlib.h"headerfile.
Syntaxtousemalloc()

ptr=(cast-type*)malloc(byte-size)

Exampletousestructure'smemberthroughpointerusingmalloc()function.
#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>structperson{
intage;
float weight;charname[30];
};

intmain()
{
structperson*ptr;inti,num;

printf("Enternumberofpersons:");scanf("%d",&num);

ptr=(structperson*)malloc(num*sizeof(structperson));
//Abovestatement allocatesthememory fornstructureswithpointerpersonPtrpointingtobaseaddress*/

for(i=0;i<num;++i)
{
printf("Enter name, age and weight of the person respectively:\n");scanf("%s%d%f",&(ptr+i)->name,&
}

printf("DisplayingInfromation:\n");for(i=0;i<num;++i)
printf("%s\t%d\t%.2f\n",(ptr+i)->name,(ptr+i)->age,(ptr+i)->weight);

return0;
}

Output

Enternumberofpersons:2
Entername,ageandweightofthepersonrespectively:Ad
am
2
3.2
Entername,ageandweightofthepersonrespectively:

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Eve
6
2.3
DisplayingInformation:A
dam 2 3.20
Eve 6 2.30

4.4 ArrayofStructure
StructureisusedtostoretheinformationofOneparticularobjectbutifweneedtostoresuch10
0objectsthen Array ofStructureis used.
Example:
structBookinfo
{
char[20]bname;intpages;
intprice;
}Book[100];

Explanation:
1. HereBookstructureisusedtoStoretheinformationofoneBook.
2. IncaseifweneedtostoretheInformationof100booksthenArrayofStructureisuse
d.
3. b1[0] stores the Information of 1st Book , b1[1] stores the information of
2ndBook and So onWecan storethe informationof100books.
ExampleProgramForArrayOfStructuresInC:
This program is used to store and access “id, name and percentage” for 3
students.Structure array is used in this program to store and display records for
manystudents. You can store “n” number of students record by declaring
structurevariableas‘structstudentrecord[n]“,wherencanbe1000or5000etc.
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

structstudent
{
intid;
charname[30];float
percentage;
};

intmain()
{
inti;
structstudentrecord[2];

//1ststudent's
recordrecord[0].id=1;strcpy(record[0
].name,"Raju");record[0].percentage=
86.5;

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//
2ndstudent'srecordrecord[1].id=2;st
rcpy(record[1].name,"Surendren");rec
ord[1].percentage=90.5;

//
3rdstudent'srecordrecord[2].id=3;st
rcpy(record[2].name,"Thiyagu");recor
d[2].percentage=81.5;

for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
printf(" RecordsofSTUDENT:%d\
n",i+1);printf("Idis:%d\n",record[i].id);
printf("Nameis:%s\n",record[i].name);
printf("Percentageis:%f\n\n",record[i].percentage);
}
return0;
}
OUTPUT:
RecordsIdNameof STUDENT : 1
is: 1
is: Raju
Percentageis:86.500000
Recordsof STUDENT : 2
IdName is: 2
is: Surendren
Percentageis:90.500000
RecordsofSTUDENT:3
Idis:3
Nameis:ThiyaguPercentageis:81.500000

ExampleProgramForDeclaringManyStructureVariableInC:
In this program, two structure variables “record1″ and“record2″aredeclaredforsame structure and di

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

structstudent
{
intid;
charname[30];float
percentage;
};

intmain()
{
inti;

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structstudentrecord1={1,"Raju",90.5};stru
ctstudentrecord2={2,"Mani",93.5};

printf("RecordsofSTUDENT1:\
n");printf("Idis:%d\
n",record1.id);printf("Nameis:%s\
n",record1.name);
printf("Percentageis:%f\n\n",record1.percentage);

printf("RecordsofSTUDENT2:\
n");printf("Idis:%d\
n",record2.id);printf("Nameis:%s\
n",record2.name);
printf("Percentageis:%f\n\n",record2.percentage);

return0;
}
OUTPUT:
RecordsIdName
of STUDENT1:
PercentageRecordsId
is: 1
Name
is: Raju90.500000STUDENT2:
is: 2
of Mani
is:
is:
Percentageis:93.500000

4.5 ExampleProgramusingstructuresandpointers
ExampleProgramForCStructureUsingPointer:
Inthisprogram,“record1”isnormalstructurevariableand“ptr”ispointerstructurevariable. As you know,

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

structstudent
{
intid;
charname[30];float
percentage;
};

intmain()
{
inti;
structstudentrecord1={1,"Raju",90.5};str
uctstudent*ptr;

ptr=&record1;
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printf("RecordsofSTUDENT1:\
n");printf("Idis:%d\n",ptr-
>id);printf("Nameis:%s\n",ptr-
>name);
printf("Percentageis:%f\n\n",ptr->percentage);

return0;
}
OUTPUT:
Records of STUDENT1:
Id is: 1
Name is:

RajuPercentageis:90.500000

ExampleProgramToCopyAStructureInC:
TherearemanymethodstocopyonestructuretoanotherstructureinC.
1. Wecancopyusingdirectassignmentofonestructuretoanotherstructureor
2. wecanuseCinbuiltfunction“memcpy()”or
3. wecancopybyindividualstructuremembers.

Program:

4. #include<stdio.h>
5. #include
<string.h>6.
7.struct
student8.{
9. int id;
10. charname[30];
11. floatpercentage;
12.};
13.
14.intmain()
15.{
16. inti;
17. structstudentrecord1={1,"Raju",90.5};
18. structstudentrecord2,*record3,*ptr1,record4;19
.
20. printf("RecordsofSTUDENT1-record1structure\n");
21. printf("Id:%d\nName:%s\nPercentage:%f\n",
22. record1.id,record1.name,record1.percentage);2
3.
24. //1stmethodtocopywholestructuretoanotherstructure
25. record2=record1;
26.
27. printf("\nRecordsofSTUDENT1-Directcopyfrom"\
28. "record1\n");
29. printf("Id:%d\nName:%s\nPercentage:%f\n",
30. record2.id,record2.name,record2.percentage);3
1.
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32. //2ndmethodtocopyusingmemcpyfunction
33. ptr1=&record1;
34. memcpy(record3,ptr1,sizeof(record1));3
5.
36. printf("\nRecordsofSTUDENT1 -copiedfromrecord1"\
37. "usingmemcpy \n");
38. printf("Id:%d\nName:%s\nPercentage:%f\n",
39. record3->id,record3->name,record3-
>percentage);40.
41. //3rdmethodtocopybyindividualmembers
42. printf("\nRecordsofSTUDENT1-Copiedindividual"\
43. "membersfromrecord1\n");
44. record4.id=record1.id;
45. strcpy(record4.name,record1.name);
46. record4.percentage=record1.percentage;4
7.
48. printf("Id:%d\nName:%s\nPercentage:%f\n",
49. record4.id,record4.name,record4.percentage);5
0.
51. return0;
52.}
OUTPUT:
Records of STUDENT1 –record1 structure
Id : 1
Name : Raju
Percentage : 90.500000
RecordsofSTUDENT1–Directcopyfromrecord1
Id : 1
Name : Raju
Percentage : 90.500000
Records of STUDENT1–
copiedfromrecord1usingmemcpy
Id : 1
Name : Raju
Percentage : 90.500000
Records of STUDENT1 –Copied
individualmembers
from record1
Id : 1
Name :
4.6 Selfreferentialstructures
Considerthestructuredeclarationbelow,
structNODE{
structNODEnew;

/*'new'declaredvariable*/intvalue;
};
Asweknowthatstructuretemplatetellscompilerhowtoallocatestoragetoits
membersandmakescomputernottoallocatememorytothem.Whencompilerreachesth
eline
structNODEnew;

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templatestructNODEisnotfullydefined.Further,its member‘new’of
typestructNODEcontainsamember‘new’oftypestructNODEwhichinturncontainsamembe
r ‘new’ again of type struct NODE and so on indefinitely. In such an instance,compiler
can’t evaluate correctly how much storage to allocate to ‘new’ member
oftemplatestructNODE.SoweobservedherethatamemberofstructNODEcan’tbea variable
of type struct NODE. Then, how can we make structure struct NODE self-referential?
Let’stakeonemoretry,thistimewedeclarea‘pointer-to-structNODE’
as amemberoftemplatestructNODE,
structNODE{
structNODE*new;

/*'new'apointer-to-structNODE*/intvalue;
};
AscompilerstartscompilingthetemplatestructNODEandreachesline
structNODE*new;
itfinds‘new’,a‘pointer-to-
structNODE’,andalsomemberofstructNODEtemplate,itevaluatescorrectlyhowmuchbytes
ofstoragetobeallocated to‘new’.
Onlinuxsystem,anypointertypetakes8bytesofstorage.
There’snoprobleminusing‘pointer-to-
structNODE’asamemberofstructNODE.Because‘new’isa‘pointer-to-
structNODE’,structurestructNODEiscalledself-referential
structure.
typedefstructNODE{
structNODE*new;i
ntvalue;
}Node;

intmain(void)
{
Nodeprevious,current;

/*accessingmembersof'previous'*/
previous.new=&current;
/* previous.new is a 'pointer-to-struct NODE'
*/previous.value=100;
}

4.7 DynamicMemoryAllocation
The C programming language manages memory statically, automatically,or
dynamically.Staticvariablesareallocatedinmainmemory,usuallyalongwiththe
executable code of the program, and persist for the lifetime of the
program;automatic variables are allocated on the stack and come and go as
functions arecalled and return. For static and automatic variables, the size of the
allocation mustbecompile-timeconstant(exceptforthecaseofvariable-
lengthautomaticarrays).Iftherequiredsizeisnotknownuntilrun-time(for
example,ifdataofarbitrarysizeisbeing read from the user or from a disk file), then
using fixed-size data objects isinadequate.
Thelifetimeofallocatedmemorycanalsocauseconcern.Neitherstatic-norautomatic
memory is adequate for all situations. Automatic-allocated data
cannotpersistacrossmultiplefunctioncalls,whilestaticdatapersistsforthelifeofthe
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programwhetheritisneededornot.Inmanysituationstheprogrammerrequiresgreaterflexi
bilityinmanagingthelifetimeofallocatedmemory.
Theselimitationsareavoidedbyusingdynamicmemoryallocationinwhichmemoryismoree
xplicitlyandmoreflexiblymanaged,typically,byallocatingit
fromthefreestore(informallycalledthe"heap").InC,thelibraryfunction mallo is
usedtoallocateablockofmemoryontheheap.Theprogramaccessesthisblockof c
memoryviaapointer malloc returns.Whenthememoryisnolongerneeded,whichdea
thatthepointeris free llocatesthememorysothatitcanbeusedfor
passedtootherpurposes.
Someplatformsprovidelibrarycallswhichallowrun-timedynamicallocationfrom
theCstackratherthantheheap(e.g.alloca()).Thismemoryisautomaticallyfreedwhenthecall
ingfunctionends.

Dynamicmemoryallocationallowsyourprogramtoobtainmorememoryspacewhile
running,ortoreleaseitif it'snotrequired.Insimpleterms,Dynamicmemory
allocation allows you to manually handle memory space for your
program.InCthereare4libraryfunctionsunder"stdlib.h"fordynamicmemoryallocation
.

Function UseofFunction

Allocatesrequestedsizeofbytesandreturnsapointerfirstbyteofallocatedspa
malloc()
ce

Allocatesspaceforanarrayelements,initializestozeroandthenreturnsapointert
calloc()
omemory

free() deallocatethepreviouslyallocatedspace

realloc() Changethesizeofpreviouslyallocatedspace

malloc()
Thenamemallocstandsfor"memoryallocation".
Thefunctionmalloc()reservesablockofmemoryofspecifiedsizeandreturnapointeroftypev
oidwhichcanbecastedintopointerofanyform.
Syntaxofmalloc()
ptr=(cast-type*)malloc(byte-size)

Here,ptrispointerofcast-
type.Themalloc()functionreturnsapointertoanareaofmemory with size of byte size.
If the space is insufficient, allocation fails and returnsNULLpointer.
Example:

ptr=(int*)malloc(100*sizeof(int));

Thisstatementwillallocateeither200or400accordingtosizeofint2or4bytes
respectivelyandthepointerpointstotheaddressoffirstbyteofmemory.
calloc()
Thenamecallocstandsfor"contiguousallocation".

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The only difference between malloc() and calloc() is that, malloc() allocates
singleblock of memory whereas calloc() allocates multiple blocks of memory each
of samesizeandsetsallbytestozero.
Syntaxofcalloc()

ptr=(cast-type*)calloc(n,element-size);

Thisstatementwillallocatecontiguousspaceinmemoryforanarrayofnelements.
Forexample:

ptr=(float*)calloc(25,sizeof(float));

Thisstatementallocatescontiguousspaceinmemoryforanarrayof25elements
eachofsizeoffloat,i.e,4bytes.
free()
Dynamicallyallocatedmemorycreatedwitheithercalloc()ormalloc()doesn'tgetfreed
onitsown.Youmust explicitlyusefree()toreleasethe space.
syntaxoffree()

free(ptr);

Thisstatementfreesthespaceallocatedinthememorypointedbyptr.
Example:ForCmalloc()andfree()S
umofElementinanarray

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

intmain()
{
int num, i, *ptr,sum= 0;

printf("EnternumberofelementsintheArray:");scanf("%
d",&num);

ptr=(int*)malloc(num*sizeof(int));if(
ptr==NULL)
{
printf("Error!
Unabletoallocatememory.");exit(0);
}

printf("Enterelementsofarray:");fo
r(i=0;i<num;++i)
{
scanf("%d",ptr+i);
}
for(i=0;i<num;++i)
{
sum+=*(ptr+i);
}

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printf("SumofElementsinthegivenarrayis:%d",sum);free(ptr);
return0;
}

Output:

Herenumberofelementinthearrayisreadfromuserattheruntime.Arrayofsizenisallocat
edinmemoryusingmalloc()function.
Example:forCcalloc()andfree()S
umofElementinanarray

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

intmain()
{
int num, i, *ptr,sum= 0;

printf("EnternumberofelementsintheArray:");scanf("%
d",&num);

ptr=(int*)calloc(num,sizeof(int));if(
ptr==NULL)
{
printf("Error!
Unabletoallocatememory.");exit(0);
}

printf("Enterelementsofarray:");fo
r(i=0;i<num;++i)
{
scanf("%d",ptr+i);
}
for(i=0;i<num;++i)
{
sum+=*(ptr+i);
}

printf("SumofElementsinthegivenarrayis:%d",sum);free(ptr);
return0;
}

Output:

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Aboveprogramalsodothesameprocessthatwasperformedinpreviousprogram.Onlydiffere
nsisinsteadofusingmalloc()functionherecalloc()functionisused.

realloc()
Ifthepreviouslyallocatedmemoryisinsufficientormorethanrequired,youcanchangethepr
eviously allocatedmemorysize usingrealloc().
Syntaxofrealloc()

ptr=realloc(ptr,newsize);

Here,ptrisreallocatedwithsizeofnewsize.
Example:forrealloc()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

intmain()
{
intnum, num2,i,*ptr, sum= 0;

printf("EnternumberofelementsintheArray:");scanf("%
d",&num);

ptr=(int*)calloc(num,sizeof(int));if(
ptr==NULL)
{
printf("Error!
Unabletoallocatememory.");exit(0);
}

printf("Enterelementsofarray:");fo
r(i=0;i<num;++i)
{
scanf("%d",ptr+i);
}
for(i=0;i<num;++i)
{
sum+=*(ptr+i);
}

printf("SumofElementsinthegivenarrayis:%d",sum);printf("\
nWanttoaddmoreelementinarray!");printf("\
nEnternumberofNewelementsintheArray:");scanf("%d",&num2
);

ptr=realloc(ptr,num2);if
(ptr==NULL)

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{
printf("Error!Unabletoallocatememory.");exit(0);
}

printf("\
nEnterNewelementsofarray:");for(i=num;i<nu
m+num2;++i)
{
scanf("%d",ptr+i);
}
sum=0;
for(i=0;i<num+num2;++i)
{
sum+=*(ptr+i);
}
printf("\nSum of all Elements in the given array is : %d",
sum);free(ptr);
return0;
}

Output:

Hererealloc()functionisusedtoreallocatethesizeofthearray,thatwascr
eatedusingcalloc()functiontoaddextraelementsinthearray.

4.8 Typedef
typedef is a keyword used in C language to assign alternative names to
existingtypes. Its mostly used with user defined data types, when names of data
types getslightlycomplicated.Followingisthegeneral syntaxforusingtypedef,
typedefexisting_namealias_name
Letstakeanexampleandseehowtypedefactuallyworks.
typedefunsignedlongulong;
The above statement define a termulongfor an unsigned long type.
Nowthisulongidentifiercanbeusedtodefine unsignedlongtypevariables.
ulongi,j;

typedefinuserdefineddatatype
typedefcanbeusedtogiveanametouserdefineddatatypeaswell.Letsseeitsusewithstructur
es.

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typedefstruct
{
type
member1;type
member2;type
member3;
Heretype_namerepresents
}type_name; the stucture definition associated with it. Now
thistype_namecanbeusedtodeclareavariableofthisstucturetype.
type_namet1,t2;

Example:#include
<stdio.h>#include
<conio.h>#include
<string.h>

typedefstructstudent
{
charname[50];i
ntmark;
}stud;

voidmain()
{
studs;
printf("\nEnterStudentDetail\
n");printf("\nStudentname\
t");scanf("%s",s.name);printf("\
nEnterStudentMark\
t");scanf("%d",&s.mark);
printf("\nStudentnameis:%s",s.name);printf("\
nStudentMarkis:%d",s.mark);
getch();
}
Output:

typedefandPointers
typedef can be used to give an alias name to pointers also. Here we have a case
inwhichuseoftypedefisbeneficialduringpointerdeclaration.
InPointers*bindstotherightandnottheleft.
int*x,y;
Bythisdeclarationstatement,weareactuallydeclaring x
asapointeroftypeint,whereasywillbedeclaredasaplaininteger.
typedefint*IntPtr;
IntPtrx,y,z;
Butifweusetypedeflikeinaboveexample,wecandeclareanynumberofpointers
inasinglestatement.

St.Joseph’s Institute of Technology 18