Cell Division

Purpose of cell Division

1. Increase in number of organisms (in unicellular organisms such as bacteria)

2. Growth (in multicellular organisms such as plants and animals)
3. Repair of worn out cells
4. Sexual and asexual reproduction

Cell Cycle

Interphase

1. Growth 1 (G1)
 Doubling of cellular organelles cell increase in size
 Rapid growth metabolic activity
 Centrioles replicate
2. S Phase (Synthesis)
 DNA Replication
 Amount of DNA is doubled
 Growth and DNA synthesis
3. Growth 2 (G2)
 Cell is Preparing for cell division
 Growth and final preparations for division

Not all cells undergo Mitosis

- Brain cells
- Heart cells
- Inner ear cells
- These cells do not divide once the organ is formed in humans. If we lose these critical
cells, we have to rely on the ones that are left
- Nerve cells do not undergo cell division due to the absence of centrioles, but they are
developed from glial cells
- Red Blood cells do not divide – they are rather odd cells, because
1) They do not have no nucleus
2) Do not have DNA
3) No organelles
4) Do not make RNA
5) Cannot divide
M Phase

1. Karyokinesis
 Karyon – Nucleus
 Kinesis – divide
 Division of the Nucleus
 2 Types
1) Mitosis – for somatic cells
2) Meiosis – for reproductive cells
2. Cytokinesis
 Cyto – cytoplasm
 Kinesis – divide
 Division of the cytoplasm
Somatic Cells vs Sex Cells

1. Somatic/Body Cells
 Cells from all parts of the body except for the sperm and the egg
 Diploid cell (2N) – it contains two sets of chromosomes
 One set from the father and one set from the mother
 In humans’ diploid number is 46
 Meaning we have 46 chromosomes in our somatic cells (23 from the father + 23 from
the mother)
2. Reproductive Cells/Gametes
 Sperm cells and egg cell
 Haploid/monoploid (N) – it contains one set of chromosomes
 In humans, sperm cells and egg cells contain 23 chromosomes
Interphase

- The nucleolus and the nuclear envelope are distinct and the DNA are in the form of
threadlike chromatin

Mitosis

1. Prophase
 The chromosomes appear condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent
 Chromosomes – 2 chromatids held together by a centromere
2. Metaphase
 Meta means middle
 Thick, coiled chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell on the metaphase
plate
 Simple fibers are attached to the chromosomes

3. Anaphase
 The chromosomes have separated and are moving toward the poles
 4. Telophase
 The chromosomes are at the poles, and are becoming more diffuse
 The nuclear envelope is reforming
 The cytoplasm may be dividing

Cytokinesis

- Division of the cytoplasm

- 2 types based on type of the cell
1. Formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cells

2. Cell plate formation in plant cells

Meiosis

1. Meiosis I
 Reduce the number of chromosomes to half the original number
2. Meiosis II
 Divides the cytoplasm and each sister chromatids into two

Prophase I

 Chromosomes become thick and visible

 Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
 Homologous pairing of chromosomes
 Crossing over between homologous pairs

Metaphase I

 Homologous pairs line up at the center of the cell

Telophase I

 New nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes producing two haploid
nuclei
 Nucleus reappears
 Centrioles and spindle fibers disappear
 The cell’s cytoplasm begins to divide (Cytokinesis I) (interkinesis)

Prophase II

 Chromosomes become thick and visible

 Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear
 Centrioles produce spindle fibers

Anaphase II

 Sister chromatids separate and move towards the opposite poles of the cell

Telophase II

 New nuclear envelope forms around each ser of chromosomes producing four haploid
nuclei
 Nucleolus reappears
  Centrioles and spindle fibers disappear
 The cell’s cytoplasm begins to divide (cytokinesis II)

Cytokinesis II

Daughter cells

Oogenesis

- 1 Functional egg cell

- 3 Polar bodies

Spermatogenesis

- Functional sperms
Karyo – nucleus
Autosomes