Reservoir Performance

Intervention
Production Logging

Downhole Production Log

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Production logging covers a wide portfolio of sensors and tools; these are utilized
to identify and quantify the fluid movement inside and outside the well production
string.

Among the production logging measurements – some of which are used in

complementary capacity for fluid identification – required to determine the fluid and
flow properties are the fluid velocity, well pressure, well temperature, fluid density
(to differentiate oil, gas and water), fluid electrical properties (impedance) and fluid
optical properties (refractive index).

Production logging interpretation & analysis is complex as the fluid flow may not
be uniform and phases may be combined in the wellbore differently depending on
several factors. The correct production data acquisition, analysis and interpretation
offers improvement in production, water entry detection and possible remedial
operations.

RPI | Production Logging 1

Table Of Content
Introduction..........................................................................................................................3
Flow Profile.....................................................................................................................................4
Multiphase Flow..............................................................................................................................5
Objectives............................................................................................................................6
Equipment Overview...........................................................................................................7
PBMS - Platform Basic Measurement Sonde....................................................................8
Measurement Principle - Pressure & Temperature.........................................................................8
Downhole Equipment.....................................................................................................................9
Applications....................................................................................................................................9
PGMC - Platform GradioManometer Carrier....................................................................10
Measurement Principle - Density Holdup.....................................................................................10
Downhole Equipment................................................................................................................... 11
Applications.................................................................................................................................. 11
GHOST - Gas Holdup Optical Sensor Tool......................................................................12
Measurement Principle - Optical Probes......................................................................................12
Principle - Caliper (LVDT) & Relative Bearing..............................................................................13

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Downhole Equipment...................................................................................................................14
Applications..................................................................................................................................14
GHOST - Gas Holdup Optical Sensor Tool......................................................................15
Measurement Principle - Fluid Dynamics.....................................................................................15
PILS - Inline Spinner..........................................................................................................16
Measurement Principle.................................................................................................................16
Downhole Equipment...................................................................................................................17
Applications..................................................................................................................................17
PFCS - Flowrate Caliper Sonde........................................................................................18
Measurement Principle - Flowmeter.............................................................................................18
Electrical Probes Holdup..............................................................................................................19
Downhole Equipment...................................................................................................................20
Applications..................................................................................................................................20
PBMS...........................................................................................................................................21
Log Quality Control...........................................................................................................21
PILS..............................................................................................................................................21
PGMC...........................................................................................................................................21
GHOST.........................................................................................................................................22
PFCS............................................................................................................................................22
Links & Resources............................................................................................................23

RPI | Production Logging 2

GLOSSARY
Flow profile
Log – in bbl /day or % - of the total flow from the reservoir in a
Introduction
production well. May be single- or multiphase flow.

Single phase flow
Flow with only one component (oil, water, or gas)
Multiphase flow
Fluid with several different immiscible fluids (oil, water, gas)
Holdup (H or Y)
The fraction (%) of a particular fluid (phase) present in a pipe
section.
Flow regime
Geometrical distribution of a multiphase fluid moving through
a pipe. Gas-liquid may be Bubble flow, plug flow, slug flow,
etc.
Oil-water may be Bubble flow, slug flow and emulsion flow.
In Horizontal flow there may be stratified or wavy stratified
flow, in addition to others earlier mentioned.
Fluid density (ρ)
Mass per unit of volume. Fluid density log is used to determine
Production logging is the measurement of well fluid parameters on zone by zone
basis. The objective of production logging is to acquire information about the type
and movement of fluid within and near the wellbore. Well evaluation and remedial
operations are required to be performed on a variety of environments and several
different challenges are to be overcome, hence a versatile portfolio of measuring tools
are required for the task.
The PS Platform (production services platform) – performs in vertical, horizontal, or
any angle of borehole deviation to provide three-phase flow profiles and production
monitoring or diagnostic information. Measurement capability is in either real-time or
memory mode. It features high flexibility of sensor and tool combinations, regardless
of the conveyance method, to deliver three-phase production logging measurements.
A Basic PS Platform tool string consist of the following tools:
• PBMS – (Platform Basic Measurement Sonde): Gamma Ray, Casing Collar
Locator (CCL), Pressure & Temperature Sensors
• PGMC – (Platform GradioManometer Carrier): Average density of the wellbore
fluid, from which water, oil and gas holdups are derived.
Typical PS Platform strings are configured for the well position and number of
production phases. Depending the flow regime and other several factors like downhole
fluid density / viscosity, well deviation / CSG and others factors, the fluid phases will be
segregated differently in the wellbore.
In order to correctly characterize and measure all phases it is required to add additional
measurements to the Basic PS Platform string:
PILS – (Platform InLine Spinner flowmeter): In-line Spinner, optimal for high-flow-rate
environments.
GHOST – (Gas Holdup Optical Sensor Tool): Single Axis Caliper, Gas Holdup Sensors
and Bubble counting Optical Probes.
FloView Plus – Holdup measurement tool for highly deviated and horizontal wells,
imaging tools to identify the flow regime.
Once is defined the expected flow profile – single-
/ multiphase – and the factors affecting the flow
segregation the PS Platform string may be
configured as follows:

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the %, holdup, of the different fluids (phases).
• PFCS – (Platform Flowrate Caliper Sonde): Spinner Flowmeter, Dual Axis Caliper
Fluid viscosity (μ) (x-y), Water & Hydrocarbon Holdup Sensors, Bubble counting Electrical Probes and
Property of the fluids that indicates their resistance to flow Relative-bearing measurement.

Production
Hydrocarbons drained from a well.

Water Cut
The % of water of the volume of the total fluids produced, at
surface, from a well.

Saturation
The relative amount of water, oil and gas in the pores of a
rock, usually as % of volume.

Volumetric Liquid Flow

Volume of fluid passing a point in a system per unit of time.
Production measure, common units bbl/d (B/D, KBPD,
MMBPD)

Volumetric Gas Flow

Volume of gas passing a point in a system per unit of time.
Production measure, common units scfd (MSCF, MMSCFD)

RPI | Production Logging 3

 1. Flow Profile
Well production rate – volume of produce fluid per unit of time – Once is defined the expected flow profile – single- Horizontal well configuration
define how much hydrocarbon is being produced form the well. / multiphase – and the factors affecting the flow • Stratified flow
segregation the PS Platform production services
It is required to establish the volumetric flow of the phase of
platform string may be configured as follows: • Oil at top, water at bottom & mix in the middle.
interest, for example: oil is measured in Barrels per day (B/D or
bbl/d), additionally is required to estimate the ratio of this phase vs.
total volume produced, this is called water cut. Vertical well configuration
Oilfield production units may be confusing, for example: gas • Oil & Water mix
production 1 MSCM (EU) = 35.3 MSCF (US), it is critical to verify
units for production evaluation services. • Single- or two-phase production or single-phase
injection: Basic string (PGMC optional)
Production services are conducted through the entire life cycle of
the well, they allow to monitor the reservoir saturation, well integrity • Three-phase production: Basic string + GHOST
& production of the well. PS Platform enables the possibility to and PGMC
enhance the production, life of the reservoir and the well integrity
by taking remedial actions based on the acquired data.
Near Horizontal
Near Vertical Well
Well
Deviated well configuration
Cable
• Complex flow

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Speed
• Water phase at bottom
Gamma Spinner Fluid Fluid Well Water Production Cumulative
Perforations

60 ft/min
Ray Density Temperature Pressure Holdup Production • Oil phase on top
Depth, ft

90 ft/min
120 ft/min

-120 120 0 gAPI 250 -15 RPS 350 0 g/cm3 1.1 194 oF 196 3,600 psi 3,710 0.8 1.0 0 bbl/d 3000 0 bbl/d 5000

x200
Deviated
Well

• Single-phase production: Basic string

x300 • Three-phase production: Basic string with FloView Plus or GHOST

RPI | Production Logging 4

2. Multiphase Flow
Before we can start discussing multiphase flow it is a good idea to know the
physical properties of the different fluid phases.
• Downhole oil viscosities range from 0.2 to 10 centipoise (cp), while
densities range from 0.6 to 1.0 g/cc.
• Formation water viscosities range from 0.2 to 1.0 cp, and densities are
close to 1.0 gm/cc.
• Gas densities vary from about 0.05 to 0.2 g/cc downhole, with viscosities
from 0.01 to 0.07 cp.
The geometrical configurations assumed by gas, water and oil phases while
passing through the completion string are classified into one of several flow
regimes. The flow regime in which a given combination of phases will move
is dependent on a number of variables. However, the relative volumetric flow
rates of each phase has the biggest influence on what the flow regime will be.
The fluid configuration plot shows dimensionless liquid velocity plotted against
dimensionless gas velocity. Here, the various flow regimes are exhibited
between the different regions. Note that, in general, the lighter phase in the
mixture travels faster. An example of this would be illustrated by bubbles of gas
in a glass of beer which can be seen to rise through static liquid. Experimental
data has shown that the difference in slip-velocity of two phases is a function
rate and at very high gas velocities, the flow regime changes once again. The Superficial Velocities
oil film on the walls of the pipe becomes very thin and most of the oil is now Superficial velocities can be used to conveniently sidestep the
flowing in the form of a mist of droplets dispersed in the gas. Therefore, the problem of predicting the difference in velocity between different
two phases move at essentially the same velocity. This is called mist flow. phases. The superficial velocity of a phase is calculated as if
In this example, all four flow regimes are present in one vertical completion the phase where filling the entire pipe. Superficial velocities are
string as a result of gas expansion. However, if the gas volume were increased most commonly encountered as the axes of flow regime maps
due to entries downhole, flow could begin with slug, froth or even mist flow. for predicting downhole flow regime.
Multiphase flow is a much more complex phenomenon than single phase
q𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 q𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 q𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞
flow. The different phases flow at different velocities. As stated earlier, the light 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = ; 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = ; 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
phase will move faster than the heavy phase due to the density difference.
The concept of multiple phases moving together up a pipe, each at a different 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
velocity, leads us to the concept of holdup (see glossary). To understand
holdup, it is important to know that in an oil/water two-phase flow environment, where,
the less dense oil travels up the pipe faster than the water. This effect must be Vsup = (Water, Oil or Gas) superficial velocity
taken into account when fluid density is measured downhole.
A = Pipe area
For example, a well may produce at a flow rate of 2000 barrels/day (B/D) with
a water cut of 50%. This means that everyday we get 1000 barrels of oil and q = downhole (Water, Oil or Gas) flow rate.
1000 barrels of water at the surface. If we measure the water holdup in the
same well under the same conditions, we may find that water occupies 90%
of the cross-sectional area of the pipe. This means that the water holdup is

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of the difference in densities. Typical values for slip velocities are: 90% and the oil holdup is 10%. Now since we know that the oil flows faster
• oil/water mixture - 20 to 30 ft/min than the water, this makes sense. Oil makes up 10% of the cross-sectional
area of the pipe, but is flowing faster and makes up 50% of the production on
• oil/gas mixture - 5 to 10 ft/min the surface.
• gas/water mixture - 40 to 50 ft/min
For water and oil, the flow regime is influenced mainly by the relative
production rates. For a liquid-gas mixture, however, the pressure gradient
along the completion string becomes vitally important. Consider the case in
which the produced fluid is oil containing dissolved gas.
As the oil flows up the inside of the tubing, the pressure exerted by the fluid
column is reduced until the bubble-point is reached. The gas is then released
from the solution and two-phase flow begins. Initially, small bubbles of gas,
distributed more or less homogeneously, move up through the oil phase at a
velocity governed by the differences between the gas phase and the oil phase
densities and by the viscosity of the oil. This flow regime is called bubble flow.
As the fluids rise, the pressure further reduces causing bubbles to increase
in size and more bubbles to form. Large bubbles move upward faster than
smaller ones and join together to make even larger bubbles, or gas slugs,
which reach pipe diameter size. This flow regime is known as slug flow.
With the continuing drop in pressure as the fluids rise further up the pipe, the
proportion of gas flow increases. The slugs unite and move up the center of
the column. The gas now has some oil droplets in it, but most of the oil now
flows along the walls of the pipe. This is called froth flow.
Additional reduction in pressure will further increase the gas volume and flow
RPI | Production Logging 5
Objectives

Upon completion of this training, you should be able to complete the following tasks:
• Describe the different parts of a Production Platform tool set.
• List what properties are recorded from a well under production.
• Describe the different phases of the well fluid and their effect on production logs.
• List the different types of spinners and how they work.
• Describe how a gradiomanometer works and what it's measurements are used for.
• Provide a basic log quality assessment to a production log.

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RPI | Production Logging 6
 Equipment Overview

Temperature Borehole Size Borehole Size

Output Pressure Rating Outer Diameter Length Weight NACE
Rating Minimum Maximum
PBMS GR,CCL,Pressure(SapphireorCQG), 302°F(150°C)(A&B) 10,000psi(69MPa)(A) 2-3/8in(6.03cm) NoLimit 1.6875in(4.29cm) 8.27ft(2.52m) 38.3lbs(17.4kg) H2Sresistant
Temperature 347°F(175°C)(E) 15,000psi(103MPa)(B)
20,000psi(138MPa)(E)

PFCS Water holdup, Bubble count, Fluid 302°F (150°C) 15,000 psi (103 MPa) 2-3/8 in (6.03 cm) 11 in (27.94 cm) 1.6875 in (4.29 cm) - Skids 5.14 ft (1.57 m) 19.7 lbs (8.9 kg) H2S resistant
velocity & dual axis Caliper 2.125 in (5.56 cm) - Rollers

PGMC Fluid density, deviation & Tool 302°F (150°C) 15,000 psi (103 MPa) 2-3/8 in (6.03 cm) No Limit 1.6875 in (4.29 cm) 4.8 ft (1.46 m) 29.5 lbs (13.4 kg) H2S resistant
acceleration (B)

PILS Fluid velocity 350°F (175°C) 18,000 psi (124 MPa) 2-3/8 in (6.03 cm) No Limit 1.6875 in (4.29 cm) 2.5 ft (0.78 m) 12.6 lbs (5.7 kg) H2S resistant

GHOST Gas holdup, Bubble size, single 302°F (150°C) 15,000 psi (103 MPa) 2 in (5.08 cm) 9 in (22.86 cm) 1.71 in (4.34 cm) 7.1 ft (2.16 m) 28.4 lbs (12.9 H2S & CO2
axis Caliper, Relative Bearing kg) resistant

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PEH-EF

GHOST

PILS
PBMS
(PSTP)

PGMC

PFCS

RPI | Production Logging 7

 PBMS - Platform Basic Measurement Sonde
Wheatstone bridge circuit
Is an electrical circuit used to measure an
unknown electrical resistance by balancing
two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which
includes the unknown component. The
primary benefit of the circuit is its ability to
provide extremely accurate measurements
1. Measurement Principle - Pressure & Temperature
Well pressure is transmitted through a buffer tube to the pressure-sensor
(Sapphire or CQG). CQG is highly accurate, has a high resolution & fast • To measure and compensate for the effects of temperature, a
temperature stabilization, Sapphire has a lower accuracy and resolution. resistance temperature detector (RTD) is deposited next to the
Sapphire is used in PBMS-A & PBMS-E, CQG in PBMS-B. pressure measurement bridge on the diaphragm
Strain Gauge Sensors (Sapphire) Range Accuracy Resolution
• Strain-sensitive resistor mounted to a single miniature sapphire diaphragm 1 - 10,000 psi ±6 psi 0.1 psi
with a vacuum inside.
1 - 15,000 psi ±13 psi (HP) 0.2 psi at 1 s gate (HP)
• Standard Wheatstone bridge circuit measures is installed on the diaphragm
to measure Pressure.
• When pressure is applied to this force-summing device, the resistor
changes its physical length, thereby causing a change in resistance.
Cristal Quartz Gauge (CQG) • Eliminates the possibility temperature discrepancy for thermal
• A single quartz structure in which a resonator is coupled with a dual mode correction.

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oscillator. • High accuracy and high resolution (0.01 psi) of crystal
transducers.
• The dual-mode resonator is a plate that is formed inside the main body. It
has a vibrating lens above and below it. Range Accuracy Resolution
• When a change in pressure or temperature is applied to the outer surface 14.5 - 15,000 psi
±1 psi +0.01% of
0.01 % at 1-s gate
of the quartz crystal structure, the resonant frequency of the plate inside reading
changes.
Temperature Measurement
• Operating principle – Utilize a varying electrical conductivity of metal that
accompanies changes in ambient temperature. • Although are exposed directly to wellbore there may be a time
• Temperature resistors are manufactured of material (f.e. Platinum) for lag in measurement.
which the electrical resistivity is a known function of the temperature. • Recommended to RIH < 1,800ft/hr while RIH.
• The temperature sensor is exposed directly to wellbore fluids, is unaffected Range Accuracy Resolution

F
o by flow regimes and inhomogeneities. Ambient - 302 °F ± 1.8 °F 0.01 °F

RPI | Production Logging 8

 Gamma Ray
(GR) PSTP-A
2. Downhole Equipment 3. Applications 0 gAPI 100
0
Features The PBMS, which stands for PSP Basic Module Sonde, includes all the basic measurements CCL
for PL Logging: CCL, Gamma-Ray, well pressure and well temperature. It is a low power Computed Well Pressure (WPRE) PSTP-A
• Interchangeable Acquisition Cartridge
module that can be run either on electric line or slick line. The PBMS is a CAN module and thus Amplitude
- Real-time Telemetry – PSTC communicates with the master through the CAN bus. It performs also auxiliary measurements
0 psi 500 0
(CCLC)
and provides pressure and temperature information necessary for TOR management of PSP
- Recorder - PRMC PSTP-A Well Temperature (WTEP) PSTP-A
tools.
• Pressure & Temperature rating depending on PBMS version
Pressure (P) and Temperature(T) information is needed in the pressure, volume, and temperature -10 V 10 90 degF 100 0
- A: 10,000 psi / 302°F (PVT) equations and charts. This information is critical in determining gas expansion/ 330
- B: 15,000 psi / 302°F compression, gas/oil ratios (GOR), oil shrinkage from downhole to surface conditions (and vice
versa), along with other fluid conversions.
- E: 20,000 psi / 347°F
• Pressure measurement suited for application 340
Pressure • Reservoir Characteristics: Certain characteristics of the reservoir can be predicted by performing transient pressure
analysis, or variations of transient pressure analysis such as selective inflow performances (SIP) or multilayer transient
- CQG Sensor: high accuracy (±1 psi +0.01% of reading) tests (MLT). The essential piece of information for these tests is wellbore pressure (flowrate measured just above each
& resolution (0.01 % at 1-s gate), fast temperature individual zone is also needed to perform a SIP or MLT). These tests can be run during a well-test or in any producing
stabilization. 350
well that production logging tools can fit into. The reservoir characteristics that can be determined from these types of
tests include: permeability (k), the permeability thickness product (kh), the formation skin factor, reservoir extent and
- Sapphire Sensor: has a lower accuracy (±6 psi) and boundaries, and the productivity index and the absolute open flow potential (AOFP).
resolution (0.1 psi).
• Acquisition cartridge for PSP In-line Spinner (PILS-A) 360
• Operative on mono-, coaxial- and hepta-cable. Temperature • Detection of gas production: The cooling which occurs when a highly compressed gas is allowed to expand in such

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a way that no external work is done is known as the Joule-Thomson effect. This cooling is inversely proportional to the
• Telemetry Specifications square of the absolute temperature. This allows a temperature tool to detect gas entries in or behind the casing. Joule-
Thomson coefficients can be positive or negative. 370
- QUAM scheme with carrier frequency: (13.26 or 52)kHz
• Qualitative evaluation of fluid flow: Fluid flow is inferred by detecting anomalous departures from the natural geothermal
- Downhole commands sent bi-phase at 26kHz gradient profile. The geothermal gradient is the natural, fairly linear, increase in temperature with formation depth. In
different formations around the world, the geothermal gradient will vary from 0.6 to 1.6°F/100 ft (1.09 to 2.92°C/100 m).
- Uplink transmission is 35ksymbols/s (for 26kHz) 380
Given the opportunity to stabilize under static conditions, a borehole will exhibit the geothermal gradient; therefore, actual
- From 3 to 6) bits can be coded per symbol temperature readings that depart from the geothermal gradient accompany flow conditions, which can then be inferred
Prior logging from these readings. This can then be used to locate fluid flow, entry points or exit points in production or injection wells.

• Read PBMS EEPROM (CQG/Sapphire, RTD & GR)

• 390
Evaluating fracture treatments: A temperature survey can be run just after a fracture treatment or "frac job" to evaluate
the extent of the formation that was affected. Fluids and solids pumped down from the surface during a frac job are at
• Perform GR & CCL Checks a relatively lower temperature and cause anomalies in the natural geothermal gradient profile. These anomalies can be
detected through the casing by a temperature survey and used to evaluate the extent of the frac job.
• Review Pressure & Temperature readings (compare to ambient
values)
• Evaluating the mechanical integrity of a completion: Different aspects of a completion can be evaluated. The top 400
of cement can be determined from behind the casing through the heat exchange of cement as it cures. In addition, the
location of a very small leak in the casing can be determined and channels in the cement below the perforations (that are
flowing) may also be seen by a temperature log.
Real-time Telemetry performance is affected by: 410

• PDLS (PSP Downlink Shape) – depending on cable length

• PBPS (PSP Bits per Symbol Rate) – (3, 4, 5, 6) Bits Per Symbol GR Detector Pressure & CCL
PSTC - Service Telemetry Cartridge
• PCF (PSP Carrier Frequency) – Auto, High-52kHz, Medium-26kHz, Temperature Sensor 420
Low-13kHz

430

RPI | Production Logging 9

 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

PGMC - Platform GradioManometer Carrier 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =+ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
1𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

1. Measurement Principle - Density Holdup

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1
2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ
= 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ
After the spinner the second most important measurement of a production Density Holdups
Hydrostatic Pressure 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃12 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎2 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
logging string is the normal density. Density is used to compute the holdup of 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌given
The density of a two phase
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ mixture
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ is
+ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 by the sum of the holdups
Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, two phases in a two-phase system and as one of the holdup input for a three-
due to the force of gravity. multiplied by the phase densities. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Below an example for a Water Oil hold up:
phase system. 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
2 1
+ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
h is the height measured vertically. On a well, this 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
P H= r g h would be the True Vertical Depth (TVD) To calculate the fluid’s density, Production Logging tools use the Differential
pressure technique. The device is called a Gradiomanometer, an it uses a 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
A common formula used on the field to convert to Oilfield units is: sensitive and relatively fragile differential pressure sensor to measure a 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
The total sum of the holdups must 1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 be𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 one.
PH=0.052r(mud weight in ppg) h(TVD in ft) pressure difference across a diaphragm containing a strain gauge.
The differential pressure sensor is connected to the well fluids (and the 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1= 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 −
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜++ 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
hydrostatic pressure gradient) by two silicon oil filled tubes. 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
Steel P1 Silicon 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
On vertical wells the density calculation can be determined by The Hold up of water can then 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 +
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = be
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
calculated as:
nose Oil 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Capillary 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

Schlumberger - Private
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
where 1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Wire bonding 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = = + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Feedthrough Silicon Oil
Pa rm= density of the well fluids mixture
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
Electrical Connections Kovar
1 =𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌∑𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 +𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Support rw= density of the heavy phase density,
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = water
P2 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
where
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2=−𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏1 h roil= density of the light phase density,∑oil𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Sensing
P = pressure, in Pa 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
Chip 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) Yw= heavy phase holdup, water 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
rso= density of the silicon oil at the downhole temperature, kg/m3
Pressure Yoil= light phase holdup, oil 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = ∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃9.81
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Sensor g= gravitational constant,
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌m/s2
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌+𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 Diaphragm P1 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜= 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ P2 Pb Accurately determining the holdup 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇requires 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 not only an accurate measurement
h= separation between the two pressure ports, 0.538 m 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =
Temperature
Sensor
of the mixture density but also𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 accurate𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 reference densities for the light and
1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
rm= unknown density of the well
1 = fluids
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + mixture
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 heavy phases: 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1 • Water Density - The PVT 1= properties
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
∑ + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 of water at a known salinity are very
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌+𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 well understood and accurate 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = downhole densities can be predicted.
PSOI sensor - the Gradiomanometer Sonde (PGMS) 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
= 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
uses a polycrystalline silicon on insulator (PSOI) • Gas Density - Gas PVT 1 = is +well
∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐understood and accurate downhole
Silicon Oil

And on deviated wells: 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌

sensor. Silic 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 densities are expected.
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
on

As a rule of thumb, Water-oil 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵holdup measurements

Oil

Range Accuracy Resolution Vertical 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵

Pa • Oil Density - Taking an oil density ∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵directly
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 from a PVT correlation is usually
Resolution can be made up to𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤a=60o 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 deviation whereas gas-liquid holdup
- 65o 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 +to 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 slightly higher deviations because of the inaccurate. The standard procedure 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵is to either:
0 - 2.0 g/cc ± 0.04 g/cc ± 0.002 g/cc 15 in Dia
phr h
θ
measurement can be made
- Under well shut-in conditions look for a column o oil and use the
agm

P1 y=h(cosθ) increased dynamic range of density between the water and gas.
P2
1 =𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 −
+𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 measured density to adjust the PVT correlation.
Pb Fluid dynamics affect the
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =density
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜measurement, dynamics such as:
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
- Use a PVT analysis of the oil and gas from the well or field to calibrate
• Friction & kinetic effects ∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 Schlumberger-Private
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = a general PVT correlation.
Silic
on
Oil
• Jetting 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = Schlumberger-Private
• Acceleration 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 Schlumberger-Private RPI | Production Logging 10
1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
2. Downhole Equipment
Features
• PSP GradioManometer Carrier Sonde (PGMC + GMS)
- PGMC is the carrier for GMS.
- ONLY PGMC-B is equipped with uniaxial Accelerometer.
- Deviation correction derived from tool Accelerometer
• GMS-G or GMD-F may be installed on PGMC-A/B.
• Only GMS with PSOI calibrated at DC 4.773-V excitation
voltage must be used with PGMC-A/B.
• PSOI differential pressure sensor inside GMS.
- Extremely sensitive to abrupt pressure changes.
• GMS-G offers better protection, from kinetic effects, to PSOI
sensor.
- Measuring ports are inverted (facing the body of the tool).
3. Applications
The data acquired from a fluid density tool is typically used in conjunction with data from other production logging tools. The fluid density tool has two main applications: determining volumetric
flow in two-phase flow environments and detecting the entry points for a second phase or even a third phase of flow.
Determining volumetric flow In a two-phase flow environment, knowledge of the downhole density of each phase plus the density of the mixture
gives the log analyst the percent holdup of each phase occupying the casing at the point of interest.
Detecting entry points A change in the fluid density log will often show the point where a second phase or even a third phase of flow is
entering the production string (tubing or casing).
The flowmeter, gradiomanometer and temperature logs shown in the figure on the right were run in the well after it had been acidized. The separation between the up and down flowmeter
passes indicates the zones of fluid entry into the casing.
The Gradiomanometer log shows a change in fluid density as the tool is moved up the hole (at the second set of perforations from the bottom). At this point, the tool emerges from a column
of static water into a flowing column of light gravity oil. The gradiomanometer curve movement, through the perforations at 15400, are kinetic and jetting effects (see glossary) caused by the
turbulence of the producing fluids at that point. From the flowmeter, we can see that this the major point of fluid entry.

Prior logging
• Upload PSOI calibration & read PGMC EEPROM (VTCOs,

Schlumberger - Private
Accelerometer)
• Verify deviation reading (90 in Hz position)
• Check the silicone oil density
• Perform check in Air & Fluid

PGMC-B
• Tool accelerometer
GMS
• Two pressure points
• System filled with silicone oil, ρ=0.967g/cc
• Differential pressure (ΔP) Sensor across diaphragm GMS Port Position
• Polycrystalline Silicon Insulator sensor (PSOI) Logging:
• Open P1, Open P2 & Close BPV
Transport:
• Open BPV, Close P1 & Close P2

Always Open valves Before Close

RPI | Production Logging 11
 1=
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜++𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
1=
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
GHOST - Gas Holdup Optical Sensor Tool
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵−𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Reflected Light Path
1. Measurement Principle - Optical Probes 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
1 =𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇+𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Photodiode
Optical probes uses the Refractive Indices of gas, oil and water to distinguish Calculations: 1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
between the presence of gas and liquid.
Light Path
Gas or Liquid ∑
Y coupler Bubble Gas holdup can be calculated 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
by 1analyzing= 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
= + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵the 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
relation between the time
Light Source ∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
The light is produced by a light-emitting diode (LED) at a suitable frequency where light is reflected (Red Time) over
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = the total log time.
Measuring Refractive Index: 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
and led down an optical fiber through a Y coupler and finally to an optical ∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
probe made from a synthetic sapphire crystal. 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
A dimensionless number that describes how fast light travels through the 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =
material. It determines how much of the light is refracted when entering the The optical probe has a carefully engineered profile that though total internal 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =
material, or how much is being reflected. reflexion concentrates the optical fiber-wide light beam down the probe tip. At 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
the probe tip a change in the curvature of the sapphire allows light to escape As the Gas holdup plus the Liquid holdup
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = constituted 100% of the fluid, the
Increasing it corresponds to decreasing speed of light in the material. 1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇+
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
from the probe if the refractive index of the well fluid is high enough.
1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
This probes are used in the following production logging tools: The light that does not escape is returned via the Y coupler to a photo-diode ∑
and is converted to a voltage. = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1 = + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Liquid Holdup can be calculated 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
as: = ∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
• Gas Holdup Optical Sensor Tool (GHOST)
In summary: 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
• FloScan Imager (FSI) 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
• Probes identify fluid baseline (gas & liquid) & a dynamic threshold is 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
adjusted to the continuous phase.

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• Drops pass through the probe without deforming their shapes. Bubble count, which can help understand the flow regimes, can also be
estimated as:
• Output signal is high with gas and low liquid.
120
• To calculate the Liquid Holdup:
Air - Total time of gas bubble detection is called “Red time” Schlumberger-Private
100
Gas (n=1.1) Schlumberger-Private
- YG is the ratio of the “Red time” over the Total time
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- YL is the subtraction of one minus the Gas holdup
Reflected light %

80

Time
60
Conditions for measurements
Water (n=1.33) • Measurement are done on a sharp zone – 100micron in diameter
40

Condensate • Allows accurate measurement of small bubbles at higher velocities

(n=1.4)
20

Crude
(n=1.5)
0
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

n = Refractive Index

Range Accuracy
(2 – 98)% : ±1% (otherwise without probe
0 - 100%
protector ±5%, with probe protector ±7%)

RPI | Production Logging 12

 2. Principle - Caliper (LVDT) & Relative Bearing
LVDT - Linear Voltage Differential Transformer - is an electromechanical device that produces LVDT Magnetic Part
an electrical output proportional to the displacement of a separate movable core. LVDT Spring
Yoke
• When the primary coil is energized by external AC, V is induced to the two secondary
coils.
• Coils are connected series opposing so the two voltages are of opposite polarity.
Counter Arm
• The net output of the transducer is the difference between these voltages (0V at null
position).
Caliper Arm
Caliper principle (Mechanical Functional Overview)
Rotation of the caliper arm induces translation of the caliper yoke via the caliper counter arm.
The end of the caliper yoke is the magnetic part of the LVDT.
For PFCS: To provide X-Y measurements in two perpendicular planes, the counter arms of
both calipers are interlaced.

Relative Bearing
Based on a rotary potentiometer coupled to a mobile mass. Essential to know the probe
(PFCS or GHOST) position in the well. Does not provide deviation information.
Accuracy: ±6 above 10 °of deviation

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Does not work below 10 °of deviation

Vertical
Tool Z Axis
Axis

Dev
iatio
When the core is displaced from null position, the induced V in the coil toward which the core

n
is moved increases (wile the induced V in the opposite coil decreases). North Azimuth

The output V varies linearly with changes in core position. The phase of the output V changes
abruptly by 180°.
Top of the Hole

LVDT & Caliper Architecture Relative

Bearing

Primary coil & two secondary coils symmetrically spaced on a cylindrical form. Tool X
Axis

Free-moving rod-shaped magnetic core inside the coil assembly (provides path for the
magnetic flux linking the coils).
A Spring, from the LVDT, eliminates the clearance between the caliper yoke and the counter
arm axle. West North

Tool Y Hole
Range Accuracy
Axis
Azimuth

2 - 9 in 0.20 in Tool
Azimuth

East
South

RPI | Production Logging 13

 Maxwell 2020.1 10.1.205256.3100
Application Patch Wireline_NPD-SLIM-2020.1_10.1.207549

3. Downhole Equipment 4. Applications

Features The data acquired from the Gas Holdup Optical Sensor tool is typically used in Run 1 Log[10]:Down Down 349.74 ft 749.87 ft 16-Jul-2020
17:19:42
16-Jul-2020
17:34:44
ON 0.00 ft Yes

conjunction with data from other production logging tools. The GHOST has the All depths are referenced to toolstring zero
• Gas Holdup Optical Sensor Tool
following applications: Company: Well:

- GHOC-A – Electronic Cartridge Run 1: Log[10]:Down:S004

Exact location of gas entries in liquid-continuous flow and liquid entries in gas Description: GHOST 1 Probes LQC Depth Format: Log ( GHOST 1 Probes LQC Depth ) Index Scale: 5 in per 100 ft Index Unit: ft Index Type: Measured
Depth Creation Date: 28-Oct-2020 15:34:22
- GHOS – Opto-electrical Sonde continuous flow TIME_1900 - Time Marked every 60.00 (s)

• Caliper Multiphase flow analysis in wellbores of any deviation for production monitoring
PFCS_LQC1 PFCS_LQC2 PFCS_LQC3 PFCS_LQC4

Flowtools Flowtools Flowtools Flowtools

- Calibration prior logging (3. 5.5, 8 & 10 in rings) and remedial decisions Downhole Downhole Downhole Downhole
Threshold Probe Threshold Probe Threshold Probe Threshold Probe

- Utilize ring smaller and bigger than the CSG ID Identification of water entries in high-rate gas wells 1 (PFTH1)
GHOST-A
2 (PFTH2)
GHOST-A
3 (PFTH3)
GHOST-A
4 (PFTH4)
GHOST-A

• Optical probes Discrimination of condensate and gas entries 0 V

Waveform
50
Waveform
V 50
Waveform
V
Waveform
50 V 5

Maximum Value Maximum Value Maximum Value Maximum Value

- LED light source gain should be adjusted in the air prior Verification of bubblepoint pressure for single-phase fluid sampling Probe 1 (DFX1) Probe 2 (DFX2) Probe 3 (DFX3) Probe 4 (DFX4)
GHOST-A GHOST-A GHOST-A GHOST-A
logging. 0 V 50 V 50 V 50 V 5
Determining volumetric flow Waveform Waveform Waveform Waveform
- 100micron measurement zone Minimum Value Minimum Value Minimum Value Minimum Value
GHOST LED Probe 1 (DFN1) Probe 2 (DFN2) Probe 3 (DFN3) Probe 4 (DFN4)
- Sapphire material as contrast environment Power (GLPO) GHOST-A GHOST-A GHOST-A GHOST-A
GHOST-A
Detecting entry points 0 V 50 V 50 V 50 V 5
- Available with and without protector 0 % 100 Optical Probe 1 Optical Probe 2 Optical Probe 3 Optical Probe 4
Downhole Signal Downhole Signal Downhole Signal Downhole Signal
Board Current
- No protector = High accuracy in measurement (PFBC)
Gain (GGA1)
GHOST-A
Gain (GGA2)
GHOST-A
Gain (GGA3)
GHOST-A
Gain (GGA4)
GHOST-A
GHOST-A
• Relative Bearing 50 mA 150 GHOST1 Short GHOST1 Short GHOST1 Short GHOST1 Short
0 3 0 30 30 3

Wave DFW1 Wave DFW2 Wave DFW3 Wave DFW4 Probe 1 Probe 2 Probe 3 Probe 4

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Power Supply
- Monitor the reading & probe position of during rotation test. 2.5 volt (PF2V) 255 255 255 255
Downhole Signal
Offset (GOF1)
Downhole Signal Downhole Signal Downhole Signal
Offset (GOF2) Offset (GOF3) Offset (GOF4)
GHOST-A 0 0 0 0 GHOST-A GHOST-A GHOST-A GHOST-A
- 0°: Arm #1 upward and verically (key is pointing up) 2 V 30 80 0 80 0 80 0 80 -0.5 V 0.5 -0.5 V 0.5 -0.5 V 0.5 -0.5 V 0.5
340

380
350

390
360

400
370

410

420

430

GHOST Slider Sensor

440 Care GOF1 GOF2 GOF3 GOF4

• Single Axis Caliper 450 GGA1 GGA4

• Centralizingarms 460
PF2V DFN1 DFN2 DFN3 DFN4
Optical Gel
• Four optical probes 470
PFBC DFX1 DFX2 DFX3 DFX4

• Relative Bearing GLPO PFTH1 PFTH2 PFTH3 PFTH4

480

490

500

510

520
RPI | Production Logging 14
530
 GHOST - Gas Holdup Optical Sensor Tool
Laminar Flow
1. Measurement Principle - Fluid Dynamics
Fluid dynamics describes the flow or fluids of liquids and gases. For
understanding production logging is important to consider what is happening
inside the a flowing well at the depth of the reservoir. In a simple case of an oil
well with no water or free gas present, the inertia forces compete against the
viscous forces with in the oil.
Turbulent Flow Dividing this forces provide a dimensionless number know as the Reynolds
Number. The Reynolds Number (NRe) successfully predicts the flow regime
inside the pipe regardless of their dimension, fluid type, density or viscosity.
Empirical analysis of flow in pipes shows that for Reynolds Numbers
• Below 2000 there is a Laminar flow
• Between 2000 and 4000, there a transition with high degree of
uncertainty
• Above 4000 flow is turbulent.
Calculating Flow Rate:
Flow rate is the unit of volume which pass through an area on a given time. It
is represented mathematically by the letter Q and is proportional to the fluid
velocity and the cross section area.
Measuring Fluid Velocity:
In situ fluid velocity can be measured throughout the rotation of a spinner.
This device is know as a Spinner Flowmeter. In the PS platform, there are two
devices used to measure fluid velocity. They are:
• Full-Bore (PFCS)
• In-Line spinners (PILS)
The spinner measures a fluid velocity but this is not the same as an average
mixture velocity. Across the pipe there are faster moving fluids in the center
and slower moving fluids closer to the pipe wall. This is due to friction caused
by the pipe walls.
As you can see on the picture, the centralized spinner reads some kind
of average of the fastest moving velocities swept by the spinner blade. A
correction factor is required to reduce the spinner velocity to the average
velocity.
Spinner Flowmeter correction
Normal practice – for Turbulent flow – suggest to correct x 0.83, meaning 83%
of the fluid velocity is measured in the center of the pipe. Utilizing Reynold’s
Number (NRe), fluid parameters & Spinner/CSG ID ratio is possible to correct
the spinner flowmeter measurement to the actual required correction.
Spinner Characterization (Calibration)
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The spinner speed in revolutions per second (rps) is directly proportional to
the fluid velocity passing through the spinner. The spinner will likely move, as
long as the torque generated by the fluid passing though the spinner blades
is enough to overcome the static friction, which in return depend on the fluid’s
viscosity and velocity. The response from the spinner to the fluid velocity is
called Spinner Characterization (Usually known as Calibration). To correct the
effect of fluid viscosity on spinner response, slope remains but the curve is
shifted; this shift is called spinner threshold.
Spinner response will differ if the depending on the scenario – tool moving
/ well stationary, tool stationary / well flowing or tool moving / well flowing.
Several passes are recorded – up/down – at various speeds with the aim of
characterizing the spinner to the environment.
RPI | Production Logging 15
 PILS - Inline Spinner
1. Measurement Principle
Sonde Body Spinner is rotated by the fluid velocity and / or the fluid motion. A rotational Spinner Architecture
sensor gives a square signal whose frequency is proportional to the rotation • Main housing with an electronic board (one piece tool).
speed.
• Removable cage & Spinner assembly (spinner & spinner axle)
Rotation detection principle
Rotational Sensor • Ball bearings
The sensor receives the magnetic field induced by the rotating magnets
and generates two alternate square wave signals. Each signal is generated • Six magnets (fixed at the end of the axle).
by a magneto-resistive bridge. A magneto-resistive transducer is in fact a • Rotational sensor (installed inside the sonde housing).
Wheatstone bridge sensitive to the magnetic field.
Active Powered Sensor Architecture
Magnets When the magnet moves in front of the transducer and goes from north pole to
Clamp south, the bridge is unbalanced and the output potential describes a pseudo • Two magneto-resistive bridges (sensor)
sine wave (saturated); a comparator is used to obtain a square wave. As the • Bridges are mounted on a PC Board and molded in a support
sensors are shifted by a mechanical angle of 15 deg., the resulting electrical
Magneto-resistive effect
signals are offset of 90°.
Spinner Axle • Property of a current-carrying material to change its resistivity in the
Ball Bearings SIGNAL is a square wave signal. The frequency is SPINA frequency frequency

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presence of an external magnetic field.
divided by six. It is level shifted to give Signal, a bipolar 1.66 V peak square
wave output.
The direction is coded as follows for DIR and SIGNAL.

DIR SIGNAL
Spinner Hood
Up-flow (positive RPS) 1 5/6

Down-flow (negative RPS) 0 1/6

Spinner Signal duty cycle is the ratio of the time when it is at a high level to the overall
period.
DIR. It is a logic signal 1/0. The direction is determined in the CPLD when
rising edge of SpinA is ahead of SpinB (or the reverse) for a minimum of three
edges to provide some hysteresis

SPINA

SPINB

SIGNAL

DIR
Spinner Range
0.2 count/s to 100 counts/s

RPI | Production Logging 16

2. Downhole Equipment 3. Applications
Features The Inline Spinner is used mainly for environments with high flow rate and for detecting the direction and fluid velocity. The following
conditions are ideal to use a PILS:
• The PILS-A, or PSP In-Line Spinner is PS Platform.
• This tool measures the fluid velocity direction, to detect up or down flow.
• It exists in one outside diameter: High Flow Speed (Rate) Wells Typically good data is obtained when fluid velocity is above 1000 ft/min; nevertheless low flow can be detected
because start flow is around 40 ft/min but no quantitative interpretation can be achieved because recirculation and
- 1 cage size (42.9 mm [1–1/16 in]) with 2 size/pitch spinners fluid distribution is heterogeneous. The two different spinners (40 mm and 120 mm diameter) cover a large range
• The PILS-A can be placed in any position within the PSP tool string below the PBMS and above the PFCS-A. of fluid velocity, as shown in the image below.

• The PILS-A does not have a CAN interface and the signals are processed by the PBMS. Range of use Logging in small PILS-A is still operational even when PFCS-A is closed.
diameter casing/tubing
• Removable cage & Spinner assembly
Leak Detection in tubing

Prior logging
• Verify spinner size based on fluid velocity
• PILS spinners have some overlap zone 120

• Flush the spinner

• Monitor spinner response (+) in upward & (-) in downward direction 100
120 mm spinner range
• Physically verify the assembly of the PILS

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80

Spinner Speed (rps)

60

40

20

40 mm spinner
range
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Fluid Velocity (ft/min)

Spinner Apparent Pitch used Fluid Velocity

Pitch for interpretation
40 mm 47 mm 15.24 to 365.75 m/min
[1.57 in] [1.85 in] [50 to 1200 ft/min]
120 mm 171.5 mm 91.4 to 1,219.2 m/min
[4.72 in] [6–¾ in] [300 to 4,000 ft/min]

RPI | Production Logging 17

 PFCS - Flowrate Caliper Sonde
1. Measurement Principle - Flowmeter
Measurement of the fluid flow is given by a full-bore directional spinner. When Spinner Architecture
the Spinner rotates (rps - revolution per second) due to the fluid velocity (ft/s
Spinner axle & two ball bearings, spinner axle immersed in oil.
or m⁄s), and/or the tool motion.
Six magnets rotating in front of the rotational sensor.
The spinner speed is assumed to be a linear function of the fluid velocity
averaged across the hole section (in² or cm²), when the tool motion and the Magnets are at well pressure and the rotational sensor in the air, the barrier is
fluid velocity are constant. A rotational sensor gives a square signal whose the non-magnetic (at well pressure) sensor housing.
frequency is proportional to the rotation speed. Push disk (device to collapse the spinner when ID is to small).
Rotation detection principle Active Powered Sensor Architecture
The rotational sensor receives the magnetic field induced by the rotating Two magneto-resistive bridges (sensor)
magnets and generates alternate square waves that indicate the direction of
the spinner. The six magnets, mounted in the spinner axle, present alternately Bridges are mounted on a PC Board and molded in a support
North & South poles in front of each magneto-resistive sensor. Magneto-resistive effect
Property of a current-carrying
Sonde Body
material to change its resistivity

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V spin1 Raw in the presence of an external Sensor Housing

magnetic field.
V spin2 Raw
Rotational Sensor

V spin1
Oil filling
Magnet at well
V spin2 pressure

Frequency Ball Bearing

housing

Direction Direction Flip

Example of effect caused by fluid and tool motion to the spinner. Even on flowing wells,
the apparent velocity of the tool against the fluid could be zero causing the spinner not
to rotate. Additionally, depending on fluid density and viscosity, an upward moving tool
could generate vortices that travel down and confuse the spinner.
Ball Bearings
Each time the pole changes, the sensor is flipped to it other position. It
Spinner Axle
produces an alternating waveform. One turn of the spinner generates six
periods for each sensor. Having two sensors at an angle of 15°, it generates a
Oil Buffer
12-pulse signal and determines the direction of rotation at the same time.

Push Disk

Spinner

Spinner Range Caliper Caliper Caliper Range

Accuracy Resolution
0.5 count/s to 100 5.1 mm 1 mm [0.04 in] 51 mm to 279 mm
PFCS
counts/s [0.2 in] diameter [2 in to 11 in] diameter

RPI | Production Logging 18

 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃1
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔ℎ(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
2. Electrical Probes Holdup 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 1= 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜++𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Connector 1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
Water holdup probes use the electrical conductivity of water to Calculations:
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
distinguish between the presence of water and hydrocarbons. In a water 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌by
Water holdup can be calculated 1=
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + analyzing
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 the relation between the
continuous phase, current is emitted from the probe tip and returned to 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 =
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
time where conductive water is detected𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 (Blue Time) over the total log
the tool body. A droplet of oil or gas only has to land on the probe tip to
time. 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
break the circuit and be registered. 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵−𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
On the other hand, on an oil continuous phase, a droplet of water 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
touching the probe tip does not provide and electrical circuit, instead it 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
As the Water holdup plus the Hydrocarbon 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 holdup constituted 100% of
must connect the electrical probe to the ground wire. 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 =
the fluid, the Hydrocarbon Holdup 1 =𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 can
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇+𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 be
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 calculated as:
Ceramic
Water-Continuous Phase Oil-Continuous Phase 1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
Insulator ∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌
Bubble count, which can help understand
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵the flow regimes, can also be
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Conductive Ground Electrode estimated as: 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Tip (for Oil continuous phase) 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
Measuring Impedance: 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 =
Electrical probes measure fluid impedance: total opposition that a circuit presents to electric 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇+
1 =𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
current. They can be found on the following production logging tools. 1 = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

Schlumberger - Private
∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
• Full-Bore (PFCS) = 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 + 𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵1 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
• Digital Entry & Fluid Imaging Tool (DEFT) 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
∑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Current flowing Oil droplet No electrical
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
• FloView from electrode to breaking the circuit from the Water droplet
tool body circuit probe closing circuit

• FloScan Imager (FSI)

In summary:
• Drops pass through the probe without deforming their shapes. Schlumberger-Private
TimeSchlumberger-Private
• Output signal is high with water (saline) and low with hydrocarbon.
The following conditions may affect the desired measurements
• To calculate the Water Holdup: Schlumberger-Private
• Very fresh water (min 1,000 ppm NaCl)
- Total time of water bubble detection is called “Blue time”
• Small bubble size (< 1mm / 0.04in)
- YW is the ratio of the “Blue time” over the Total time
• High flow rates where bubbles become too small (2mm /
0.08in) - YH is the subtraction of one minus the water holdup

• Required salinity as function of the temperature

RPI | Production Logging 19

2. Downhole Equipment 3. Applications
Features Detecting and quantifying flow have many applications, particularly when run in combination with other production logging sensors.
These applications include determining production flow profiles, layered reservoir testing, determining injection flow profiles, diagnosing
• Centralizer arms may be configured with skids or rollers
completion problems and evaluating the effectiveness of well stimulation treatments.
• The collapsible mechanism of the spinner is actuated by the protective cage.
• Cage will collapse in a restriction in the well or manually at surface. Determining production Fluid velocity & direction
flow profiles
By measuring flow rates throughout a well can reveal which intervals are producing and show changes
• Four available spinner sizes
in production over the life of a well.
- Full-bore collapsible: Flowrate (0.5 to 200) rps, 2.5in spinner may be used when flowrate < 800 ft/min
Layered reservoir testing This combines production flow profiles with layer-by-layer transient pressure test analysis. The
- Turbine spinner: Injection wells, velocity > 800 ft/min reservoir characteristics that can be determined for each producing layer from combining this flow
and pressure data include: permeability (k), the permeability thickness product (kh), the formation
• Electrical probes
skin factor, reservoir extent and boundaries, and the productivity index and the absolute open flow
- Individual probe resistance adjustment prior logging. potential

- Position (A, B, C) in the arm in function of expected flow regime. Determining injection This shows exactly which intervals are accepting fluid in an injection well.
» A, B – required as deviation increases and flow segregates. profiles

» C – inner most – most protected Diagnosing completion Problems associated with well completion, such as channeled cement and leaks in tubing, casing or
problems packers can also be detected
• Centralizer arms
Evaluating well Flow measurements gauge the success of stimulation attempts and determine appropriate production
• Position of the arm (S, M or L) based on CSG size.
stimulation treatments rates.
• Arms may be equipped with skids or rollers.

Schlumberger - Private
Water Holdup Water & Hydrocarbon holdup (Yw & YH)
• Arm position is 45° with respect to other arm tools (GHOST f.e.)
Water & Hydrocarbon Bubble count
• Caliper
- Calibration prior logging (3. 5.5, 8 & 10 in rings) Casing Integrity & Dual axis caliper measurement (CSG/TBG integrity & profile)
Relative bearing
- Utilize ring smaller and bigger than the CSG ID
• Relavie bearing
- Monitor the reading & probe position of during rotation test.

Prior logging PFCS equipped with rollers

Spinner Type PFCS equipped with Skids
• Spinner axle bearing to be flushed prior logging.
Slope
• Monitor spinner response (+) in upward & (-) in downward direction. 4 1/2”
6.24” 11.15”

• Gradient of a line, spinner response 6.08” 11.00”

curve - rps/(ft/min) -, ratio of the “vertical

change” to the “horizontal change”. 3 1/2” 5.03” 9.41”

Min. Dia. Pitch

4.88” 9.26”

Blade Dia. CSG Slope 1/Slope Pitch Threshold

(Ski./Roll.)
in in * rps/(ft/min) (ft/min)/rps * in/rev ft/min • Geometrical characteristic of a spinner -
5.8” 6.25” 8.4” 8.6”

in 7” CSG 9 5/8” CSG

in/rev -, associated to fluid displacement

2.5 4 - 5" 0.089 11.2 2.24 6.55 3.5 / 3.66"
by rotation.
3.5 7 - 9 5/8" 0.096 10.4 2.08 4.98 4.88 / 5.03" 2 1/2” 3.66” 5.85”

Threshold 3.5”
4.5 9 5/8" 0.091 10.95 2.19 2.96 6.08 / 6.24"
5.7”

• Minimum velocity require to start turning

3.8” 4.8”

1.3125 Turbine 0.064 15.7 3.14 6.85 1.98 / 2.37" 4 1/2” - 4.8” Tubbing

- ft/min.

Turbine 2.37” 11.15”

1.98” 11.00”

RPI | Production Logging 20

 Log Quality Control
1. PBMS 2. PILS 3. PGMC
Well fluid density (WFDE) should read:
GR sensor • 1.0 g/cc in fresh water
GR response active and in agreement with correlation log (if available). • (0.4 to 0.8) g/cc in oil
• 0.3 g/cc in gas
Casing Collar Locator Compare WFDE with MWFD from PBMS. Must agree if the logging speed
is stable except if GMS ports are affected by Friction or kinetic effects.
CCL Signals (CCLC) are not saturated and noise level is not too high.
Monitor hole deviation (DEVI), verify it matches the well deviation survey
Adjust gain manually. Gain may not be recomputed after the log. – not available for PGMC-A. If using PGMC-A, ensure to enter the well
If CCL is not clear or do not match with completion tally or correlation log, survey in Setup Console
verify if the completion is allow with high nickel content. Well deviation limits the measurement to ±60° for PGMC
IF the completion has a nickel content (up-to 31%), it will be transparent to
the CCL.

Temperature & Pressure Sensors

Well pressure (WPRE) is as expected for well environment. Well
temperature (WTEP) is as expected for well environment and condition.
• Temperature must follow geothermal gradient.
• Expect shifts at points of fluid / gas entry.
Schlumberger - Private
Expect change in spinner speed at fluid entry points and when passing
through change in internal diameter. Compare with PFCS spinner data
(should follow the same pattern, actual readings will be different).

RPI | Production Logging 21

4. GHOST 5. PFCS
Probes Probes
Monitor waveform viewer, verify each Monitor waveform viewer, verify each probe is working.
probe is working. Verify maximum Verify individual probe resistance parameter (PFREi).
Probe voltages (DFXi) are ~ 4 V in
Water continuous phase: all voltages ± 3.5V ±0.5V
gas for all probes. Use parameter
GLPW to increase LED power by (5- • If maximum voltage (DFXi) is < 3.0V – increase PFERi
10)% • If maximum voltage (DFXi) is > 3.5V – decrease PFERi
Utilizing LQC format monitor:
Utilizing LQC format monitor
Monophasic flow, minimum and
maximum voltages should be similar Threshold (PFTH) values with Automatic threshold
(PFTHM=Auto): mode (PFTHM=Auto)
• Gas-continuous phase: voltage • Water-continuous phase: PFTHi < maximum
levels > 3.7V voltage (DFXi)
• Liquid continuous phase: voltage • Oil-continuous phase: PFTHi > minimum voltage
levels < 1.8V (DFNi)
Biphasic or triphasic flow • Oil/gas and water mix: PFTHi between DFNi & DFXi
(PFTHM=Auto): for all probes
• Minimum waveform voltage levels Threshold (PFTH) values with Manual threshold mode
< 1.8V (PFTHM=Manual)

Schlumberger - Private
• Maximum waveform voltage • Water-continuous phase: set PFTHi 0.5v less than
levels > 3.7V DFXi
If PFTHM=Manual • Oil-continuous phase: set PFTHi 0.5v more than
DFXi
• Only gas is present: set the
threshold to minimum voltage Spinner
level minus 0.5V.
Expect change in spinner speed at fluid entry points
• Only liquid (water and/or oil) is present: set the threshold to minimum voltage level plus 1.0V.
and when passing through change in internal diameter.
• Biphasic (gas/water or gas/oil) or triphasic flow: set the threshold between the minimum and maximum Compare with PILS spinner data (should follow the
voltages levels. same pattern, actual readings will be different).

Caliper Caliper
Verify the readings vs. the casing or tubing environment and matching other caliper tool in the string (DEFT or Verify the readings vs. the casing or tubing environment.
PFCS). PFC1 and PFC2 must track each other

RPI | Production Logging 22

Links & Resources

Production Services Platform

Link: www.slb.com/pl

Memory Production Services Platform Production Services

Link: www.slb.com/welltesting

Fundamentals of Production Logging

Link: Production Logging Book

Production Services Platform Tools (PSP) – Wellsite Reference

Manual

Schlumberger - Private
Content ID: 3333778

Production Services Platform (PSP) Standard Work Instruction​

Content ID: 6509311

Production Logging Express (PLxPRESS) Operations

Reference Manual for MaxWell
Content ID: 4942051

RPI | Production Logging 23

 Production Logging

Copyright © 2021 Schlumberger, Unpublished Work. All rights reserved.

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