Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wa0000
Wa0000
Wa0000
!II Irl
(Nnturo of Mnthc matics )
cnf ~ cJ-i 1(-f
*
~if~ 3~fop.if eff ~ ~ JJlfcllfl cfil fl~l4cil ~ q,l lfUAT it lHW-lcil ~
~I~~~ lfUAT "cfiT ~ <iR 1f?.UI c:ilRtcl it TJ'O'RT (Calculation) ~ cfiT ~
~ ~ ~ 1 ~<:11>~' (Calculi)~* s3TI i f-.iittcfil 3N i ~ (Pebbles)!
~ ct;@ if TTfu@ "cfiT ~ 3lf~ f6icnft1c1 ~ ~I "qRq Krl ~fa f<1 "cf>1
31161it44idl3il cf;) ~ m
~ ~ ~ (Crude) llfu@ "cfiT ~ ~ it1
a~1~<011e.f lfUAT ~ ~ ~ JJlfcllfl, ~ , Jflfcl4f "cfiT ~ ~ ~ m1
1l' ~ ~ra~m ~ 'tA' ~ cg ~ m~ ~ wzr cf,1 ~ m~ i fcfi
"311cnqq;c11 3ilfof&ifil{ ~~'ti" (Necessity is the mother of invention) 3TIR
~it~~ 'ff cf!n ~it~~ i f ~ ~ 3ltt" J1l1 61 D q;) lTTm
~ ~ ~ 'ff ~ ~-~ ~'4c11 -=fiT fojcfilfl mm
~ 1f?.U ~ ;:i,11°df ch1
lJRll qg-t:I ~ 15t ~ • ~-~ ~ ili-ilc:fi{ qflc511{ il; ~ if tc-TT 1ITTT'l cfi\
ft1ff1 &tldl'444tc11 ~'q'(~~,~ ~. ~ . ~ ~ ~~fcrr~
~ ~ oq e,1B1-!'.f ~ c g ~ "lfORT, ~~ ~ ~ M~ m cfi1 <R<-h
2
TTfuRrJ5T~~
~ .:I Wl1"'l!ail q;j Wli>llR ,i;f.J .:! lJR<l 'fil Jll <H'l 'li di :\ &i 'ii' Ifi,m ·~
cfiT ~ ~ I ~ 'Wcl -q 1TURl ~ 3Timt ~ ilJ W-lT ~ cfiT ~ ~ ~ ~
G4s'i<-4 ~ ti 'Wcl -q TTfu@ ~ ~ cfiT ~ *~3
lm~oq1q1ur~ - ~Tft ~
~ -q ~ ~ (ftll ~-;w .wT Cfi8T ~ fcfi7.:IT 3fR :(11:
:(11: 6-1 9 _ciil ?jf.q;:.pt \
~q i)~ ~I 'W clll ~, Ult, 3Wl, ~3TIR~°B"
3lm olil4 1Rl TI~
~ llfu@ ~ ~ ~ -qm il l1 ~ if ~ 1 ~tw1fu1a 3TTr ~ "¾
~
(Trigonometry) ~mm~~ ~~8.-Pl'M (Ast
ronomy) q, l~ ~ ~
~3111 ~~if~~~~~~~
~©ll lfolo cfil 3ilo!~lf cildf ~ ?.fii
~: fcrcm° ~ ~1R WliR ~ fllGf~cfi .cfilm ~ ~ flqld 4 ~
~~~
~ t ~ ~ cfil ~ilcHlfcfidl mill ?.ftl 4l;jjllfolo q;r 3ilf61&:f>I<
~ ~ tfil
p ~ ~3 11 cfil m,f cfiB ~ ~ ~ lTlU ilfl ~ ~ ~
~~
~~ ~~ ~m m! fcf i"3 B'~ lflU Tr. ~~ ~"G 'RT "1@
1 ?.lfl ~
~ t ~ i f ~ clil 3la.ro cfil ~ "B' 1JURT ~ ~
~ "1@'I 2TTI.
llfu@ ~ Qfa~lfflcfi ~ clil ~cfi l( ~ ~ ~o
~o ~cti~-5 ~ ';m, ~
q;130,g~1~ ~ lcfif1cfi 3Wii ~ , F<1::fil 1TI
(1912)' -ij R'Rfil t fcfi ~ "lmf cfil
~ t ~~~~~it fi~l?4dl <ft t1 ~ ~
~- "~ t 6ilf¾&til< ~
~ cfil q;'lt ,ft 6lfcHllflfcM ~ cii1 \ifJ ~ I ~
~ cfil tc@ ~ , ~ .
~~ ~t t~ ~~ ~~ ~c g; JJ ~- m @ cf
il, ~~~
~ ~ t, ~ fci~"ldl ti ~ mfur clil ~ ~ i f
qfh1Ma m ~ ~ t,
llfu@ ~ ~ , f t ~lfciticfil( ~ ~~~
3W l'~ i t ~ ~ ~1ITT ~31T
~~ ~I" . .
~ ~ J. W. L. Glaisher cfiT cfi~ t %- "~ fot.\'otlfi t fcfi TTfurc
~ ~~ 3ffl 7T~ t w:irn il~ awa.-nfi:fim i~
~~ ~ 3lf' ~ 8Jfu-;,m
M (J am sure that so subject loss more than Mathematics by any attem
dissociate it from its history) ~ , f t ~ cfif ~ pt to
~ ~ it~ ~
tfc 6~~ fr- rcf im it~ cfi l~ ~m l ~~ cf il ~8.T
~lei~~ifi
t ~q ;l ~ Gfffi ciil ~ ~ 3,ffi ~lot.\'?44i •~fcli ~~it~~ 3WfcTW
~ if cp;JT-cp;JT ~ ~ ti w t ~ it~~ fi"B
~~~ m~ fcf>
~ ~ ll i:fRcf cii1 %m foli-41(~1{1 eft, ~ ~ WfiR
fiicR cgm qr 3W ~
cflrr-cp;JT ~lct~l.44ifflq eff? •
,... w-l 2. ~ TJfbra '4SAH-I Q -q;r ~~ -ij ?.fOR
r.fil f-ill( I
'!'ft' t-at ,~4i Tffu@cfil ~ 1R Ti@*
s31T otTT lWiiT ~ ~ v_q;
m ~ ~ tfffit. ~ cfif ~ti~~ ect$42A ~ cfiT
t
lf1 Rf t.m ~~ -= m~ ~~ ,~~ ~f 1~
m
cg;rr o/at mm
i-4 at~ ~c fil ~~
cf,) a1ffl ~ ~ i f ,ft qJI ~ ~ cn1 31lf<141 ~ lTI 311R-,t.i, ~ ~
~~ ,iu ~~ 3R ~3 ff~ rn fti lil ~q
~ *~
r1 ~~ cif i)~ ~~
":J iJJA ~ "d1fd<1' 1ftcl lflft M nt<fMltt_ TJfu@ cfiT ~ ~ cfi1 m ~
i f ~ ~I '{1lf.p.if cf'.lT 3ITTl ~ ~ ~ ,ft ~ ~ cR ~ ~ mffl ~
GlIa4 i<~ ~~ ~ tjft- tfft~ i:r.f :
~ -1,
f.r:rrurmm~ ""'';ln
=~--o~i ~
l ~faMTft«T
' g40 ~- g ~ i j i '!fr 'If 1 l i * 1
M'i ~ If 1 fi.: i ~ j ~ 'If ~ ti I;', l t
!~ ~i iw' Wj l!~ i wl f~t ii~ Jw i~t ,¥Ji~i ~i ~,
M I ,tr
~•IJ 1""<1><,. &~~~i~lw""i1,;~f; ~,elf'W<ti,; !6't;; I~
J! ~~ ~~ ,i~ tii t~l!JW~;1,~!~ ~·~t!i~1~=~""~
,EW [ .
~ i l Ii i ~ i t fl 'ft ~ j ~ ! ~ ; wI ,g; ~ I t 'Ii' -e ~; . . ~ i ~ i
i I ,w i;; ~ i ; ,. '6' ~. rs, i ~ ~ '!fr I i ! u: 11; 11 .r ; i I i. ! i I ll= ~ ~ i
'I< 1c
'1,;
4T
iJ~ i~~ 1 lE 1 gJl-i~~1r
!;'
:1 ~ t#l:~~~w; l
jrii· !ii ;li :t~ l!j !' iij i i ili-~
1 1 1 ··· i~ r:.Jt
~ ~ ~-. , ~l i r! i! f f!i i? ~if 1 i i r ~ ! ?: i ! 1::; r l !
<1><,
,tr :
--
i?!!!lil!li!liiii!iii!!li!l1If!!i!iiiJ~
l i ; -l iiJ -i~ lii l!! tit tti ~i ~t tii ::i .li t·; ,
~
f i ; -~ 1i If .ff~ i m1i ig ~ t i · ! 1fr l 'W 1 ~- ~ ct ffr ct t 'W t j ~ 1 i
J! ,.,. ii: /! w. J f J ~ i.- l - J J-~ -~ f ~ ! ~ J§ t !
: ~1i.f iii i ¥ Cl ~ -ic,
w. rg r,;, l - i f-w
E l
; ~ (t rg i,. ~ ~ 15 i I i i ,_ -~ 15j 'la; 1 fi -i
~ ~ t ! 15 t', . ! r;;' ! J .j!: ~.;;; f.""' fg j f ::! .! '!fr~ ~~ !I ·r!1,J i g
O
~ ..,, ,µ,<1 t I :iv 1ti ~ 15 If.# ~ r ~ : i "" , fr: i "" 'fg f i ~~ l"" ·' ~ iig' t~ !,l ,E;:
,ifr tG,
lie
JJ!litt""?!
· · ~ l-i ii 15 !t,
fl~¥ l }il!i-!"if lt;fi_!: "tiilyi
r i tlit 1'IsI ;~ g~~ gwi,{~i" " t ~ ~ Jfrf~- i'W.~ i
! "" ~ .if..,, ~ f¥ ~ f ~ ~ :; i ~
i r
i i
15 ~ 15 it
! I!~
1',
fg
r;·" ;! , t -~ii 16 11 i it'll"
15' 'IT ,!fr
ri i;; cl! f ~ ~ ftJ .ril i i ~.i
"'.'. 15 , Afr; i_ JLi ..
~ 1 i.,,_; J !
1
'!fr
~ ~ i,{ ~i; i ti i cS t
f ~~
! i -~ I ! l} J ~
l
'
,Ji
<Ji, t '!fr i f l.
~ ~ ~ cw cw i 'Jr i ,f;: - 1r !
,i,, ~.;.; : ~! '}fr
! -l ;n ,
1 c11 ¥
i ! ; ~ "" -w i .f ~-, -~ f~ J~1g I
t= ~ 1 ~ ~ Jr I·~ I ~~ i ! -i-~ 'W f ~ ~ ~
~ -1t "" ~ .w i lie f ~
-1¥ ~, i r ~ ~ If f. i
-w !'i~ ~'le! ,i: 2
'IT 11r lie!
'!fr, ~ f ! i E ~: i ! r1.i 15 'i 15 ~"" i 1 re ff~ .1t~""
i??.il-!El1twi ,:i~ ~ ~ t!i:ft;}J!t.i1]& i!?i
-w
'f ~ ~ l! "' f l5 l5 J f.; i ~ f ~ l -.., -~ i 1r J { "5 :1~
I t~ l i Afr l 15 '6 !1 i sf}
,i,, 16', _r;. ·If 15
i;; J;''
'Ii I l s
Ii; "5
Afr 'i§'
"' I I 1-w .f JG, i $ I .f .f ! -~ "" w"" ' 15 't!?
5
cf ~. "'1'ffu"ra ~-~
~ 11fo1ctcq :gz; f (Du tton )~ 71fu@ ~ ~ if qi
1. nl '-r n# ,
~. ~~ om ~~ cn l'w fir a~ cf i« rrt 1~ m' lTfo@ cfiT
~,:sun, lmr.rr, trc =r- ~ mr ~ ~ ~ lR' ~ ~ f-fl
~ -m fl«::n-1 ~ : 71fu@ ~ ~ *~ ,
'GH~Rl, . .lWlRlllctT , ~~,
am=t=f-fq:?c'm-i, ',Toll cfi1 Bf ~;
~ , ~ q;J ~ , ~2l~flt.9ctl, am=t=f- f1ll-?1Uf,
mffiTT~~-q't~~q;1~3TIR~TTTq;rmmmmt-ill"l%ollfc@
~ ~ t,
~ 'ffl-Rl1fur ~ ~ « f t "ijil ~ ffi if fl~lllctl
oll1o1~1f<q; ~ if lJfura q;1 aqtflr,m ~ ~
cfi1 3N~ ~ 31f~ t,
i-~ qiT B"W -~ ~tjt
~ ~ -q -i:J lq-~ , Ri? l~~ . ~-"tRR, 3W
oll fcR t41 ~~ ~t, ~~ 'q tif ~~
~, ~cfi=t~~*m,
3IB=
Tff u@ ~T fUR T3 TI~ ~~ ~~ cfi Tlf
~ mmw,
~ 3Ff ~ ~ ~ if
~rarti:ffi cfi1 ~,o1~llcfic11 m<fl ~
mw t,
n-i~i;H ~ ~ %1"
(Bacon) qiT ~ t-"llfura ~ Rc~111 cfiT
sciences)! ~ . ~ .
(Mathematics is the gateway and key of all the
~, "l- ~, 1N-mR
~• .:w1f<c:lilt'llf:il, ~Ricf>~llf:il , <fllll·Hllf:il, ~ -
~ ~ 'T I~ ~~ ~ t w q;r ~ 1° mm m,
GHf~q; ~lfcRil-0 ~ fqq;foa ~ ~ ollfcffictj
"ijil
Tffu@q;T ~ ~ ci,7
fti1fcle1 ~ f.:tllf-?la ~ t~ l1fu@ ~ .~ *
fi4...a-1:?nt1a1, 1ruiha1,
t
fl4~ aa,, ~ q;1 ~ ~ tiollotfif, ~ :rn
qiT mm mm t, ~ ~ fcfl
t, ~ ollfcffictj fl-tlf~rn ~ ~
l1fu@ q;T ~ ~ 'ollfc:ffi d-lj:?ll~Fifw-l m-oT
m q;T tz1 sfi1iG4-& ~ f1 llfAa ITTcfT I t
mm t~ lJfum qiT
~ fcfcmt -q lJfum ~ ~ IB1; d ~ fl~lllcfi
~ a4i~11e1, st>G~"- ~ -q ~ s3TI mm t *t, ~ w wr 3W 'q m
l1fu@ ~ cfi1 ~ .~.
*
~ q;1 'il-ifocfi ltllfcRt4i qiT fcrci;rn ~ -iITTIT
~ ~ ~ lt'lfcffll{j ~ fqq;f~a cfi8 if
f!Qll!cfi mm t1 ~ ~ cfil
Q,cfilUC11, l{)fclcfidl, fl4~dl, Bf~~~
t1 ~m ~m m ~ IB1;
,jfJot~llcfi ~ 1iHf~cfi 1t'lfc:R14i qiT fcrci;rn lJfum
~ ~~~WT~ "ITTm
t, -- -- -- -, •
1~ Jct:Oa Jlr. l I
► ~1 . lliv@-cfifm.f«Ml$<)1
"JW{-Tffu@~ «R 4..\ 4if ~~~ ~tf cfl ''~( Tlf
trra )3m i,m _IT 3fi r
~ $~,ra m ~ ~ cf if~ ~ t ~ficfi ;mfzyrr, m ~ qf<u,14
JfQIR cftT ~~ ~ ~ Yl1<f fulm vfT ~ t,,,
t
"1,-.. ~ul 1 ~ ~ -ij lJfum q;t ~ "lJfum ~ ?" ~ '3ti "GITT fcRTT qiT
t
~ ~ ti tihrn ~ ~ . "Tlfurn ~
qn:0114 i ~ ~~~~ om~~~ ~~I"
t
~ ~ {i~fqaf Jtl~!(ll4i
~ f- ~
mm r~i f ~ 'nQ
( I) Tffe@'tij"Cj-cffi1 ( ~ ) , -::;rn ( q;-t-41JI ) ~
R7TT qiT ~ "ti
7
G
( 7J TTfum cfiT -;rn ~ -4. r r q
w=rR F11' cfiT i@r TT ,.rr ;lTT *
.J '171TT-! f;f;tj \.j\
~~~t,
c14 l 7Tfura i f ~ * ~
mum t ~ ~ cfiT ~ FcP:.rr
;;mrr t, m "tl'"{ ~ ~ ~
~ %1 •
( 15) 7Tfura if ~ ~ t 31't
31T-f 4. lTTUTif ~ cnT ~
l!."<i 3Qlllfllrtl ~ I
►
~- 7Jforna51~
rffe@q;r ~~~ if
'Q'Rto
~ if rffe @~ 3Wlf~ ~
m&l'T t
t, ~
~ t,
qi! 311tm 7ffe@ "ITT ~ t 3IBT
clT
~ ~~if~ t, ~ qi!'llflll ~R ,TT =l,fj"f
~~m, w cf i)
~~t~~~ti if fcrn u ~
~ '4'RT ';if@T ~ ~
i t rffe@ cfi) ~ 't1'@"1l'- ~
t,
t ~ w ~ cf i) ~ ~ mt~
'IRR'f.fimTTmt,~~cfiT{Ul T m l"~
t oe rr~ tfc !f,r -:r ~q ;i .:frIT
oR 'R tm 'll m ~~ if~ ~ ~ ~ cfi) m
'Q'f fi ~ tI ~
i~
i f ~ ~ t1 fcrnlfefm qi! '4'Rmcl . ~ 3TIR T7IT cfi) ~
fcmlfe.f'qf if ~ . 3llc"iM~c@ , f.:r7:lfi«rcrr, ~
~ toerr ~ t f.:ri:lfur i f ~ ~
t,
7Jforn ~ J4aW1<11
~~if~ ~ B!'l'r-
ti WiT '11
~ 'ifil ~ *W cfil
mnTt, m ~ t ~ ~ ITTTTit,
1
~~cfil~-
( 1) n ~ ~ ~ ~ tl B'@ w, ~ m efi1' t-TT ~ 1
(2) n ~ qi) f"F'l-f"R wm 411 ~ ~ 'Q'T-1' n crf.., ~1
(3) n qJffii1 cfiT ~ ~ ~ mit-mir TJP@ cnT ~ ~~ I
(•t ) n cm:rii cn"I w m ~ ~ <TT'Tit':J ~ :.in <TT± c;;r fm ~n
~~I .
11
~ ~ ~ ~ "1 ~ ~ t nm ~ t i t ~ ~ ~ nr m '1111:il * ~
. '?
:,
;lfi.r'h mt.H n~ ~ llT1<f
~ J1:l'l,c, 'R'll1
mm ~ 3«1': cm" m;1t q;1' ~ ~ 'lll'<f cfiB q,l ~ ii:ct <fq tj\ ~
t ~
~ ~ 3«1': ,rqur m;it q;1' ~ ~ 1RR cfira %~ \ITT ~
t,
t ~ ~ l l ~'lll'<fc firat13 1{!: ~~~*~q Ql.fl•l ~ll \'1 13i'l -q ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'il!IT ~ ii:ct ~ -m %1
ahWJUTcl'>T~
(Impor tance of Field Visit)
~W? Ur~fu 8JT- q31fi rcfi~~ mW! iffit~~ 31f~ ~
~'II'{~~ t ~ 'ffiUI zj'q,rq ~ µi11HHDI ,ft~ ~ * m'~
mrt~ ~~~ ll•ci il~< fi!3l cim ftrt: rnr i1
f<m'f ~~ ~ • <fiT ~ m~ ~ i f m~ m~
t ~ ~ -;;ftof-~ ~ ~* f.r::lf.:;@ ~ if 3l1RT"~~<fil'°1 ~~ :;el
cfit
~t1lt it'lf< fiR~ 'q,1~ -m~~ ~q3! )q;f(
mfi:ra ~if~~ ';jff ~ . ~-"Cf<fu, ~ . ~ 3,TIRI ~ ~ ci"ITT 'q'T
fcf;-1:rr -;;ir ~ t I .
► ~ :?. 3'f1f 3ttr-IT TTf JA <i>'t cfi~TT ii ~qr;m-.ft 'ITTFn,l 7.1,1' fu;-q ,;r:F.TT
T«l'Twrrii'ir?
'3'ffl"-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ F<:m f-rc:'f mm <f>T tzlR u:r-n ~ -
' •> ~ w -i:ra-TR ~ if ~ <f>T "tl'"ff ~ ~ ~ - ~
ta~ "Jl'RT -;;irnr ~I ~ ~ "W-1' ~ 3lFf< <f>T1l ~ -q'"{ q,>TT- q,\TT ~
lt -;;irnT t f.;rm) ~ 3l'1'ft "U1l ~ ~ <f>T1l ~ in q,\TT- ~-.ft ~ ~ ,;fr,'11 '.'
f.;rm) ~ ~ q,'t "IT""'1 ~
~ f1 ~ 'l'flaiilf-'1411
m-;;rrnt ti 3lo: ~~~
:t ~ TTffif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
*n <f>TT
~~~!1
(2) fqm;iT ~ ~ l1fl<'I' 3rcli-firo""ffi <li?<ll:.TT if "llT-0 a.ten ~ ~ ~
~ . f.;rm) 'lfg' 1@T ~ t f i n ~ ~ q,'t -wt&TT ~ ~ q;r :,R,
f.f;cRT~t,
(3) ~ c f i l ' ~-ilR'fln q,'t ~~ !ITT~ ,ro~ ~ ~ ~ -i;TU
~~fl
(4) ~~-~~ q,'t~ q,'t , r o a n ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
.rffi~f.5-qr;;nmf1
(5) ~ 1"lftra:i ~ ~-l"!'ffi ~ ~ q;r ~ ~ -q
~~.Jllfflfl
(6) ~~~-~if q ~ q;r ~ ~ -;;fIBT i-1
m ~ '1:ITllffl1' ~-~ ~ * fcmq "l!tTirnrm q;r l@T ww:rr -;;ir
~ t, -...-..... •
► 1f?"J. ~Tlftrra~Tlftrra~ rctwf4c.11ii ¼;;i.,1ca:ia:.n1 ~~
~cli'{'W,f;fflt?
'3'ffl"-~ 'l'Jfum ~ ~ 'l'Jfum ~ rcrmf~ if ~-il-lk'lif>m ~ ~ "'8 ~
~f.lq'lfllmf.n"q.ifR~-
(l)~~if~~~'li'rffifu"if>'t~~ ~
f.:RR ~ ~ t, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W'Fl ~:.i't i f ~ <tmrr t
m ~ ~ ~ 'lfllm ~ t, ~~~~if~ mm ti ·
(2) ~ 'if +J,ij-iitG4ilil ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ *~
am
q;p.f '4i't, ~ mlJl1I q,'t '=!'clA f<efqzif ~qzif ~ 'tlftf.rn ~ ~ m1 tt * fmf1'Y
';f;B * +J;,i-t,tG4im ~~if m m ~ ~ t,
(3) fuarq; ~ ~ q'@ fiiClj'ifl,'i_ci<ti ~I~~~ "liT ~ ~
~ "'f m' ~ <JJt-11<"14> ~ if fcw{ ~~~I~ tiilic:-t~il c1, 3ik'1f"l?4111i,
*
~ aerr ~ ~~ cnm "irclT t, am: fmf<ti ~ ffl if m>Wr ~
cf,{~~~.