IOT NETWORKS AND

PROTOCOLS
Husni Mohamed
1

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IOT NETWORKING
▪ Networking IOT devises can be challenging for the IOT solution providers.
Because the communication requirement can be very different from those PC’s
tablets, smartphones currently connected to the cooperate network. There is an
incredible diversity of IOT devises.
▪ IOT connectivity requirement.
There were hundreds of different types of IOT devises and services.
Each an every device has unique requirements including number of connections,
power availability and amount of data transfer for the both upstream and
downstream .
IOT devises require scalable, reliable, secure connectivity for remote devises and
sensors.

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IOT NETWORKING.
▪ IOT network requirements.
Depending on specific devises and applications involved IOT network
require following features.
❑Ability to connect large number of heterogeneous IOT elements.
❑High reliability.
❑Real time awareness with low latency.
❑Traffic monitoring and manage at real time.
❑Low cost connectivity
IOT network has to connected for the more devises. low cost connectivity
must be a critical factor.

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COMPONENT OF AN IOT SYSTEM.
▪ The thing itself.
▪ The local network.
▪ The internet.
▪ Back end services. (Enterprise data systems or PCs and mobile devises)

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IOT SYSTEMS.
▪ IOT systems are not complicated. But designing and building them a
complex task.
▪ Internet of things can be divided to two categories.
1.Industrial IOT
Local network is based on any one of many different technologies. IOT
devises typically transmit data over the global internet.
1.Commercial IOT.
Local communication either typically Bluetooth or Ethernet. IOT device
typically communicate only with local devises.

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CONNECTIVITY OF IOT NETWORK.
▪ Connecting the things into the IOT is an essential piece of thing.
Without having network connectivity it’s hard to have IOT solutions.
▪ Cellular, satellite, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LPWAN and Ethernet are all
possible ways to connect a sensor/device.
▪ Connecting the internet of things basically trade off between the
three basic things.
❑Power consumption.
❑Range.
❑Bandwidth.

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CONNECTIVITY OF IOT NETWORK.
▪ Connectivity option represents a trade of between power
consumption, range and bandwidth. According to the above factors
conceptual framework divide the connectivity option into three
categories.
I. High power consumption, High bandwidth, High range.
Send data over a great distance. It takes lots of power. Connectivity options in
this group include cellular and satellite. Cellular is used when the sensor/device is
within coverage of cell tower.
For ea. Smart phone and sensors in the ship.

II. Low power consumption, Low range high bandwidth.

To decrease power consumption and send lots of data need to short the range.
Connectivity options in this group include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Ethernet.
Ethernet is a hard wired connection. So the range is short. Its only as far as the length
of the cable. The range is limited.

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CONNECTIVITY OF IOT NETWORK.

iii Low power consumption, high range, low bandwidth.

To increase range while maintaining low power consumption need to
decrease the amount of data sending. Connectivity options in this group are
called low power wide area networks.

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IOT CONNECTION METHODS.
▪ Satellite.
If want to connect in things that spread out and desolate areas. Connectivity use
for IOT application such as shipping industry like areas which was not covered by
the cellular service.
▪ Bluetooth
Bluetooth was low power widely supported and pairs quickly. Bluetooth does
not directly connected to the internet. Need to setup a gateway to connect to the
internet. Its often as easy as connecting to a mobile device that also connects to
WIFI.

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IOT CONNECTION METHODS.
▪ Ethernet
Fast and reliable way to connect things to the internet. Ethernet include
many nodes in the same network. Ethernet is hardwired. Inherently very secure
method. Also have capability to power the device over Ethernet. (POE)
▪ Wi-Fi
Widely support for the main stream devises and not contains hard wiring
constraint of Ethernet. Wi-Fi is attractive because it is wireless and fast. In a wireless
network features come at the expense of security vulnerabilities and power
consumption. In Wi-Fi based IOT design requires to delicately balance security,
power and cost.

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IOT CONNECTION METHODS.
▪ Bluetooth low energy.(BLE)
BLE has design to transfer low volume of data at high speed. Like one device
must be connect to several devises in star topology. Usually suit for 100 meters. The
devises connected to BLE go in sleep mode when no transmission happens. BLE
devise have only time for few milliseconds compare to average time of few
milliseconds in classical Bluetooth. Due to short and high data rate BLE is extremely
power efficient compared to any other competing protocols.

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WHAT IS PROTOCOL?
▪ Protocol is a set of rules governing how things work in a certain technology. So that
is some kind of standardization.
▪ Internet protocol is a set of rules and message format for exchange messages
between computers across a single network or series of inter connected networks.
▪ Is a connection free protocol that is an integral part of the internet protocol suit and
is responsible for the addressing and fragmentation of data packets in digital
network.

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IOT NETWORK LAYERS
▪ Any internet network is a stack of technologies. There are technologies to connect
devices physically, assign them logically, route data through a network and manage
data exchange at the client ends.
▪ For standardization and sake of implementation of protocols these technologies are
arrange in different layers.
▪ For an example OSI model and TCP/IP model.

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OSI MODEL.

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TCP/IP MODEL

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IOT NETWORK LAYERS.
▪ Cloud network for IOT ecosystem partially do not have any slandered
architecture. These networks are highly customized environment with
variable complexities.
▪ IOT network architecture model would have the following layers.
1.Infrastructure layer.
2.Service discovery, Service management layer.
3.Application layer.
4.Business layer.
Each layer has various protocols for handling data transfer. The protocols are set of
rules and devise must be follow them to communicate with each other or
communicate over network.

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IOT NETWORK LAYERS.
▪ 1) Infrastructure layer.
In this layer IOT devises and technologies physically
connecting to the co located devises or devices to standard internet network are
included.
i) Physical and Link /MAC/ Network access layer.
In physical layer the individual bits are encoded and arranged in data
link layer frames and the encoded protocol defined frame is push to wired or wireless
data communication link. In case the data link is wireless. It is the physical layer which
determine the frequency and the data transfer rate. Physical layer decodes the
incoming bits and bytes and transfer them to the sitting processor or controller.
Data link layer is responsible for encapsulating data packets into frames, access data
link through media access control protocol and deliver or recive data over the
communication link.

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▪ Types of the standard protocols defines for physical and network access layers.
❑Ethernet
❑Zig Bee
❑Z wave.
❑RFID
❑LoRa WAN
❑IEEE 802.11.ah
❑IEEE 802.15.4e

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ii) Network/Adaption layer.
This Layer is responsible for addressing of data packet over the internet. The
incoming datagram from transport layer contain source and destination address. At
network layer, packets are encapsulated with unique addresses which are call IP
addresses. Early ipv4 using addressing at network layer. Network layer protocol ipv6
has been specified which will be had 128 bit address.

❑ Ipv4,ipv6
❑ 6LOWPAN

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iii) Transport / Routing Layer
Layer is responsible for routing of data packet. At this layer ordering of packets error
detection and correction in delivery is performed.

❑TCP/UDP
❑CARP/CORPL
❑ROLL/TSMP

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SERVICE DISCOVERY AND MANAGEMENT
LAYER.
▪ Service discovery or service management layer differentiates the IOT networks or
cloud networks with the internet. IOT device need to find other devises, services,
resources over internet. So there is a need for resource management and
registration process on cloud networks. For this purpose service management and
discovery protocols are specified.

❑DNS-SD(DNS service discovery)

❑mDNS (Multicast Domain name system)
❑Upnp
❑HperCat
❑Open Hybrid

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APPLICATION LAYER
▪ This is the highest layer within communication network. Interface between the IOT
device and network. This layer implement through a dedicated application at
device end. Application layer protocols like HTTP,FTP are for OSI/TCP IP models.
But for the IOT protocols can define like below.

❑MQTT/SMQTT
❑CoAP/DDS
❑XMMP/ AMQP
❑SSI

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BUSINESS LAYER
▪ No part of the communication network. It lies at the IOT endpoint. It can be a cloud
or server implementing dedicated application or providing specific business or
industrial solution within the IOT system. Interconnecting IOT devises to Enterprise
resource planning or knowledge management.
▪ Layer actually responsible for integrating devises, solutions, services seamlessly
and integrating cloud and devises for vertical specific implementation.
▪ IOT systems may be utilize additional protocols for device management, device
identification,

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BUSINESS LAYER
▪ Device management protocols.
❑ OMA-DM
❑ TR-069
❑ OMA-CP

▪ Data security protocols

❑ Open trust Protocol. (OTrP)
❑ X.509

▪ Semantic protocols
❑ SensorML
❑ IOTDB
❑ RAML

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REFERENCES
▪ https://www.engineersgarage.com/Articles/IOT-Architecture-Standards-Protocols
▪ https://www.micrium.com/iot/devices/

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THANK YOU.

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