STS-(7.1 BIODIVERISTY)
2 NUTRITIONAL Food Production
Biodiversity
- “Biological Diversity”
-Variety of life on earth at all
its levels, from genes to
ecosystems, and can encompass
the evolutionary, ecological,
and cultural processes that
sustain life
-Includes not only species we
consider rare, threatened, or
endangered but also every
living thing – from humans to
organisms we know little about,
such as microbes, fungi, and
invertebrates
Changes in Biodiversity
-Alteration in any ecosystem
could bring varied effects
Threats to Biodiversity
-Habitat loss and destruction
-Alteration in ecosystem
composition
-Over-exploitation
-Pollution and contamination
-Global climate change
Consequences of Biodiversity
loss
-As stated by Tilman, “The
earth will retain its most
striking feature, its
biodiversity, only if humans
have the prescience to do so.
This will occur, it seems, only if
we realize the extent to which
we use biodiversity (Rainforest
Conservation Fund, 2017).”
STS-(7.
IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY)
Biodiversity
-Vital element of human being’s
nutrition
-A major factor that
contributes to sustainable food
production for human beings
Health, Biology, and
Biodiversity
-The interrelation between
human health and biological
diversity is considerable and
complex. With the current
biodiversity loss at
unprecedented rates, the
delicate balance between
human health and biological
diversity is at RISK
Environment related illnesses
Human Illnesses
-Parkinson’s Disease
-Heart Disease
-Cancer
-Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
-Asthma
-Diabetes
-Obesity
-Occupational Injuries
-Arthritis
-Malaria
-Depression
-Pesticides and Fertilizers
-Soil Salinization
-Waste produced by livestock
-Carbon emissions
STS-(8 GMO)
GMO (Genetically Modified
Organisms)
-Living organisms whose
genetic material has been
artificially manipulated in a
laboratory through genetic
engineering
-This creates combinations of
plant, animal, bacteria, and
virus genes that do not occur
in nature or through traditional
crossbreeding methods
12,000 BCE
-Human have domesticated
plants and animals using
selective breeding or artificial
selection (as contrasted with
natural selection)
Selective Breeding
-A process in which organisms
with desired traits are used to
breed the next generation and
organisms lacking the trait are
not bred
Paul Berg
-Created the first
recombinant DNA molecule
when he combined DNA from a
monkey virus with that of the
Lambda Virus in 1972
Herbert Boyer and Stanley
Cohen
-Made the first genetically
modified organism in 1973
-They took a gene from a
bacterium that provided
resistance to the antibiotic
kanamycin, inserted it into a
plasmid and then induced other
bacteria to incorporate the
plasmid. The bacteria that had
successfully incorporated the
plasmid was then able to
survive in the presence of
Rudolf Jaenisch
-In 1974 created a transgenic
mouse by introducing foreign
DNA into its embryo, making it
the world's first transgenic
animal
-In 1974, he created the first
genetically modified animal
Genetically modified mice
-Created in 1984 that carried
cloned oncogenes, predisposing
them to developing cancer
*In 1983 the first genetically
engineered plant was developed
by Michael W. Bevan, Richard
B. Flavell, and Mary-Dell
Chilton – They infected
tobacco with Agrobacterium
transformed with an antibiotic
resistance gene and through
tissue culture techniques were
able to grow a new plant
containing the resistance gene
*The first transgenic livestock
were produced in 1985
*The first animal to transgenic plants, introducing a
synthesize transgenic proteins virus-resistant tobacco in
in their milk were mice in 1992
1987.
Synthia
The mice were engineered to
-In 2010, scientists at the J.
produce human tissue
Braig Venter Institute
plasminogen activator, a
announced that they had
protein involved in breaking
created the first synthetic
down blood clots
bacterial genome. It was the
Gene Gun world's first synthetic life
-Invented in 1987, allowing GloFish
transformation of plants not
-The first genetically modified
susceptible to Agrobacterium
animal to be commercialized
infection
was the GloFish, a zebra fish
GMO Rice with a fluorescent gene added
that allows it to glow in the
-In 2000, Vitamin A-enriched
dark under ultraviolet light. It
golden rice was the first plant
was released to the US market
developed with increased
in 2003
nutrient value
AquAdvantage Salmon
Genentech
-In 2015 AquAdvantage
-First genetic engineering
Salmon became the first
company was founded by
genetically modofied animal to
Herbert Boyer and Robert
be approved for food use.
Swanson; a year later, the
Approval is for fish raised in
company produced a human
Panama and sold in the US. The
protein (somatostatin) in E.
salmon were transformed with
coli. Genentech announced the
a growth hormone-regulating
production of genetically
gene from Pacific Chinook
engineered human insulin in
salmon and a promoter from an
1978
ocean pout enabling it to grow
*In 1994 Calgene attained year-round instead of only
approval to commercially during spring and summer
release the Flavr Savr tomato,
Example of GMO
the first genetically modified
food -Organisms
*The first genetically modified -Plants
crop, an antibiotic-resistant
-Animals
tobacco plant, was produced in
1982. China was the first
country to commercialize
Advantages of GMO

-It allows for more profit

-It introduces the knowledge

of genetic alterations

-It is economically efficient

-It is known to decrease food

prices

-It adds more nutritional value

to crops

-Its products are found to be

safe

Disadvantages of GMO

-It can be dangerous to other

insects that are important to
our ecosystem

-It sparks concerns on

changing the field of
agriculture

-It can damage the

environment

-It causes unwanted residual

effects

-It can create more weeds

-It threatens crop diversity

-It has trade issues