Writing Book1

ER’S EDUCATION: writing book
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Index
1. Introduction to task-1: ............................................................................................................. 2
2. Graph, Charts and Table: ........................................................................................................ 3
3. Map:....................................................................................................................................... 24
4. Process: .................................................................................................................................. 27
5. Task-1 sample: ...................................................................................................................... 39
6. Introduction of task-2 ............................................................................................................ 74
7. Types of essay ....................................................................................................................... 75
1) Agree-Disagree ......................................................................................................................................................... 75
2) Advantage-Disadvantage: ......................................................................................................................................... 80
3) Discussion-opinion: ................................................................................................................................................... 83
4) Positive or Negative: ................................................................................................................................................. 84
5) Double question-type: .............................................................................................................................................. 85
6) Problems-Solutions: .................................................................................................................................................. 86
7) Cause-effects: ........................................................................................................................................................... 88
8) Single question:......................................................................................................................................................... 89
8. Do’s and Don’ts .................................................................................................................... 91

1) Relevant answer to question: ................................................................................................................................... 91
2) Part the question equally:......................................................................................................................................... 91
3) Linkers and phrases: ................................................................................................................................................. 91
4) Word choice: ............................................................................................................................................................. 92
5) Don’t use memorised lines ....................................................................................................................................... 92
6) Grammar variety ....................................................................................................................................................... 92
7) Points to remember: ................................................................................................................................................. 93
9. Sample Essay: ....................................................................................................................... 94

10. Marking Criteria: ................................................................................................................. 147
1) Coherence and cohesion:........................................................................................................................................ 147
2) Task response ......................................................................................................................................................... 148
3) Grammatical range and accuracy ........................................................................................................................... 149
4) Lexical resource ...................................................................................................................................................... 150
A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

321, 3rd floor, Green Elina, opp. Jay Complex, Anand Mahal Road, Adajan, Surat. Page 1
1. Introduction to task-1:
• The question will be given in the form of pictorial representation.
• The task requires you to write a report in relevant tense by analyzing the given
graph.
• Time Duration: 20 min; Word Count: min. 150 Words
• The types of Graphs are
a) Bar
b) Line
c) Pie
d) Table
e) Map
f) Process Diagram
• Structure:
Introduction Paraphrasing of the question

with mentioning unit of
25-30 Words measurement.
Overview Highlight the key points of the

Graph (Do not give in-depth details
35-45 Words such as the exact unit or
percentage)
Body 1 summaries & compare the

information which is similar in
45-50 Words trend
Body 2 summaries & compare the

remaining information which is
45-50 Words similar in trend
NOTE: THE Report never contains a conclusion or personal opinion and is

written in third person’s perspective

2. Graph, Charts and Table:
Sample1: The bar chart shows the divorce rates in two European countries from 2011-2015.
SAMPLE 2:- The bar chart gives the top eight online activities in Slovakia in a given month.

Sample 1:- The line graph below gives information about the number of visitors to three
London museums between June and September 2013.

Sample 1:- The pie charts compare ways of accessing the news in Canada and Australia.
Sample 2:-The graphs below show the post-school qualifications held by Canadians in the
age groups 25 to 35 and 45 to 55.

Sample 1:- The Table below shows the results of a survey that asked 6800 Scottish adults
(aged 16 years and over) whether they had taken part in different cultural activities in the
past 12 months.
Sample 2:- The tables below give information about sales of Fair-trade*-labelled tea and
pineapples in 2010 and 2015 in five European countries.

Sample 3:-




❖ Vocabulary for the Introduction Part:
Starting Presentation Type Verb Description
The/ the given Diagram / table / Shows / represents The comparison

/ the supplied / figure / illustration / depicts / of… the
the presented / / graph / chart / enumerates / differences… the
the shown / flow chart / illustrates / changes...
the provided picture/ presents/ gives / The number of…
presentation/ pie provides/ information on…
chart / bar graph/ delineates/ outlines/ data on…
column graph / describes/ The proportion of…
line graph / table delineates/ the amount of…
data/ data / expresses/ denotes/ information on...
information / compares/ shows data about...
pictorial/ process contrast / indicates / comparative data...
diagram/ map/ pie figures the trend of...
chart and table/ bar / Gives data on / The percentages
graph and pie chart gives information of... the ratio of...
... on/ presents How the...
information about/
shows data about/
demonstrates/
sketch out/
Summaries...
Example:
• The diagram shows employment rates among adults in four European countries
from 1925 to 1985.

❖ General Statement Part (INTRODUCTION):
The General statement is the first sentence (or two) you write in yourreporting.
It should always deal with:
What + Where + When.
Example: The diagram presents information on the percentages of teacherswho
have expressed their views about different problems they face when dealing
with children in three Australian schools from 2001 to 2005.
What = the percentages of teachers...

Where = three Australian schools....
When = from 2001 to 2005...
NOTE: The Graph Presents | The Graphs Present
❖ Vocabulary for the Overview Part:

In general, In common, Overall, It is obvious, as is observed, As a general trend,
as can be seen, as an overall trend, as is presented, It Can be clearly seen that, at
the first glance, it is clear, at the onset, it is clearthat, a glance at the graphs
reveals that, to scrutinize, to sift the given chart...
Example:
• In general, the employment opportunities increased till 1970 and thendeclined throughout
the next decade.
• As is observed, the figures for imprisonment in the five mentionedcountries show no
overall pattern, rather shows the considerable fluctuations from country to country.
• To sift through the data, citizens in the USA had a far better life standardthan that of
remaining countries.
• As can be seen, the highest number of passengers used the London Underground station at
8:00 in the morning and at 6:00 in the evening

❖ Vocabulary to Start the Report Body:
There are certain phrases you can use to start your body paragraph andfollowing is
a list of such phrases:-
1. As (is) shown in the illustration...

2. As can be seen in the...
3. Probing the main details…
4. As the diagrams suggest...
5. According to the...
6. Categorically speaking...
7. Getting back to the details...
8. Now, turning to the details....
9. The table data clearly shows that...
10.It is interesting to note that...
11.It is apparently seen that...
12.It is conspicuous that...
13.It is explicitly observed that...
14.It is worth noticing that...
15.It is crystal clear/ lucid that...
16.It can be clearly observed that...
17.It could be plainly viewed that...
18.It could be noticed that...

❖ Vocabulary for Describing Trends:
Trend Verbs Nouns
• rise (rose-risen) • a rise
• increase • an increase
• grow • a growth
• double • A doubling in + n.
• triple • a trebling in + n.
• soar
• Jump
• fall (fell-fallen) • a fall
• decline • a decline
• decrease • a decrease
• drop (dropped) • a drop
• halve
• dive
• maintain the same level • no change

• remain stable/unchanged
Constant
• fluctuate [around x]/[between x and y] • a fluctuation
Change
• stand at (stood at) • a leveling off
• a plateau
• level off (leveled off)
• plateau (plateaued) • hit/reach a high [of x]
Position • hit/reach a peak [of x]
• peak [at x]
• hit/reach a low [of x]
• reach
• hit

❖ Vocabulary to show the changes:
Trends Verb form Noun Form
rise / increase / go up / uplift / A rise / an increase / an

Increase rocket(ed) / climb / upsurge / soar/ upward trend / a growth / a
shot up/ improve/ jump/get bigger/ leap / a jump / an
escalate / mushroom/ hike/ leap/ improvement/ a climb.
move upward/ skyrocket/ soar/ surge.
fall / decrease / decline / diminish / A fall / a decrease / a

Decrease sink / slim down / weaken / reduction / downward trends
plummet / plunge / drop / reduce / /a downward tendency / a
collapse / deteriorate/ dip / dive / go decline/ a drop / a slide / A
down / take a nosedive / slum / slide collapse / a downfall.
/ go into free-fall.
unchanged / level out / remain A steadiness/ a plateau /

Steadiness constant / remain steady / plateau / stability/ a static
remain the same / remain stable /
remain static
An upward trend / an
Gradual increase ------------ upward tendency / a ceiling
trend
A downward trend / a
Gradual decrease ------------ downward tendency / a
descending trend
level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant / No change, a flat, a plateau.

Standability/ Flat Remain(ed) unchanged / remain(ed)
stable / prevail(ed) consistency /
plateaued reach(ed) a plateau /
stay(ed) uniform
/immutable / level(ed) out/ stabilize/
remain(ed) the same.

❖ Vocabulary to represent changes in graphs:
Type of Adverb form Adjective form

change
Rapid dramatically / rapidly dramatic / rapid / sharp

change / Sharply / quickly / hurriedly / / Quick / hurried / speedy /
speedily / swiftly / significantly/ swift / significant /
considerably / substantially / considerable / substantial /
noticeably. noticeable.
Moderate moderately / gradually / moderate / gradual /
change Progressively / sequentially. progressive / Sequential.
Steady Steadily/ ceaselessly. Steady/ ceaseless.

change
Slight Slightly / slowly / mildly / Slight / slow / mild / tedious.
change tediously.
Example:
1. The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in 2008.

2. There was a sharp drop in the industrial production in the year 2009.
3. The demand for new houses dramatically increased in 2002.
4. The population of the country dramatically increased in the last decade.
5. The price of the oil moderately increased in last quarter but as a consequence,
the price of daily necessity rapidly went up.

❖ Vocabulary to represent frequent changes in graphs:
Type of Verb form Noun form

Change
Rapid ups wave / fluctuate / oscillate waves / fluctuations /
and downs / vacillate / palpitate oscillations / vacillations /
palpitations
❖ Types of Changes/ Differences and Vocabulary to present them:
Type Adjectives Adverbs

Great change / huge Overwhelming Overwhelmingly
difference: Substantial Substantially
Enormous Enormously
Big change / big Significant Significantly

difference: Considerable Considerably
Medium change / Somewhat Somewhat

Moderate difference: Moderate Moderately
Minor change / Small Fractional Fractionally

difference: Marginal Marginally
Slight Slightly


❖ Dates, Months & Years related vocabulary and grammar:

• From 1990 to 2000, Commencing from 1980, Between 1995 and 2005, After 2012.
• By 1995, in 1998, In February, over the period, during the period, during 2011.
• In the first half of the year, for the first quarter, the last quarter of the year,
during the first decade.
• In the 80s, In the 1980s, During the next 6 months, In the mid-70s, Next 10
years, Previous year, Next year, Between 1980 - 1990.
• Within a time span of ten years, within five years.
• Next month, Next quarter, Next year, previous month, previous year.
• Since, Then, From.
❖ Percentage, Portion and Numbers:

Percentages:
• 10% increase,
• 25 percent decrease,
• increased by 15% (to show the difference),
• dropped by 10 per cent,
• fall at 50%, reached to 75%, (to show the exact data)
• tripled, doubled, one-fourth, three-quarters, half, double fold, treble,
• 5 times higher, 3 timers lower,
• declined to about 49%,
• Stood exactly at 43%.
Fractions:
• 3-5% = A tiny fraction.
• 10% = one-tenth
• 20% = one-fifth
• 24% = Almost a quarter.
• 25% = One –fourth, exactly a quarter.
• 32% = nearly one-third, nearly a third.
• 49% = around a half, just under a half.
• 50% = exactly a half.
• 73% = nearly three quarters.
• 77% = approximately three quarter, more than three-quarter.

❖ Other ways to represent the percentages:

10% = One out of 10 students/ people/ CDs (countable nouns only)
❖ Proportions:
02% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.
04% = an insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.
16% = A small minority, a small portion.
70% = A large proportion.
72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.
89% = A very large proportion.
❖ Words/ Phrases of Approximation - Vocabulary:

» Approximately
» Nearly
» Nigh on
» Roughly
» Almost
» About
» Around
» More or less
» Just over
» Just under
» Just around
» Just about
» Just below
» A little more than
» A little less than.

❖ Vocabulary to represent highest and lowest points in graphs:
Type Verb Noun
Highest peaked / culminated / climaxed / a (/the) peak / a (/the) pinnacle / a

Point reach the peak / hit the peak / touch (/the) vertex / the highest point/ an
the highest point / reach the vertex/ (/the) apex / a (/the) summit, a
reach the apex / wears a crown / a (/the) top, a (/the) pinnacle, a (/the)
chief one / reached the zenith acme, a (/the) zenith,
Lowest touch the lowest point / get the the lowest point / the lowest mark /
Point lowest point / reached the nadir bottommost point / rock bottom
point/ bottommost mark / nadir/ the
all-time low/ the lowest level/ the
bottom/ rock- bottom
❖ Vocabulary to show fluctuations/ups and downs/ rise and fall in Verb

forms:
• Be erratic / Rise and fall erratically/ Changes sporadically / Rise and fall
irregularly / Changes Intermittently
❖ Date, month & year related Vocabulary and Grammatical rules:

• Between ... (year/ month)... and ... (year/ month)...
• From ... (year/ month/ day/date)... to ... (year/ month/day/date)...
• In ... (year/ month)...
• On ... (day/ day of the week/ a date)...
• At ......, In ......, By......
• During ... (year)...
• Over the period/ over the century/ latter half of the year/ the year...
• Over the next/ past/ previous........ Days/ weeks/ months/ years/ decades...

❖ Presenting Percentages:
You can present a percentage data in one of the three different ways. It is
suggested that you use all these formats in your report writing instead of repeating
the same style to show percentages in your writing.
% = in percentage / in %. (20%, 25 percentage, ten per cent etc.)

% = in proportion. (Two out of five, every student out of three etc.)
% = in fraction. (One-third, two-fifth, a quarter etc.)
❖ Vocabulary to show how many times...

• Exactly the same.
• Roughly the same
• Practically the same
• Twice
• Thrice
• Four times
• Five times
❖ Vocabulary to show how much changed...

• Halved
• Equalled
• Doubled
• Trebled / tripled
• Quadrupled (fourfold /four times)
• Pentadrupled (fivefold /five times)
• Hexadrupled (sixfold /six times)
• Septuplet (sevenfold /seven times)
• Octuplet (Eightfold/eight times)
• Coupled (Nine-fold/ nine times)
• Centupled (hundredfold/ hundred times)

❖ Vocabulary to represent comparison in graphs:
Type Word(s) should be used
about / almost / nearly / roughly / approximately / around / just

Similar
about / very nearly
Just over just above / just over / just bigger / just beyond / just across
Just short just below / just beneath / just sort / just under / just a little
Much more well above / well above / well beyond / well across / well over
Much less well below / well under / well short / well beneath
❖ Expressions to focus on an item in the graph:

Use the following expression to focus on an item in the graph.
» With regards to
» In the case of
» As for
» Turning to
» When it comes to...... It/ they......
» Where ... is/are concerned

3. Map:
Sample1:- The map below shows the development of the village of Ryemouth between
1995 and present
Sample 2:- The maps below show the center of a small town called
Islip as it is now, and plans

Sample 3:-The diagram shows the changes that have taken place at West Park Secondary
School since its construction in 1950.

❖ Vocabulary to describe a Map:
• Horizontal, Vertical.
• Circle, Square, Rectangle.
• Across, across from.
• Under, Over, Inside, beside, On top of, Adjacent, Opposite, Next to.
• Along, Through, as far as.
• Midpoint, Halfway, in the middle.
• Intersection, Overlapping.
• Exterior.
• Parallel to, Parallel, Perpendicular to.
• Edge, Diagonal.
• In front of the, Behind them.
• To the right, to the left.
• On the right-hand side, on the left-hand side.
• North, South, East, West.
• Northern, Southern, Eastern, Western.
• To the north, To the East...
• close to / near / in the vicinity of adjacent to / next to / beside …
• is surrounded by… … is covered with … … is connected to … via/ through/ by
means of …
• Is /was Built, Situated, Located, Placed, lied, sited.
• Renovated, Refurbished, Reconstructed, Expanded, Re-organized, Re-established.
• Erected, Replaced, Removed, Eradicated.
• Changed to/ converted/ Gave way to/ became/ Moved to/ Replaced by
• While in 2001, it was ......, later, it was converted to....

4. Process:
SAMPLE 1: The given diagrams show the steps involved in the production of Cement and
Concrete.

Sample 4:- The diagrams show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the
production of silk cloth
Vocabulary to describe a Process Diagram:

In Introduction:
The diagram/ picture/ flow chart depicts/ illustrates/ describes the process of/ how...
While Describing the Process:
• First/ Firstly, Second/ Secondly, Third/Thirdly

• Next/ After that/ Then, Following that/Followed by, Subsequently/
Subsequent to that, Finally/Lastly
• Where/ From where/ After which/ After that/ Afterward...
• When/ as soon as/ Immediately, Just after that...
• At the beginning, in the end, just after the beginning, just before the end...
• After this step/ stage/ process...
• Once this stage/ step is completed...
• The phase/ step/ stage involved...
• The cycle/ process then repeat itself.
• The cycle/ process are then repeated.
• Over the course of/During the next/following/second/third stage, This is followed by
+ <n./n.p.>
• When/After/Once <stage A>, <stage B>
• <Stage A>. When/Once this stage is complete, <stage B>
• <stage A> before <stage B as n./n.p. or clause>
• Before <stage B>, <stage A>
• <stage A> after/following which <stage B>
• <stage A> which is followed by <stage B as n./n.p.>
• The process ends with + <n./n.p.>
• <stage A> before finally <stage B as n./n.p.>

❖ Vocabulary to present Linkers:

However, on the other hand, Similarly, On the contrary, Meanwhile, In contrast, By
comparison.
A. Vocabulary to show that something/a trend are similar or the same:

➢ Use the following vocabularies if both subjects are the same/ identical:
... Identical to/ Identical with...
... Equal to with...
... Exactly the same...
... The same as...
... Precisely the same...
... Absolutely the same...
... Just the same as...
➢ Use the following vocabularies if both subjects are not identical but similar:
... Almost the same as...
... Nearly the same as...
... Practically the same as...
... Almost identical/ similar...
... About the same as...
B. Way to show that something/a trend is just the reverse/opposite

The reverse is the case...
It is quite the opposite/ reverses...
➢ Words to make a comparison / contrast:

A bit/ slightly/ a little/ only just/ approximately/ about/ almost/ precisely/ quite/ nearly/
considerably/ a huge/ a great deal/ quite a lot/ completely/ exactly...
Example:
» This year population growth of the country is slightly larger than the previous year

❖ Using Appropriate Prepositions:

You must use the correct preposition in the IELTS writing task 1 to get a high score. Be
accurate about the uses of to, by, of, off, in, on, for etc.
Examples:
» Papers are sold by the ream.
» Oranges are purchased and sold by the dozen.
» Students enrolment in the University has increased by 2% this year.
» Eggs are counted in dozens.
» Rice is measured in kg.
» He is junior to me by 4 years.
» The employees are paid per week in this factory.
» All these products are made of glasses.
❖ Vocabulary - Using the appropriate "Prepositions":

» It started at..., the sale started at $20..., It peaked at...
»It reached at/to...; it reached the lowest point /nadir at...
»It increased to 80 from 58. It decreased from 10 to 3.
»There was a drop of six units. It dropped by 3 units.
»It declined by 15%. There was a 10% drop in the next three years

❖ Following is a list of vocabulary to use to show such figures in your report

writing:
Is/ was/ were:

The percentage of foreign students was exactly ten in 2001 in this university and it
rose three times in ten years.
Stand at/ Stood at:

The percentages of males and females who opined that they should be allowed to
get married at 21 stood at 14 and 16 in 1990 but witnessed a noticeable decline in
2010.
Exactly & as high as:

The sale in March was exactly 400 and went up as high as 1100 in June.
Using ():
In summer, the number of refrigerators sold (154) was far greater than the
refrigerators sold (63) in winter.
Makes up:
In the first decade, the population remained steady, which made up 2.8 million
approximately, but it doubled in the next 30 years.
Constitutes:
The initial expenditure, which constituted 280 USD, climbed rapidly and reached
the peak during 2014.
Accounts for:
In the first decade, the population remained steady, which accounted for 2.8 million
approximately, but it doubled in the next 30 years.

❖ Comparison Language
A. Introducing Differences
a significant difference between a and b.

Generally, there is a wide disparity in + n.
B. Comparative Structures
1 In contrast (to A), By x.

In comparison B is larger/smaller By a narrow margin.By a margin of x.
(with A) by a staggering x.
[just]+[under/over]
2 A is [approximately] x larger/smaller than B.
twice two/threetimes
3 A is [under/over] as large/great/high as B.
considerably/substantial
4 A is ly marginally/slightly greater/higher/smaller than B.
5 A is [almost/roughly /…] as large/high as B.
more/less + uncountable n.
6 A produces/ more/fewer + countable n. than B.
consumes/… the same amount /number/ as B.
quantity of + n.
C. Superlative Structures
1 A ranks/stands first/second/third/last.
2 A is the [second/third] largest/smallest/most significant/most productive/ … + n.
3 A has the [second/third] greatest/widest/ most significant/most productive/ … +
n.
Proportion of + n.quantity
Uses
of + n.
4 A produces the largest/highest/smallest/lowest
Amount of + uncountable n.
consumes
number of + countable n.

❖ Vocabulary to describe Predictions:

• It is predicted/ estimated/ projected/ forecasted/ expected/ anticipated that X
will...........
• Is /are predicted/ estimated/ projected/ forecast/ expected/ anticipated to............
• It gives prediction/ estimation/ projection/ forecast of.........
• D........ Will have ....... by....... (Year/month/decade).......
• Is/are going to….
Future Trends:-
Future forms are used to describe trends that are predicted and projected for future
times and dates. You should note that none of these predictions are certain, and
therefore a level of uncertainty is desirable in your report.
predicted
expected That the figure will increase and reach 800
It is anticipated in2050.
forecast
estimated
predicted
expected
The figure is anticipated To increase and reach 800 in 2050.
forecast
estimated

❖ EFFECTIVE SENTENCE STRUCTURES TO GET AN 8.0+
1. Position statement:
• The price of gas stood at $2.75 per gallon.
• In 2005, the sugar export accounted for about 10% of total exports.
2. Movement statements
• There was a decrease in the price of gas/ gas prices.
• There was an increase in the sugar export/ export of sugar/ exported sugar.
• Gas prices/ the price of gas decreased.
• The export of sugar/ the sugar export/ the exported sugar increased.
• Gas prices/ the price of gas experienced a decrease.
• The export of sugar/ the sugar export/ the exported sugar witnessed an increase.
3. Time phrases
• From 1990 to 1995
• Between 1990 and 1995
• During/throughout the period from 1995 to 2005
• During a period of 10 years
• Over the (three-month) period (between April and June)
• For 5 years
• In 1990
• By 1995
4. Grammar variations
Connecting sentences together makes your writing more interesting and can
help to improve your band score - but you should aim to vary the way you link
sentences. Here are a couple options to try instead of just using “then”:
• CD sales increased steadily from 2005 until 2010, then fell slightly in the
following year.
• CD sales increased steadily from 2005 until 2010, before falling slightly in
the following year.
• After increasing steadily from 2005 until 2010, CD sales fell slightly in the
following year.
5.Vocabulary variations
Again, these variations increase the range of language you use, which can make
your writing more interesting and benefit your band score.
• There was a slight fall in CD sales in 2010.
• (The year) 2010 saw a slight fall in CD sales.
• CD sales experienced a slight fall in 2010.
6.Giving evidence (data)

When you describe the key information in a diagram, it's extremely important to
include evidence to support your idea. This means you add data: specific numbers,
percentages, etc.
For example:
• CD sales increased slightly from 52 (million) to 70 million units between 2009
and 2010.
• CD sales increased slightly from 52 million units in 2010 to 70 million the
following year.
• CD sales increased by eight million units from 2009 to 2010.
• During the period from 1990 to 1995, there was a decrease in gas prices from
$2.70 to $2.75 per gallon.
• There was an increase in the sugar export between May and August from about
10% to over 20%.
• Between 1990 and 1995, the price of gas decreased from $2.75 to $2.70 per
gallon.
• The sugar export increased from approximately 10% to more than 20%
between May and August.
• From 1990 to 1995, the price of gas experienced a decrease from $2.75 to
$2.70 per gallon.
• The sugar export witnessed an increase between May and August from around
10% to over 20%.

Vocabulary notes
➢ Note the way we use prepositions with numbers and dates:
1998 2000
45% 20%
• In 2000 the number fell to 20%.

• In 2000 the number fell by 25%.
• The number fell/dropped from 45% in 1998 to 20% in 2010.
• The number fell/dropped from 45% to 20% between 1995 and 1997.
➢ You can use a combination of verb + adverb, or adjective + noun, to avoid

repeating the same phrases and to add extra meaning:
• There was a significant increase/rise in the number of X.
• The number of X increased/rose significantly
➢ Notice that you need a preposition when you use the noun form:
• There was an increase in house prices;
• There was a drop of 10% in the number of male students who studied
abroad.

❖ When it comes to task 1, you need to use certain kinds of language:
COMPARISON AND SUPERLATIVE LANGUAGE: The language we should

use in task 1 writing is the language of comparison and superlative.
We can compare X and Y by using superlatives.
For example: Honda was the most popular motorbike. (Superlative language) Or:
Honda produced the most sold motorbikes.
• Honda was more popular than any other motorbike. (Comparison language)
• More males than females chose Honda.
• Fewer females than males chose Honda.
• Honda was more popular among males than females.
• Honda was less popular among females than males.
• The most popular means of transport was Honda.
• Honda was more popular than any other means of transport.
• Honda was the most popular means of transport.
• Honda was chosen by more males than females.
• A higher percentage of males chose Honda than males.
• Compared to/with the number of females, the number of males were
considerably higher.
• The number of males were considerably higher compared to/with the
number of females.

5. Task-1 sample:
The bar charts show the average number of hours that full-time and part-time employees
worked in the Netherlands, the UK and Greece in the previous year.
Overall, what immediately stands out is the fact that the number of hours worked by male and
female workers was relatively equal for both types of work, and that full-time employees
worked almost twice as much as part-time employees.
Taking a closer look at the numbers for full-time positions, the figures for both men and women
ranged between 35 to 40 hours per week. Male workers in the UK were the only ones to exceed
40 hours a week. The figures for the Netherlands were the lowest for both genders, at around 35
hours weekly.
Moving on to part-time employment, the difference between the number of hours worked by
men and women is more apparent in this chart. People from the Netherlands worked the fewest
hours with men spending 10 hours, and women - roughly 15 hours per week at work. The UK
had almost equal figures for both genders, around 17 hours a week, while the figures for Greece
were slightly higher; the male workers there did around 20 hours per week and female - a touch
above 20.
The bar chart describes the gross domestic expenditure on research and development by China,
France, Spain, the UK and the USA during the years 2001, 2005 and 2011.
Overall, it can be seen that there was a general upward trend in the spending of all of 5
countries, albeit to varying degrees.
The USA spent the most on R&D in all three years, with the annual expenditure slightly
increasing from 2.5% in 2001 to 2.8% of the country's GDP in 2011. On the other end of the
spectrum, Spain spent the least, starting at just below 1% in 2001 and finishing at around 2.3%.
China's spending grew more than that of other countries, about 0.5% each year, and increased
from about 0.9% in 2001 to around 2.8%in 2011. The remaining two countries, France and the
UK, showed a similar pattern and their spending held relatively steady throughout the decade,
at around 2% and 1.5% of GDP, respectively.

The two plans are showing the layout of a cinema in 1980 and now, including the location of
the screening theatres, box office, Manager's office, toilets and car park.
It can be seen that over time the number of screening theatres grew significantly; however, their
size has shrunk.
In 1980 there were two screening theatres, Cinema 1 and 2. Cinema 1 was the closest to the
entry, on the left. The box office was located on the right near the entrance, with the drinks
counter to its right. Further away from the entrance on the right side there was the Manager's
office and Cinema 2. The toilets were located opposite Cinema 2 on the left side of the
building, and along the back wall there was a car park.
Quite a few things have changed since 1980. The number of screening theatres grew from 2 to
5, with Cinemas 1 and 2 located to the left of the entrance and Cinemas 3, 4 and 5 – to the right.
The car park had to go, to make room for the new theatres. A café opened to the left of the
entrance, serving food and drinks, and the old drinks counter next to the box office was
converted to a DVD shop. The only things whose locations didn’t change were the box office,
the Manager’s office and the toilets.

The two pie charts give statistical information on the sources of greenhouse gas emissions in
Australia and New Zealand for last year.
Overall, it is interesting to note that in both Australia and New Zealand, various areas of
agriculture were responsible for the most significant production of greenhouse gases last year.
The top three sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia were agricultural methane
(29%), transport (25%) and electricity generation (19%). The first two were also the principal
sources in New Zealand, although agricultural methane was slightly higher at 32% and
transport was slightly lower at 19%.
The other four sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia were agricultural nitrous oxide,
other energy, industrial processes and solvents and waste at 11%, 7%, 5% and 4% respectively.
New Zealand was similar, though agricultural nitrous oxide (15%) was higher than electricity
generation (10%). Other energy, industrial processes and solvents and waste followed in the
same order as Australia, at 16%, 6% and 2% respectively.

The two flow charts describe circles of poverty, however, they look at them from different
perspectives. The first flow chart looks at poverty from an institutional level, while the second
looks at it from the perspective of an individual. Overall, it can be seen that at both levels,
individual and institutional, poverty perpetuates itself.
The first flow chart explains how poverty results in the lack of a critical mass for service and
infrastructure, which can lead to lower business creation. This in turn leads to fewer jobs and
the moving away of workers, so they can find a job elsewhere. If workers begin to move away,
then the population density of the cities decreases, which then again influences the lack of a
mass needed for the infrastructure. And so the circle continues.
The second flow chart looks at the more personal hardships of poverty, starting with low
income, low assets and low education in an individual. Low education leads to a lack of skills
and a lack of capital, which makes it even harder for an individual to generate income. This
provides an individual with only a low security against economic and health risks and can lead
to debt and a further loss of income.

The bar chart gives data on the top ten processed food export markets for the United States
from last year and six years ago. It can be clearly seen that all the countries in the bar chart
imported more processed food from the US last year than 6 years ago.
The largest market by far for last year and six years ago was Canada, with income for the US of
13.2 billion US dollars and 9.3 billion US dollars, respectively. The second highest figures were
for what is identified as the Rest of World, at 11 billion US dollars and 6.3 billion US dollars,
respectively.
The remaining eight countries ranged from Mexico with income for the US of 6.1 billion US
dollars for last year and 4 billion US dollars for six years ago to Hong Kong with income for
the US of 0.8 billion US dollars for last year and 0.3 billion US dollars for six years ago.
Therefore, the two largest markets the US depends on for their processed food exports were the
closest ones, Canada and Mexico.
Compared to 6 years ago, last year US processed food exports to Australia experienced the
most significant growth of 300%, to China, Hong Kong and the Philippines – just over 200%,
and to the other countries – under 100%.

The graph shows the amount of money tourists from five different countries spent while
visiting New Zealand between the years 1996 and 2014. The five countries compared are
Australia, the USA, the UK, Japan and China.
It is clear that the amount of money spent in New Zealand by tourists from almost all the named
countries increased from 1996 to 2014, although there were some fluctuations along the way.
In 1996, Australian citizens spent the most, at NZ$1,000 per person, followed by tourists from
the USA, Japan, the UK and, finally, China at NZ$100 per visitor. Most countries experienced
growth in visitor spend during the 18-year period that peaked at various points in time for
different countries, and then declined. Australia’s spending, for instance, peaked at NZ$2,500
in 2006, whereas the USA reached a top of NZ$1,700 in 2010. China’s peak in 2004 was the
lowest of all the countries (NZ$500).
In spite of the decline in spending that the countries experienced, overall, tourists were
spending more at the end of the period compared to the beginning. In 2014, Australia’s visitors
spent the most at NZ$2,000, followed by tourists from the USA, UK, Japan and China, at
NZ$400 per person. The only country whose citizens spent the same amount in 1996 and 2014
was Japan (about NZ$500 per person).

This report refers to two bar charts. The first gives data on obesity in boys by ethnicity between
the ages of twelve and nineteen in the United States for 2004 and 2014, and the second gives
the same data for girls. Overall, it is clear that in both demographics the percentage of obese
teenagers increased by 2014, with Hispanic boys and Non-Hispanic Black girls being the most
at risk.
In boys, the obesity figures for 2004 were similar for all three ethnicities given, at 12, 11 and 13
per cent for Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic respectively. In 2014,
these figures rose to 17, 20 and 27 per cent for the same ethnicities. All the figures for 2014 are
significantly higher compared to 2004, especially the last, with over a quarter of this ethnic
group being classed as obese.
In girls, the obesity figures for 2004 were similar to boys for Non-Hispanic White and
Hispanic, at 9 and 12 per cent respectively. The figure for Non-Hispanic Black was
significantly higher for girls at 16 per cent. In 2014, Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic both
rose 5 per cent and remained less than their male counterparts. Non-Hispanic Black girls,
however, rose to 29 per cent, which is the highest figure in both charts.

This report concerns a bar chart, which compares Scotland’s exports in different areas of
industry to the rest of the UK with its exports to the rest of the world in 2014.
It is evident that exports to the rest of the world were much more significant to the Scottish
economy than those to the rest of the UK.
The bar chart shows that in 2014 Scotland exported more to the rest of the world than to the rest
of the UK in all the industries mentioned with one exception. The Electrical & Instrument
Engineering industry exports were £4 billion to the rest of the UK compared to £2.3 billion
going to the rest of the world.
In other industry sectors, the difference in exports was most significant in the Business Services
& Finance, Hotels & Restaurant Services Industry, with exports to the rest of the world worth
£13.8 billion and exports to the UK worth only £1.7 billion. Other notable sectors were
Wholesale & Retail with roughly £7 billion of difference between exports to ROW and the rest
of the UK, Chemicals & Mineral Products and Other Manufacturing where the difference
between exports to the rest of the world and those to the rest of the UK was approaching £5
billion.

The diagram describes the life cycle of a car, starting with mining of raw materials and ending
with scrapping of unrecyclable parts.
It is clear that recycling of materials and parts plays a big role in the process.
The starting place of the cycle is the mining of the raw materials, which are then used to
manufacture car components or delivered straight to the factory. This then leads to the cars
being manufactured and in turn sold, usually through dealerships, and used. It is stated that on
average, a car has about three owners, and during the car’s use, the car gets serviced and
repaired.
Once the cars have been used up to their capacity and they do not work properly anymore, then
they are sold for scrap. If the still functioning or reusable parts and materials can be recycled,
they can either be formed into components again, or delivered back to a factory for re-use. The
life cycle of the car then begins again. All the parts that cannot be recycled are scrapped and
this constitutes the end of car’s life.

Both pie charts focus on the proportions of visits to Ireland last year. However, while one
provides data on the proportion of the different age groups of people who visited Ireland last
year, the second pie chart provides data on the gender of the visitors and their reasons for
visiting.
It can be clearly seen that the 25-34 year old and 45-54 year old cohorts comprised the largest
proportion of visitors and that most people came to Ireland for leisure, not business.
The first pie chart shows that three age groups made up most of last year's visitors to Ireland.
These were 25 to 34 year-olds (23%), 35 to 44 year-olds (19%), and 45 to 54 year-olds (23%).
Four other age groups made up the rest, ranging from 6% to 11% of visitors.
The second pie chart shows that Ireland received last year more male visitors than female
visitors (56% to 44%). Business trips to Ireland did not make up a very significant amount of
trips, 17% in total; however, the amount of business visits conducted by males was much
higher, 13%, compared to 4% female business visits.

The graph shows the percentages of New Zealand primary school students who were learning a
second language for the years 2006 to 2014
It can be clearly seen that the popularity of various languages amongst school children changed
over the years. Even languages that started off as equally popular in 2006 experienced a change
in demand by 2014.
In 2006, the most common second language students learned in New Zealand primary schools
was French (29%), with Japanese (28%) following very close behind. In 2014, the most
common second language learned in primary school was still French at around the same
percentage, however, the second most common had switched to Spanish (23%). Japanese
dropped from its 2006 high of 28% to 17% in 2014.
The two least commonly learned second languages were German and Chinese. Chinese, which
in 2006 had been the least commonly learned language at under 5%, dramatically increased and
reached around 12% in 2014. German, which in 2006 had been the most common of the bottom
three of the results given with 12%, steadily decreased to around 6% in 2014. "Other
languages" groups various languages that are not stated. These were at 7% in 2006, but became

more popular over the years, reaching around 9% in 2014 after having peaked in the previous
year.
This report is describing two pie charts, one that shows the sources for UK tax revenue and
another that shows how the UK government spent their money. Both charts show statistics from
last year. It can be clearly seen that income tax was the biggest source of revenue for the UK,
and pensions were the largest expenditure area.
The sources that the UK government was most dependent on last year were income tax, which
made up 28% of tax revenue, national insurance taxes, which made up 21% and value added
tax, which made up 17%. The sources that contributed the least to tax revenue were fuel duty,
business rates and council tax, each making up 5% of total revenue. The remaining sources of
money for the UK government were corporation tax (8%) and other, undefined sources (11%).
The pie chart describing the total UK government spending for last year shows that most of the
money gained from taxation went on pensions (20%), health care (18%), welfare (17%) and
education (14%). The least amount of money went to general government and to transport, both
areas receiving 3% of the money each. 7% of the money went to other spending, and the
remaining money went to defence (7%), interest payments on debt (6%) and protection in the
form of law, police, fire department etc. (5%).

The images below explain the process of how pollutants from modern life become acid
rain that in turn pollutes the environment and the food chain.
This diagram shows the cycle of pollution that contributes to the development of acid rain and
how it affects the environment on which human life is dependent.
The majority of the pollutants created come from housing, transport, factories and power
stations. These sources release various compounds such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide,
different nitrogen oxides, mercury and other compounds. These pollutants then rise up into the
air and are absorbed by clouds, which then become contaminated in turn and travel across
countries and continents. Then, once condensation occurs, water containing the pollutants in the
clouds will condense and fall to the Earth in the form of precipitation, namely acid rain.
The acid rain will fall onto hills, fields, trees, plants and into rivers and lakes, contaminating
them. This leads to the pollution of the environment and the food chain, as the pollutants are
absorbed into the Earth or plants, which either act as a habitat or a food source for animals,
destroying them or affecting their biological processes. This in turn will lead to the dying out of
the animals, which will then lead to imbalance in the food chain, greatly impacting the
ecosystem.

The bar chart below shows the average Australian water consumption in selected cities for
last year. The pie chart shows the distribution of Australian water consumption for last year.
The bar chart shows the average Australian water consumption in selected cities for last year,
while the pie chart shows how water was used in Australia for last year. It can clearly be seen
that water supply affected most of the key parts of Australian life and industry, but the most
severely affected sector in a shortage would be agriculture.
The highest water consumer was the city of Perth with 300 kilolitres per property as an annual
average. It was followed by Brisbane and Adelaide, where properties used 250 and about 240
kilolitres a year on average. In Sydney households consumed 200 kilolitres of water annually,
and the smallest yearly average consumption was recorded in Melbourne and Canberra, about
150 and 140 kilolitres per property respectively.
Among industries, the largest water user in Australia last year was agriculture, which took up
over two thirds of usage at 67%. The next largest usage was by households (9%), water supply,
sewage and drainage (7%) and water used for electricity and gas supply (7%). The rest was
used by manufacturing (4%), other industries (4%) and mining (2%).

The bar chart below shows the average rainfall for Australia by month for last year. The
line shows the average rainfall for Australia by month for the last 40 years.
This report will describe a bar chart showing the average rainfall for Australia last year by
month and the average rainfall in Australia for the past forty years.
Overall, it can be seen that the average rainfall for Australia last year was a little lower than
average rainfall in Australia for the past forty years, but generally followed the same pattern.
The average rainfall of the last forty years in Australia decreased from a peak at the beginning
of the year to lows in the months in the middle of the year. Towards the end of the year rainfall
rose again. Rainfall data for last year generally followed the same trend as the last forty years'
average.
Although the general pattern of the two sets of data is similar, there are some differences. The
line representing the accumulation of the average rainfall from the past forty years begins at
around eighty millimetres in January and then drops sharply to around thirty millimetres in
April. Rainfall then drops slowly to around thirteen millimetres in September and then again
rises steadily to just under sixty millimetres in December. Average rainfall for the last year was
a little lower than the forty-year average for most months, excepting March, May, June and
November when the rainfall was a little heavier. August and October were particularly dry
when compared with the forty-year average, at around five millimetres each compared with
about fifteen and twenty millimetres each respectively for the forty-year average.

The maps below show the Happy Valley Shopping Center in 1982 and 2012. Summarise
the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
The two maps show the radical changes that Happy Valley Shopping Center underwent during
the period between 1982 and 2012. Overall, it is clear that the redevelopment resulted in
expansion of the shopping mall and rearrangement of its in-house facilities.
By 2012, the indoor shopping area spread to the west, and the outdoor lake was replaced by a
furniture retailer. Additionally, considerable changes were made to the north-west part where
a coffee shop was removed and an adjacent food store was relocated to the south-east corner
of the mall. Two stores selling sports and electronic goods took over their previous locations
along the northern wall. A linear array of themed restaurants moved in along the eastern wall
of the shopping centre, replacing sports and electronics shops. On the western side, the lobby
area at the main entrance was removed to allow for a bigger central entertainment area.
Yet another alteration was made outside, where a path leading to the main entrance of the
mall was removed and instead a spacious car park was built. The entrance, however, was kept
in the same location and the lines of trees surrounding the shopping centre remained largely
unchanged where possible.

The flow chart below explains how laundry is handled.
Using information from the flow chart describe the laundry process.
The flowchart illustrates how a commercial laundry service works. There are nine or ten steps
involved in handling laundry, and the number of steps depends on the type of laundry.
Overall, the entire process is very similar for the two types of laundry. The only step that differs
relates to the level of dryness of the laundered fabric.
After laundry is collected from suppliers, it is separated into towels and linen. Each type of
laundry is loaded into laundry bags, which are then transported and loaded into a laundry
machine. Following that, the washing cycle begins, and it takes two hours from start to finish.
After washing, water is partially drained from the laundry by pressing, and the next stage is
different for towels and linen. Towels are dried completely, whereas linen is only partially
dried. The half-wet linen is then ironed. In the final step, laundry, including both towels and
linen, is transported to the folding machine.

The table below describes the number of students studying foreign languages in Some
Country in 2000- 2005.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown.
The table presents the numbers of students who learned 5 different foreign languages in Some
Country from 2000 to 2005.
Overall, it can be seen that while the most popular language increased in popularity, the second
and third popular languages lost a considerable number of students between 2000 and 2005.
It can be clearly seen that the largest number of students studied Spanish, and their numbers
rose throughout the entire period the table describes.
The most popular languages were Spanish, German and French, of which Spanish language was
the most popular, starting from 1889 students in 2000 and gradually increasing to 2453 in 2005.
At the same time, students who learned German and French were around 1811 and 896 in 2000,
respectively, and both groups experienced some fluctuation, eventually dropping their numbers
to 1121 and 687 respectively in 2005.
Russian and Japanese languages were learned by the smallest number of students, and that
didn't change over the period. The number of Russian students started at 20 in 2000, rising
insignificantly to 26 students by 2005. Similarly, Japanese was studied by 32 students in
2000 and that figure increased slightly to 35 in 2005.

The diagrams below show the current ground floor plan of a museum and the proposed
changes to its layout. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons where relevant.

The two diagrams describe the current ground floor plan of a museum and its future
modification. The most noticeable change is that a special area will be added for the Modern
Art exhibition.
Overall, the highlight of the proposed plan of the museum's ground floor is the launch of
Modern Art exhibition. The rest of the museum halls, toilets and the open atrium area will
remain largely unchanged.
Looking at the diagrams we can see that the entrance to the museum will be relocated from
Spring Street in the eastern side of the building to the southern side of the building, in Patterson
Street. This change will make the location of the lifts more convenient, exactly opposite to the
entrance, unlike the current lifts situated further away from the entrance.
The Gemstones exhibition will remain almost in the same place, but the area allocated to it will
be enlarged and shifted to the centre. Essentially, it is swapping places with the Craft
exhibition, which is being pushed to the corner. Another significant change is the intended
relocation of storeroom to where Marine Life is currently situated and making it more spacious.
A new location has been proposed for Marine Life near the former entrance to museum.

The diagrams below contain information regarding percentages of people occupied in
various types of position in 1998 and 2001.
Write a report for a university tutor describing the information shown.
The two charts describe the number of people in various types of employment (casual,
unemployed, full-time job, part-time job, self-employed and contract) in 1998 and 2001.
Overall, the charts demonstrate a trend of people leaving full-time employment and the growing
unemployment. It is clear that the majority of people held a full-time position in both 1998 and
2001.
In 1998 full time workers were the largest group (at 37%), followed by people working part-
time jobs (27%), self-employed (19%) and contract workers (12%). Casual labourers and the
unemployed made up only 3% and 2% of the workforce, respectively.
In 2001, although full time position holders were still the majority, their proportion dropped to
28% and that of part-time workers - to 20%. The proportion of self-employed remained at 19%,
but the number of contract workers' noticeably increased to 18%. Another significant increase
was in the proportion of unemployed, which grew more than threefold to 7% in 2001. Casual
workers' share seemed to stay unchanged at 3%, making them the smallest group in the
workforce.

The graph below shows the annual water usage (in millions of cubic metres) by industries
in Some country.
The bar graph gives information about the amount of water used by several industrial sectors in
Some country. The figures are measured in millions of cubic meters. Overall, the amount of
ground water usage was considerably larger than the amount of water public supply.
It is clearly seen that the chemical sector used the greatest amounts of both ground water and
that from public supply source, at 430 and 240 million cubic litres, respectively. The water
usage by metal industry accounted for the second largest, with ground water at 240, and public
supply at 90. Food and drinks sector also a relatively significant amount of public supply water
(190 million cubic litres), which was larger than its amount of ground water usage by 80
million.
Turning to the sectors that used considerably smaller amounts of water, 190 million from
ground water and 20 from public supply were consumed by the paper industry. Machinery
sector used 100 from public and only 10 from ground water. The opposite trend was shown by
both fuel and textile industries, that used an insignificant amount of public supply water (just 10
million cubic litres), yet their ground water consumption was 70 and 80 million cubic litres,
respectively.

The graph describes average house prices in Some town in 2005.

The line graph shows the average cost of housing in Sometown in the second half of the year
2005. It is clear that the prices of both sold and unsold houses had fluctuated over the period.
Overall, there was a significant difference between the asking and selling price and the gap
narrowed towards the end of 2005 as sellers' expectations moved closer to achievable prices.
According to the graph, the asking price of unsold properties peaked in July at around $335,000
dollars and then the figure decreased to its lowest level of nearly $319,000, which was reached
in September. A slight fluctuation occurred in the following months the average prices of
homes for sale increased by 10 thousand dollars in October and declined to just above 320,000
dollars in December.
Similarly, the average price of sold properties had varied widely over the period, except the
values were lower. The months of July and August recorded average prices of around $300,000
and $303,000 dollars respectively. Then, prices reached the bottom at 290,000 in the next two
months before rose significantly and registered highest value in December at almost $308,000.

The chart below shows information about average house prices in five different cities
between 1990 and 2002 compared with average house prices in 1989. Summarise the
information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
The illustrates the figures of average house prices in the five different cities during the period
from 1990 to 2002, in comparison with the data in 1989. Overall, there was an upward trend in
the percentage of change of house prices during the period shown in almost all of the cities
except for Frankfurt.
As can be clearly seen, there was a considerable fall by approximately 5% in the proportion
change of estate prices in New York between 1990 and 1995. Likewise, Tokyo and London,
which had the same figures, witnessed a dramatic decrease by about 7% over the same period.
However, the figures for Madrid and Frankfurt were around 2% and 3%, respectively.
During the period from 1996 to 2002, the figure for London was the highest with more than
10% in the percentage of change of house prices. During the same period, the rates at which the
house prices increased were about 5% in New York and 4% in Madrid. This rate in Frankfurt
was 2%, lower than the first 5-year period. Finally, the percentage change in Tokyo fell by
around 5% between 1996 and 2002.

The graph below shows the consumption of fish and different kinds of meat in a European
country between 1979 and 2004. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting
the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
The line graph provides information about the consumption of fish and different kinds of meat
in a European country from 1979 to 2004.
Overall, it is clear that the most popular kind of meat was chicken, and the least popular one
was fish. In addition, the consumption of beef and lamb decreased dramatically.
In 1979, the consumption of beef and lamb was about the same, with lamb higher by 10
grams. Over a ten-year period between 1979 and 1989, beef utilization fluctuated considerably,
and there was a sharp increase in the consumption of chicken by 60 grams. During the same
period, there was a rapid drop in the utilization of lamb to 100g, while the figure for fish
declined slightly to 50g.
Between 1989 and 2004, the consumption of lamb and fish continued to decrease to 50
grams and 40 grams respectively, and the utilization of chicken reached its peak of 240 grams.
There was a significant drop in beef consumption, with a decrease of over 70 grams in just 10
years from 1994 to 2004.

The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty
in Australia in 1999. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main
features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The table data presents information about the types of Australian families who were poverty-
stricken in 1999. It also shows the number and proportion of such impoverished families for the
same year.
Overall, more than 1.83 million Australian families were poor in 1999 and it comprised just
over one-tenth of the total Australian households. Furthermore, poverty was more prevalent
among soles parents and singles without any children.
As the data suggest, one out of five sole parents in Australia were destitute and it was the
highest percentage of poverty among the given family types in 1999. The higher number of
poor family, however, were the couples with children accounting for approximately one million
households. 7% couples without children, on the other hand, were not affluent. 19% Single
Australians without any child were needy while this rate among the elder citizens was fewer -
6% single ages person and 4% aged couple were poor and the total number of such families
were 54,000 and 48,000 respectively.

The graph below gives information on wages of Some country over a ten-year period.
This line graph shows the percentages of growth in wages in Canada from 1993 to 2003.
It can be clearly seen that the highest and lowest records respectively went to the year 1998 and
2002.
For the first 5-year period, the rate remains high with the minimum growth of 2% as recorded
in 1993. There was a sharp rise of 2% in the next year before it dropped to around 3% between
1995 and 1996. However, from this point on, the growth percentage of wage rose rapidly until
getting to 6% in 1998, which was also the peak over the 10-year period.
In contrast, the other five year was a remark of an alarming plummet. Just a year after the peak,
the growth percentage dropped by 3% - the biggest change over 10 years. It continued to fall
from 2000 to 2002, where the growth rate was only 1%, before recovering to 2% in 2003.
Another interesting feature is that, despite the unstable growing pattern, the wages growth rate
in Some country was remaining positive throughout the period.

The graph below shows the differences in wheat exports over three different areas. Write
a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Write at least
150 words.
The line graph compares three regions in terms of exports of wheat between 1985 and 1990.
Overall, the three regions experienced different trends in the time period. While the wheat
export in Canada and European countries rose with some fluctuations, the export in Australia
fell over time.
As the graph shows, Australia's wheat export figure started at 15 million tons in 1985 followed
by a small increase to around 16 million tons in 1986. Then, it declined steadily until it fell to just
over 10 million tons in 1990. Regarding Canada's exports, in 1985 they shipped approximately
19 million tons of wheat. This figure fell to about 17 million in 1986, but then their exports
experienced considerable growth to 25 million tons in 1988. Afterward, the figure plunged to
below 15 million in 1989, but then subsequently rose to just under 20 million in 1990.
By contrast, the wheat exports from the European Community experienced an increase in the
six year period. In 1985, nearly 16 million tons were exported, but this number fell to about 14
million in 1986. Then, the exports increased to exactly 15 million tons in 1987 and 1988 before
witnessing steady growth to 19 million and 21 million tons in 1989 and 1990, respectively.

The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different
employment status.
The bar chart compares the amount of free time per week that males and females of five
categories of employment status had between 1998 and 1999.
It is clear that men enjoyed more hours of leisure time per week than women in three out of five
categories. However, only figures for women are shown in two categories, namely employed
part-time and housewives.
Regarding the full-time employed, obviously men had slightly more leisure time than women,
with approximately 45 hours of free time per week, compared to around 38 hours for women.
Obviously, unemployed and retired people of both genders enjoyed the most hours of leisure
time. Moreover, the figures for retired males and females were exactly the same as those for the
unemployed, at around 85 and 78 hours of free time per week, respectively.
Housewives enjoyed 50 hours of spare time, a little more than part-time working women who
had just over 40 leisure hours each week. No data is given for men in either of these categories.

The table below gives information about the average annual spending of university
students in three different countries.
The given table compares the percentage of expenditure which college students from 3
countries spend on different living expenses each year.
Overall, the total spending of students in country A was higher than the expenditure of students
in countries B and C. In all the countries, students spent the highest proportion of their budget
on accommodation and food.
In country A, the total spending of students is highest, at 5000$ per year, compared with $4500
and $1500 for students in countries B and C respectively.
Accommodation accounts for 45% of the total expenditure of students in country A, while the
proportions were lower for students in country B at 35%, and country C, at only 30%.
However, in term of food, students in country C spend the largest percentage of their money on
it, accounting for 36%. The figures for country A and B are only 22% and 28% respectively.
Students in country C also spent a high percentage of their budget on books, at 21%, compared
with 9% for students in country B and just 3% for students in country A. By contrast, students
in countries A and B spent 22% and 23% respectively of their budget on leisure, while students
in country C spent only 12% of their total money on this category.

The pie charts below show the average household expenditures in Japan and Malaysia in
the year 2010.
The pie charts compare the average household spending in Japan and Malaysia in terms of five
important categories in 2010.
Overall, it is clear that Japanese and Malaysian people spent the largest proportion of their
budget on just three categories, namely housing, food and other goods and services. Moreover,
the expenditures on healthcare and transport in Japan were double the figures for Malaysia.
In Malaysian households, the greatest proportion of spending was on housing, which

represented 34% of the total expenditure, while in Japan, the figure for this category was just
21%. Japanese householders spent the largest amount of their income on other goods and
services, at 29%. Meanwhile, the rate of spending on this category in Malaysia was slightly
lower, at 26%. In terms of food, the percentages of expenses for both nations were relatively
similar, at 27% for Malaysia and 24% for Japan.
In both countries, the smallest proportion of spending was on health care. In Malaysia, this
accounted for 3% of the total household expenses, while the figure for transport represented
10%. These figures were exactly doubled in Japan.

The maps show changes that took place in Youngsville in New Zealand over a 25 year
period from 1980 to 2005.
The maps illustrate the developments which took place in the coastal town of Youngsville
between 1980 and 2005.
Overall, a comparison of the two maps reveals a complete transformation from a largely rural to
a mainly urban area.
In the year 1980, the town was a much greener residential area with a large number of trees and
individual houses, but during the next 25 years, the town saw a number of significant changes.
The most noticeable is that all of the trees in the south of the River Alanah were chopped down,
with all the houses along the railway line being demolished to make way for skyscrapers.
Moreover, a new industrial zone with warehouses and factories sprang up around the school
and airport.
In contrast, only a few trees in the north of the river remained. The woodland was cleared and
converted into a golf course, a park, and car parting facilities. Further developments were the
construction of a stadium next to the north- east corner of the lake and the extension of the
railway line from the river running directly to the north. A Marina was also constructed at the
mouth of the river.

The diagram illustrates the process that is used to manufacture bricks for the building
industry.
The flow chart shows the way in which bricks are made for the building industry.
Overall, there are 7 stages in the whole brick producing process, beginning with the digging up
of clay and ending with the delivery of the bricks to the customers.
To begin, the clay used to make the bricks is dug up from the ground by a large digger. This
clay is then placed onto a metal grid, which is used to break up the clay into smaller pieces. A
roller assists in this process.
Following this, sand and water are added to the clay, and this mixture is turned into bricks by
either placing it into a mould or using a wire cut. Next, these bricks are placed in a drying oven
to dry for 24 – 48 hours. In the subsequent stage, the bricks go through a heating and cooling
process.
They are heated in a kiln at a moderate and then a high temperature (ranging from 200c to
1300c), followed by a cooling process in a cooling chamber for 48 – 72 hours. Finally, the
bricks are packed and delivered to their destinations.

The flow chart illustrates the development of a frog from egg during its life cycle.
Overall, it is clear that there are six distinct stages illustrated in the process, commencing with
producing eggs in the water and ending with the development of a mature frog.
The first stage is when the eggs, shown as frogspawn, float on the surface of the lake. The next
step after this is the emergence of the small tadpole after the frogspawn hatches. At this point in
the cycle, the small tadpole has a small body with a long tail. Over time, the tadpole grows and
its body becomes bigger while the tail becomes longer. At the same time, the legs begin to form
so as to prepare the tadpole’s future life on land.
Eventually, the tadpole starts to grow into a young frog with a wider mouth, a shorter tail and
larger legs although it continues to live in the water. Gradually, the frog becomes mature, ready
to leave the water and moves onto the land. When being on land, it starts to breathe air and
loses the tail. The final stage of the cycle is when the adult frog finds a mate in order to lay
eggs. Having completed all these steps, the lifecycle will then begin again.

6. Introduction of task-2
1. Types of Essays There are a total of 8 Essay types and you will be asked to form
an essay of 250 words on one particular type.
a) Agree/Disagree
b) Advantages and Disadvantages
c) Problems and solution
d) Positive and negative side
e) Cause and effect
f) Discussion and opinion
g) Double question type
h) Single question
2. Time duration 40 Minutes

3. Weightage 66 percentage
4. Marking Criteria* a) Coherence and Cohesion (25%)
b) Grammatical Range and Accuracy (25%)
c) Lexical Resource (25%)
d) Task Response (25%)
5. Points to note* a) Legibility

b) Memorised Essay
c) Under length
d) Off-Topic
6. Topics based on Tourism & Transport Health

Business & Money Housing
Communication Education
Crime & punishment Leisure
Environment Language
Family & Children Technology
Food & Diet Government
Media & Advertising Art
Space Exploration Society
Sports & Exercise
*is explained in further content

7. Types of essay
1) Agree-Disagree
i. Do you agree-disagree?
Structure-1 Structure-2
• Paraphrasing & Thesis (your • Paraphrasing & Thesis (your
Intro. stand) Intro. stand)
• One side better • One side better

B1 B1
• Extention of your reasons • Other side is not better

B2 B2
• Summary of your points • Summary of your points

Conc. Conc.
Example 1: Most of our information comes Example 2: Some people say we should eat
from the internet nowadays. Some people only veg food because non-veg can cause
say that a large part of information we get is serious health problems. Do you agree or
incorrect. Do you agree or disagree? disagree?
ii. To what extent?

Structure-1 Structure-2
• Paraphrasing & Partially agree Intro.
• Paraphrasing & large extent
Intro.
• One side better
• One side better B1
B1
• Extension of the side that is better
B2
• Other side better
B2 • Other side better
B3
• Partial conclusion & Summary • Large extent conclusion &
Conc. of your points Conc. summary of your points
Example 3: Some people believe that Example 4: If a product is good or it meets

reading stories from a book is better than customer requirements people will buy it, so
watching TV or playing computer games advertising is unnecessary and no more than
for children. To what extent do you agree an entertainment. To what extent do you
or disagree? agree or disagree?

➢ Example 1:
Most of our information comes from the internet nowadays. Some people say that a
large part of information we get is incorrect. Do you agree or disagree?
Although the Internet has become the ubiquitous source of information, the reliability of
this data has, for some, become debatable. I disagree with this sentiment since there are
many trustworthy resources on the Internet, and they have a significant role to play in
education.
To begin with, people who believe a huge amount of online information to be inaccurate
might think that many websites rely on amateur authors. They aim to attract the public to
visit their sites and see online advertisements to gain money. However, this thought is
rather ill-founded as the fact of the matter is different. The contents of credible websites
are written and reviewed by experts in several fields. This was emphasized by a recent
study conducted, in May 2020, by the Faculty of Journalism and Media, Cairo
University, which revealed that on the 230 most trustworthy online platforms across the
world, 94% of the workforce were professional authors. Thus, as this example makes
clear, if we were to depend on reliable websites, we would definitely avoid a large
amount incorrect data.
In addition to this, many educationalists utilize the Internet as a fundamental for

academic purposes. Not only do they use it to share their curricula and materials with
their students, but they also surf it in a quest for recent updates in their fields. For
instance, Justor-the scientific online platform, works as a giant digital library as it
contains millions of recent academic papers. This website is a significant online resource
which updates scholars and educators with the latest scientific breakthroughs. This
example confirms the Internet as a vital source of data rather than evaluating it as an
unreliable resource.
To conclude, while false data does exist on the Internet, I entirely disagree that most
online information is incorrect because of the omnipresence of trustworthy websites and
the pivotal role of the Internet in offering credible data for academic purposes.

➢ Example 2:
Some people say we should eat only veg food because non-veg can cause serious
health problems. Do you agree or disagree?
When it is perfectly possible to lead a healthy life by eating plant-based food, I see no
justification for killing birds or animals for our food. Therefore, I completely agree with
the argument that everyone should adopt a vegetarian diet.
There are several benefits to following a vegetarian diet. To start with, plant-based food
is rich in vitamins, minerals, anti-oxidants and other nutrients required for good health.
What’s more, most fruits and vegetables contain little or no cholesterol or calories.
Research has shown that vegetarians are less likely to develop health-related problems
like obesity, cancer or heart diseases. Health benefits are not the only reason to follow a
vegetarian diet. When we obtain our food from plants, we can also stop cruelty to
animals.
By contrast, non-vegetarian foods such as fish and meat are high in cholesterol, fat and
calories. Regular consumption of red meat is known to increase a person’s risk of cancer
and heart disease. In addition, unlike fruits or vegetables, fish and meat cannot be eaten
raw. The slaughtered animal may have some illness. If half-cooked meat is eaten, it can
cause deadly infections in human beings. In fact, many cases of food poisoning are
caused by the consumption of contaminated meat.
The quality of non-vegetarian food has also deteriorated over the years. Seafood has
become contaminated due to the pollution in ocean water. It is a well-known fact that
farm animals are given steroids to grow rapidly. When we eat their meat, the steroid also
enters into our body. This leads to several problems like precocious puberty in children.
In conclusion, a healthy diet determines our wellbeing and life expectancy. Since a
vegetarian diet is far beneficial than meats, we should choose wisely and decrease our
meat intake as little as possible.

➢ Example 3:
Some people believe that reading stories from a book is better than watching TV or
playing computer games for children. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
It is not uncommon that children nowadays gain knowledge or entertain themselves by

reading books and playing computer games or watching TV. A certain extent I agree that
reading books is a useful way for children’s development. However, I would argue that
watching television or play computer games also play an equally important role in their
life.
On the one hand, I agree that playing video games and watching TV set are a benefit for
youngsters in some ways. Firstly, video games can make players develop connections in
their brain cells; thus, these games can help them to increase their concentration and
creativity. For example, the action game can boost brain function in response speed,
attention, spatial cognition, and life skills. Secondly, watching television helps
youngsters broaden their knowledge by providing useful information which does not
update through books and newspapers. For instance, children may expand their
understanding of wildlife by watching animal videos on TV.
On the other hand, I believe that reading books are beneficial for the young. Nowadays,
many children become insensitive due to overexposure to technology; therefore, reading
is one of the best ways to cultivate their emotions. Many children's books are on topics
that can open valuable discussions between a parent and child, such as books about
sibling rivalry, so they would gradually develop a sense of sharing and loving member
families. Furthermore, reading books with children helps them develop their language
skills. Besides, stories not only engage children's imagination, but also introduce children
to things and places such as oceans and wild animals.
In conclusion, I would argue that books and some entertainment activities like watching
video for children would have the same significance in children’s life.

➢ Example 4:
If a product is good or it meets customer requirements people will buy it, so

advertising is unnecessary and no more than an entertainment. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
Advertisements play a crucial role in today’s modern world. Some people hold the
opinion that the consumer will purchase a product if it is reliable and cater to their needs
regardless of whether it is advertised or not. I, however, do not agree with this statement.
In the following paragraphs, I will give my arguments to support my opinion.
There are many reasons why advertising is fundamental for the consumers. To begin
with, businesses and companies come up with new products every now and then. So, it is
essential to make the purchaser aware of their new products. I would argue that without
adverts, people would have no knowledge of a new product which hits the market, and
they will not be able to take advantage of improved features. Secondly, ads help people
to make comparisons, such as features, price and warranty, of a variety of products, and
accordingly choose what they feel is best for them.
Furthermore, people are less confused when they see ads of products and this allows
them to come to a quick final decision. Lastly, companies can inform the customer about
upcoming sale, where the customer can purchase the product at a discounted price for a
limited period. Though such sales are usually organised for clearance of leftover stock,
both customers and stores are benefited by this scheme; the customer gets the product at
an affordable price and stores make space for new arrivals. What is more, sale and
purchase of goods results in a healthy economic growth of a nation.
By contrast, it can be seen that advertisement sometimes creates nuisance for many
people, such as disturbances in the form of calls, SMS and emails or pop-ups while
watching online videos. In addition, adverts induce a compulsive buying behaviour in
some people, and often they buy things which they do not have a real need for.
In conclusion, I would like to recapitulate that advertisement is beneficial for a

consumerist society to create awareness, and it is the responsibility of the consumer to be
smart and not be allured by colourful adverts. Advertising is omnipresent, and will
always be a part of our modern life, we must live with it.

2) Advantage-Disadvantage:
i. What are the advantages and disadvantages?

Structure-1
• Paraphrasing & mention Example 1: In some countries most
Intro. advantages or disadvantages people prefer to rent house rather than
buying. What are the advantages and
• Advantages disadvantages of renting a house?
B1
• Disadvantages
B2
• Summary of your points

Conc.
ii. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages?

Structure-1
• Paraphrasing & state which is Example 2: The food travels thousands
Intro. more of miles from a farm to a consumer.
Some people think that it would be
• Advantage/disadvantage much better to our environment and
B1 economy if people eat only locally
produced food. Do the advantages
• Advantage/disadvantage outweigh the disadvantages?
B2
• Disadvantage/Advantage
B3
• Summary
Conc.

➢ Example 1:
In some countries most people prefer to rent house rather than buying. What are
the advantages and disadvantages of renting a house?
In many countries, people still prefer to own their homes. However, many people prefer
to rent rather than possess in the more developed countries because of affordability,
property taxes, and maintenance expenses. Many people are migrating for jobs.
Accordingly, it does not make much sense for them to stay anchored to a particular
location by securing property there.
To start with, purchasing a property requires a great deal of money and the skyrocketing
price in big cities makes it impossible for many to own a home for many people. As a
result, these people naturally rent an apartment. There are certain advantages to living in
a rented apartment. First of all, the person does not have to pay a considerable sum of
money at a time and does not need to deliver housing taxes and bear maintenance costs.
Moreover, such people can change their living place based on the location of their
workplace and children’s school. The renovation of the place is the landlord’s
responsibility, and the tenants do not require to worry about it.
On the flip side, there are several disadvantages to renting that people should take into
account. In the past, families remained integrated because of their ancestral homes and its
emotional value. In addition, those who live their entire life in rented homes spend a
considerable amount of money on rent which could have been saved for their retirement.
For many, it is helpful to fully own the housing to manage through the ups and downs of
retirement. Finally, monthly rent is an expense as opposed to mortgage payments that
build assets for the owners. Over time, an owned property is another asset that holds
financial value.
There are both advantages and drawbacks of rental accommodation in equivalent

proportion to recapitulate. Though it lessens the expense of maintenance, in some cases,
it leads to a reduced sense of home security.

➢ Example 2:
The food travels thousands of miles from a farm to a consumer. Some people think
that it would be much better to our environment and economy if people eat only
locally produced food. Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
These days, many consumers eat food that has travelled thousands of miles away from
their producers. Some people opine that it will be good for the environment if people
only eat locally produced food. I agree with this view to a certain extent. In my opinion,
consumption of local food will create jobs in the local economy and help the
environment, but if people eat only locally produced food, they will have fewer choices.
Environmental problems are a highly debated topic these days. There will be a massive
reduction in the consumption of fossil fuel, if people start preferring locally grown food
and hence it is good for the planet. Another argument in favour of eating locally
produced food is its nutrient value. Locally grown food is nutritious because it is free of
preservatives. Also, locally grown fruits and vegetables are plucked when they ripen and
this retains their nutritional content. By contrast, when they are transported from a distant
place, they are plucked when they are still raw and then ripened with the help of
chemicals. Regular consumption of such food items will lead to health problems in
people.
Even so, in my opinion, eating locally produced food alone is not a viable option because
there is a limit to the kind of food that can be grown in each place. For example, fruits
like apples and grapes can only be grown in cold climates. Likewise, some fruits and
vegetables only grow in hot climates. There are also many regions that are not suitable
for cultivation. If people eat only what is available in their region, they choices will be
limited. However, it should not be the only food available to people.
To conclude, if people give preference to the local produce, it will certainly benefit their
health, the environment and the local economy. Even so, in my opinion, eating locally
cultivated food alone is not a viable option because it will seriously limit the food
choices people have.

3) Discussion-opinion:
i. Some people… other people….
Structure-1
• Paraphrasing & fix line Example1: Some people say that
Intro.
success in life depends on hard work
• Why some people say this and determination, while other people
B1
believe that other factors like money
B2 • Why others say this and personal appearance are also
important. Discuss both the views and
• Summary of your points & your give your opinion.
Conc. opinion
➢ Example 1:
Some people say that success in life depends on hard work and determination, while
other people believe that other factors like money and personal appearance are also
important. Discuss both the views and give your opinion.
It is certainly true that there are numerous factors behind every success. Some people deem
that hard work and persistence are the primary factors which help a person to achieve success
but others argue that financial status and looks are more important. In my opinion, both
views are valid as a combination of perseverance and money is needed to achieve success.
People have valid reasons to support the view that hard work and ambition are the main key
to success in life. Firstly, everyone has to do hard work to acquire knowledge and experience
because one can receive money and support from one’s family but, to get experience and
skills one has to make efforts on one’s own. For instance, students have to study to pass the
examinations; their parents cannot study on their behalf. Secondly, no target can be achieved
without determination because persistence is the key to victory. So, one must have a strong
will power to give one’s hundred percent to a goal.
On the other hand, people who advocate that good looks and money are important for
success believe that good looks increase one’s confidence which is a predominant factor of
success. Nobody can accomplish even a small task, if they do not consider themselves
capable. Therefore, confidence is a must to win every race. Apart from this, money is
considered important because it provides initial support to start a career. People who are not
financially secure / stable have to start things from scratch. In this way, money saves time
and energy of initiators.
To wrap up, people have to face so many difficulties to achieve success and not all problems
can be tackled by money or hard work alone. That is why I think that all factors are
important to be successful.

4) Positive or Negative:
i. Is this positive/negative?
Structure-1
Example1: Nowadays sport is
• Paraphrasing & fix line becoming a business and more and
Intro.
professionals and companies are
getting involved in sporting events. Do
B1 • Positive you think that it is positive or negative
development?
• Negative
B2
Conclusion:
• Take one side Although...+ve/-ve...
Conc. I personally believe...ve/-ve…
➢ Example 1:
Nowadays sport is becoming a business. More and more professionals and

companies are getting involved in sporting events. Do you think that it is positive or
negative development?
The trend of involving large firms and more professionals in sporting events, and
making it a business is being followed in today’s society. It leads to a great opportunity
for the association to advertise their products and brand, more employment and more
publicity of players; therefore, its consequences will be fruitful.
Companies will have the opportunity to advertise themselves on a big platform. This is
because organizations will provide huge funds to the athletics committee to organize the
sports on professional playgrounds and arranging the big screen to show the sport online
where a lot of people can see the sporting event, in return they get a chance to advertise
themselves by implying large size of banners and showing their advertisement on the
same screens in break time, thereby, community sales will be increasing automatically.
For instance, in the last 5 years, Pepsi company’s sales increased by 10% because of
branding in sports events.
Besides companies’ productive outcome, team spirit and winning courage will increase in
teams. The reason is that teams will hire professional trainers and journalists, to get
training of their specific sports and publicity of team on international level respectively;
consequently, teams winning enthusiasm will increase, they will get support from all over

the world. To exemplify, an Australian squad won a cricket match in 2010 by hiring a
professional coach.
Moreover, national economic growth will upsurge. Since a large number of people will
come to experience the match live on sport event location, will buy expensive tickets,
which will automatically boost the economy of the nation because more taxes will be
provided to the government by sporting committees and big companies.
In conclusion, owing to its merits, which are better opportunities for the organization to
rebranding themselves along with a strong country economy and competitive team spirit
to win the competition, it will have constructive outcomes.
5) Double question-type:
i. Why is this...? another question?

Structure-1
• Paraphrasing & answer both Example1: People watch foreign films
Intro. questions in short much more than local films. Why?
Should the government help to local
• Question 1 film industry?
B1
Example2: In many countries, people
• Question 2 buy imported food rather than the food
B2
produced locally. Why do people do
that? How can people be encouraged to
• Summerize
Conc. eat locally produced food?
➢ Example 1:
People watch foreign films much more than local films. Why? Should the government
help to local film industry?
In many countries, especially in developing countries, foreign movies are more popular
than the locally made films. There are several reasons for this trend and thus, it is better
if a government would invest money in science or healthcare due to the nation's
wellbeing rather than sponsor local cinematograph.
The main reason people prefer movies from other countries is the quality of the movie. It
is often noticed that locally made films in many countries lack better plots and the

characters do not have the necessary depth to touch the hearts of the audiences.
Moreover, foreign films have a great variation and they are more enjoyable than the
domestic films. This happens because large film industries like the Hollywood can
allocate a huge budget and have talented producers and directors while films made in
developing countries have a small amount to spend on a movie. For instance, the type of
animated movies and special effects produce these days are unimaginable in most of the
developing countries and this is why movie lovers from these countries prefer to watch
movies made in other countries.
If domestic filmmaking is not attractive for viewers it is more rational if a government

invests in developing other vital areas. It appears that some countries may try to give
more and more financial support to local filmmakers, however, if there no improvement,
then such areas as science and health care ought to be sponsored. By doing this, the state
would enhance its economical position, technological development, and well-being of a
nation. For example, in Russia the government tried to support domestic film industries
during the last twenty years without any improvement, hence, its embassy decided to
give money to medical institutions. As a result, the cinematography was not developed,
however, many Russians have improved their health and life expectancy.
In conclusion, films produced by local filmmakers are inferior to foreign ones. It appears
owing to unprofessional makers of the movie; therefore, it is better to sponsor vital areas
such as science and health industries.
6) Problems-Solutions:
i. What problem can be faced by this? What can be done about it?
/How this issue can be resolved?
Structure-1
Example1: Nowadays, older people
• Paraphrasing & fixed line who need employment have to compete
Intro.
with younger people. What problem
• Problems does this cause, and what are the
B1 solutions?
• Solutions
B2
• Summerize your view point

Conc.

➢ Example 1:
Nowadays, older people who need employment have to compete with younger
people. What problem does this cause, and what are the solutions?
In the present day, with the advance of technology and globalization, the labour market
has been increasingly competitive not only with younger people but also with older. Both
generations have different experiences to offer and at the same time, they do not be
explored with the real value. This essay will discuss older people's need to compete with
youngers and what be the possible solutions to this situation.
First of all, older people, which is the population over 60 years old, depending on this
function are considered inappropriate for the job by virtue of the age. Many employers
consider them old-fashioned and inefficient to exert some types of job and because of
they need to overcome in learning new techniques and state-of-the-art knowledge to
impress the employers. This problem can result in a market incredibly competitive and
also loss of experience qualified with many years of working. In addition, elderly
individuals can become depressed since they are not valued by their qualifications. For
instance, an experienced businessman with years of participation and maturity not only
can teach the younger workers but also can contribute with his practice to ameliorate the
perspectives of the company.
Secondly, famous and immense companies should not prioritize only the youngest rather
than mature individuals whereas both generations can make significant results.
Therefore, to tackle this problem companies could stipulate a specific number of
vacancies to guarantee the presence of both populations. In other words, having quotes
for the eldest individuals will not have unfair competition. For example, the competition
between the elderly population is more coherent, and this way everyone will have the
same chance to get a vacancy.
In conclusion, in the fast-paced world oldest become forgotten, mainly in the job market,
losing their value and this situation is unnecessary and unhealthy. This essay discoursed
whys this problem happens and what could be done to address this perspective.

7) Cause-effects:
i. What are the causes of this? How it affects / society / individuals /

development?
Structure-1
• Paraphrasing & answer both Example1: It has been observed that in
Intro. questions in short many countries not enough students are
choosing to study science subjects at
• Causes university. What do you think are causes
B1
of this problem? What are the effects on
• Effects society?
B2
• Summerize
Conc.
➢ Example 1:
It has been observed that in many countries not enough students are choosing to study
science subjects at university. What do you think are causes of this problem? What
are the effects on society?
It is true that the number of science students are becoming inadequate in different parts
of the world nowadays. The essay below will analyse some explanations for this situation
as well as its influence on society.
There are two principal factors that contribute to the common disinterest in science
subjects. First, those subjects are often challenging and require a lot of diligence as well
as a great deal of patience and intelligence. The number of researches that an average
Biology student has to do is more than other subjects with higher level of both difficulty
and commitment, which discourages many students from choosing science as their
majors. Second, employment opportunities in this particular field are limited and
extremely competitive. Although a huge amount of time and effort is spent on science
study at school, there is still little chance for them to get a job after graduation.
Society greatly suffers from the scarcity of human resources in science fields.
Apparently, as the number of science students is insignificant, other majors such as
business or economics become prevalent, hence the imbalance in future workforce. In
fact, competitiveness increased due to too many degree holders of the same expertise
pushes a worrying number of graduates to the verge of unemployment. Another problem

is the shortage of science professionals as qualified employees are low in number. Unless
more students decided to study science at university, sooner or later we would have to
face a major human resource crisis.
In conclusion, hurdles regarding some strict requirements of science subjects and

employment opportunities are factored in a lot of students not choosing such subjects to
study, and there are serious problems arising from this situation.
8) Single question:
i.
Structure-1 Example1: How important do you
think it is for a country and individual to
• Paraphrasing & answer in short
Intro. think about future rather than focus on
the present?
• Points
B1
Example2: The current trend in
B2
• Points education is to move away from
traditional exams instead have
• Summerize your view point continuous assessments over the school
Conc. years. What do you think of this trend?
➢ Example 1:
The current trend in education is to move away from traditional exams instead have
continuous assessments over the school years. What do you think of this trend?
Education is hailed as one of the imperative factors in the development of a nation.

Therefore, the current curriculum should be modified in such a way that each individual
learns enough to achieve overwhelming success for themselves and for the country as a
whole. Hence, introducing uninterrupted evaluation throughout the course of a year
seems to be a better idea than simply conducting an exam annually.
First of all, this trend has various benefits for the students as well as for the teachers.
Firstly, a continuous appraisal in the form of assignments or projects enables the student
to acquire new knowledge and also it seems to be helpful in developing their cognitive
skills. Moreover, it assists the teacher in understanding the student’s weakness and
determining the area where more training is needed. Furthermore, the regular supervision
of the mentors enhances the pupil’s enthusiasm towards studies.

In addition, annual exams which seem to exert more pressure on the children can be
avoided / eliminated by using this trend. To exemplify, in a research conducted among
over 100 students in Canada, it has been proved that almost 85% of pupils goes through
some sort of psychiatric disturbances at the time of final exams. Therefore, it would be
better if the traditional exam in educational institute is replaced with this trend of
conducting test on a monthly or fortnightly basis.
To sum up, it is true to say that the constant evaluation of student performance not only
reduces the study related stress in students but also it helps them to comprehend their
subjects of study very well. Moreover, it assists the tutor to strengthen the weaker areas
of their students and enhance their knowledge.

8. Dos and Don’ts
1) Relevant answer to question:

Do’s Don’ts
➢ Directly relevant ➢ Do not overgeneralize
➢ Include an example ➢ Do not use fix line or structure
➢ Extended it ➢ Do not add factual data
2) Part the question equally:

Do’s Don’ts
➢ Do not use 1st and 2nd person
➢ Read and decide B1 / B2 title sentences
➢ Do not give details of what you
➢ Do not contradict are going to say and what not
➢ Watch for plurals
➢ 250 words
3) Linkers and phrases:

Do’s Don’ts
➢ Linkers and phrases ➢ Over use of linkers
➢ Adverbial phrases ➢ Do not use numbers or

abbreviation
➢ Reference and substitutes ➢ No underlining
➢ Punctuation ➢ Do not use linkers with every

sentence
➢ Correct sequencing
➢ Logical and easy to follow
➢ 4-5 paragraphs including

introduction and conclusion
➢ 1 paragraph for each topic
4) Word choice:
Do’s Don’ts
➢ Make precise word choice ➢ Spelling mistakes
➢ Language of everyday speech ➢ Typos
➢ Words that you understand ➢ Mix up American and British

spelling
➢ Topic specific vocabs ➢ Informal words
➢ ➢ Slangs
➢ ➢ Use of old-fashioned words
➢ ➢ Don’t overuse synonyms, 1-2 is

enough
➢ ➢ Cliches’/ idioms
➢ ➢ Contractions
5) Don’t use memorised lines

For example:
➢ Love is blind
➢ Old is gold, etc….
6) Grammar variety
➢ Relative clause
➢ Condition clause
➢ Present perfect / past
➢ Passive
➢ Gerunds
➢ Countable nouns
➢ articles
➢ Prepositions
➢ Punctuations
➢ S-V agreement
7) Points to remember:
Agree / Disagree (to certain Discussion / Opinion – 5
extent) – 4/5paragraphs paragraphs
Intro. Intro.
B1 Why agree B1 One view
B2 Why agree B2 Other view
B3 Why don’t disagree B3 Your opinion
Conc. Conc.
Follow PEEL
P Introduce topic sentence
E Example
E Explain
L Transition to next topic or paragraph
Don’ts
➢ Small / long paragraphs
➢ Make it 6-7 lines

9. Sample Essay:
1) Nowadays celebrities earn more money than politicians. What are the
reasons for this? Is it a positive or negative development?
Nowadays celebrities make more money compared to people working in politics.

This essay will look at the possible causes of this tendency and explain why, in
my opinion, this is a negative development.
There are two main reasons why celebrities generate more income than
politicians. One of them is that with the advent of the Internet, there are more
ways available for celebrities to earn money, such as online streaming services.
For example, singing a song in a YouTube video with some advertisements
enables them to easily make a few million dollars. Another cogent reason for
this is the growing global concerns over excessively high remuneration for
political leaders, which can easily lead to public discontent. In response to such
criticism, many governments have decided to reform the reward system for
lawmakers, sending their salaries on a downward trend.
I personally believe that this development is relatively negative for several

reasons, with the main one being the potential corruption scandals this issue
can create. The enormous salary gap between celebrities and political leaders
might discourage the legislators from putting in work or even motivate them to
commit crimes such as money laundering. In addition, the relatively low salary
for stressful jobs of governors may deter people with foresight on politics from
becoming politicians. This is particularly undesirable because it would result in
low level of citizens' loyalty to their incompetent government, creating unstable
society with more crime and other social problems.
In conclusion, the fact that celebrities are paid more than political leaders now is
caused by a wider variety of income sources available to them, and supported by
the social norm that a politician should not be a profit driven professional.
However, I believe this is a negative trend which may lead to more political
corruption and less talented governments.

2) Crime rates are likely to decline due to the advancements in technology,
which will help prevent and solve crimes in an easier way. Do you agree or
disagree?
Nowadays technology is advancing faster than ever and many fields are
benefitting from the opportunities this trend presents. Some think that crime
prevention can be one possible application of new technologies, by allowing to
deter offenders or solve crimes in a faster and easier way. In my opinion,
innovation in crime prevention can be a game- changer that will reduce both the
number of crimes committed and the time it takes to catch those responsible for
them.
Not everyone is optimistic about the prospects of the use of new technologies in
crime prevention, and those who subscribe to the more pessimistic view say that
advanced technologies can be accessed by criminals, therefore raising the crime
rates. Such tools can, indeed, cause more damage if they fall in the wrong hands;
however, it would require the offenders to be highly skilled to be able to use the
modern technologies. Statistically, many of them tend to have a lower level of
education, and for that reason they are likely to stick to the old ways of
committing crimes, whereas the minority of highly skilled criminals are unlikely
to make a big difference to the crime levels.
Law enforcement workforce, on the other hand, has a much better grip on
modern technology. Nowadays police officers and detectives undergo special
training, take regular skill update courses, and use high-tech equipment. Facial
recognition and thermal imaging are just two examples of the important tools
that police are already using to find and catch offenders faster. Ordinary citizens
can do their part in preventing burglaries by installing sophisticated systems with
sensors, CCTV video feed and various alarms to detect and deter thieves. The
combined effort will, no doubt, push the crime curve down.
To sum up, even though the wonders of technology are available to everyone, it
seems to me that they will better assist law enforcement in solving crimes, and
law-abiding citizens in protecting themselves and their property, rather than
felons. This will tip the balance in favour of reduction in crime rate and make the world a
safer place.

3) Some people think that schools should select students according to their
academic abilities, while others believe that it is better to have students with
different abilities studying together. Discuss both views and state your own
opinion.
Some people contend that mixed ability classes are more beneficial for children's
development than streaming them on the basis of judgement about their academic
abilities. However, from my perspective, I disagree with this contention.
Admittedly, mixed ability classes provide a better environment for children's all-
round development. In such classes, children with different abilities study
together and in turn they can learn from one another. From example, a student,
who is good at academic study but weak in dancing or painting, can learn how to
dance or paint his peers. In this sense, mixed ability classes allow students to
develop their abilities in different subjects instead of only academic abilities.
Despite the argument above, I believe streaming students brings more benefits to
teachers and students. As for teachers, separating children with better academic
abilities from others facilitates effective teaching. This practice helps teachers to
control their students more conveniently and easily. Compared with mixed ability
in which teacher should consider students' differences when they are using
teaching methodologies, streaming makes this situation simpler. To be more
specific, students are at the same level of academic ability in a class, and in turn
teachers can use the same methodologies for them all. In this way, the narrower
the spread of ability in the class, the more convenient the teaching can be.
On top of this, enables students to learn in an effective way. According to

students' different abilities, they are taught in different ways that are more
suitable for them. In the top streams, students use more difficult materials,
therefore, they can learn more. In sharp contrast, teachers can explain the
material more slowly to those in bottom streams. Under this circumstance,
students with different academic abilities can study effectively and efficiently.
In the final analysis, mixed ability classes are beneficial for students' versatile
development, but in my opinion, segregating students based on different
academic ability is better for both teachers and students.

4) Some people believe that unpaid community service should be a compulsory
part of high school programs (for example working for a charity, improving
the neighborhood or teaching sports to younger children). To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
It is argued that voluntary services charity, cleaning the neighborhood, imparting

knowledge to the underprivileged, should be made mandatory in the high school
curriculum. I strongly agree as it not only helps in students becoming socially
responsible adults but also in shaping their character.
Firstly, community service inculcates a sense of responsibility towards the

society, something that is needed to shape a good society. For instance, the
introduction of Swatch Bharath scheme in my school, The Hyderabad Public
School, ten years ago taught me not only to keep the surroundings of the school
clean but also to never litter wherever I go. Hence, now I feel responsible to
maintain cleanliness everywhere. Such services are needed to develop a better
society in the future.
Secondly, voluntary services cater to the overall character development of an

individual. It a feeling of empathy in children which is needed to build a better
character. For example, an alumnus of Montessori High School, who indulged in
petty law-breaking activities during school confessed that it was the charity
service that he did in high school; which in his mind; him in becoming a better
person for his family and refrained him from committing socially irresponsible
acts. Thus, such voluntary activities teach us to value what we have and in turn
to our personality development.
That being said, we cannot deny the fact that many students misuse the time
allocated for these services by considering it as an excursion to enjoy with
friends rather than a learning.
In conclusion, although compulsory voluntary community service has its

drawbacks, it is still useful in shaping a child as a socially responsible citizen
and also in their overall personality development. Therefore, pupils should be
encouraged to involve themselves in such activities.

5) In many countries, a lot of food is wasted. Why do people waste food? How
can we reduce the amount of food waste?
Despite the fact that millions of people in the world go hungry every day, a
surprisingly large amount of food gets wasted daily in certain parts of the world.
In my opinion, the main reason for this is that people in the first-world countries
tend to only buy food that is aesthetically pleasing, and fortunately, there are
some ways to tackle this issue.
It is shockingly sad to know that large amounts of perfectly edible food in the
form of fresh produce get sent to landfills, and the main reason for this is that
these foods do not meet the standards of perfection set for fruits and vegetables
by consumers and grocery stores. For example, veggies and fruit that are
misshapen or have a few spots on them are still good enough to eat, yet they are
often left on shelves to rot in favor of something that looks less damaged. In
addition, a lot of customers confuse the 'best by' and 'use by' dates, thinking that
foods that have passed their 'best by' dates are no longer fit to eat. Another major
reason for food wastage is that people often overestimate the amount of produce
they require on a weekly or monthly basis, and most of it ends up getting thrown
out instead of being used.
There are many ways to reduce the amount of food being wasted, and I think one
of the best ideas is to increase people's awareness of just how much good food is
disposed of, only because of our superficial biases as to how food should look.
Raising the awareness of the staggering number of people that go hungry in
third-world countries would make it harder to throw away an apple just because
it is a little bruised. Also, teaching people how to better plan their monthly food
requirements would help them not to overspend on food that they do not need; it
would be great for the environment and their budget. The role of the government
in this endeavor is indispensable as such task would be too great for any smaller
organization.
To conclude, the wasting food is a serious issue that merits increased awareness
from both people and the leaders of the world. It is unacceptable to discard any
food when there are so many people who are starving, and hopefully our joint
effort can help improve the current situation.

6) Some people think that public health within a country can be improved by
government making laws regarding nutritious food. Others, however, think
that health is a matter of personal choice and responsibility. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
Personal and public health are tightly related to food choices. While some people
believe that the government should regulate nutrition to improve public wellness,
others argue that it should be people's decision whether to pursue a healthy diet
or not. This essay will discuss both points of view and explain why the
authorities should not control the types of food people can buy.
Legislators could impose laws concerning nutritious food in an effort to have a

healthier population, public health costs. Even if this could be considered a good
idea, it would be very quiet difficult to implement. To achieve this target, the
rulers could impose a levy on unhealthy food options, or reduce their availability
on the grocery stores shelves. In Italy, for example, products such as carbonated
sugary drinks and chips are heavily taxed. As a result, the sales of these items
have decreased. However, if the authorities start to take control of what their
citizens can or cannot eat, it may be seen as limitation of freedom.
Since personal freedom is an extremely important human right, many people

think that they should be responsible for their choices regarding the food and
drinks they decide to consume. I agree with this opinion because limiting
nutritional options, even if it is done with the best outcome in mind, could
consequently create dissatisfaction among the population, which would possibly
lead to other public issues such as protests and demonstrations. A better
approach could be educating the public about a healthy diet, which would help
people make better-informed decisions about the food they consume. Many
developed countries around the world employed this strategy and saw public
health gains.
In conclusion, even though the government is able to control the dietary habits of
its population through taxation and restrictions, healthier citizens and reduced
public health expenses isn't the only possible outcome. Limiting personal
freedom could result in social unrest and for that reason diet decisions are better
to be left up to well- informed individuals.

7) Some people use the Internet to search for solutions to their medical
problems. Is it a positive or negative development? Give your own opinion
and examples from your experience.
At present, the Internet plays a vital role in almost every aspect of human life. As
a result, individuals are searching online reasonable solutions to their illnesses.
Not everyone is convinced that access to such information online is safe and
helpful. However, in my view, providing the general public with access to
trustworthy information about medical disorders would invariably improve the
quality of the medical care for the whole society.
Nowadays, even though there are plenty of online platforms developed for
medical education, most of the sites have not been written by professional
healthcare providers. Hence, there is a high possibility of spreading wrong
medical information throughout the world, unless the site developers are held
accountable for the content they provide. If patients receive incorrect
information about a medical procedure and follow the wrong advice, for
instance, to remove a wart at home, it might lead to a serious infection, excessive
bleeding or another medical emergency. That would constitute a negative effect
of using online knowledge for medical treatments at home rather than visiting a
professional.
On the flip side, the Internet, the society is well aware of most common medical
disorders and preventive measures. Consequently, a reasonable and prudent
individual can decide whether to get professional opinion on one's disease or to
handle it at home, that they get reliable online medical information. Moreover, if
patients can manage mild medical problems themselves, it would certainly
reduce the workload at the local hospitals, freeing more doctors for patients in
real need. Besides, if patients come with a certain extent of knowledge about
their condition to the medical consultation, it would invariably be helpful to the
medical practitioner for effective decision making.
To sum up, it is evident that online search for information on medical disorders
can be a positive development as long as the general public receives trustworthy
information.

8) Some people claim that it is acceptable to use animals in medical research
for the benefit of human beings, while others argue that it is wrong. Discuss
both views and give your opinion.
People have different views on how medical research should be conducted and
tested. Although many people support the use of for developing medicines, I
personally believe that animal testing is morally wrong.
The main reason why some people value to conduct medical research is because
animal testing has contributed to many life-saving cures and treatments. It is true
that nearly every medical breakthrough in the last 100 years has resulted directly
from research using animals. For example, experiments in which dogs had their
pancreases removed led directly to the discovery of insulin, critical to saving the
lives of diabetics. Furthermore, it is impossible to release to the market before
proving it no harm to humans and laboratory mice are appropriate research
subjects because they are similar to human beings in many ways.
However, I people who consider medical development that involved the use of
animals cruel and unacceptable. I believe that the lives of all creatures should be
respected and we, humans, have no right to for our own benefits. Governments
should invest in developing alternative methods that can replace when doing
medical research. For example, a software program can be developed to model a
human immune system and new drugs can be tested on the software rather than
animals. In this way, no animals will suffer from the medical tests and the
society can still benefit from medical development.
In conclusion, although it is undoubtedly true that animal testing has helped

scientists in drug developments and medical discoveries, I believe that the
benefits to humans do not justify the suffering caused to animals and we should
use alternative methods when doing medical research that do not involve animals
suffering.

9) Even though experts believe that walking is a great way to improve one's
health, very few people walk nowadays. Why aren't people walking? What
can be done to encourage them to walk more?
The benefits of walking are numerous, and experts recommend it as a good way to
keep healthy and fit. Despite this, the number of people who walk on a daily basis
is on the decline. The reasons for this are manifold, but there are also several
solutions that may help people walk more.
Lack of time is the most common reason people cite for not engaging in any form
of physical activity. These days most people have hectic schedules that involve
juggling their work and home responsibilities. As a result, they are often too
exhausted or pressed for time and therefore opt for faster and more comfortable
forms of transport, such as cars, bikes or public transport. Another major reason for
the reduced number of pedestrians on the roads is a lack of safety. Most full-time
workers are not free to walk during the day, and will skip it in the evenings or early
morning hours, if they do not feel safe enough to do so.
Fortunately, there are quite a few solutions to this issue. One is making walkers
safe, which means the government should ensure that there are enough sidewalks
and streetlights available in every suburb, so that pedestrians can walk or jog safely
whenever time allows. Another useful option is to create special walking tracks and
parks in neighbourhoods where people can get some much-needed exercise in the
evenings. The added benefit of promoting the healthy lifestyle and walking in the
community makes this solution even more attractive.
To conclude, the pressures of daily life and lack of safely while walking reduce the
popularity of this healthy practice. Governments can reverse this trend by creating
more green spaces for people to walk in and addressing their safety concerns.

10) In many countries, a lot of food is wasted. Why do people waste food?
How can we reduce the amount of food waste?
Despite the fact that millions of people in the world go hungry every day, a
surprisingly large amount of food gets wasted daily in certain parts of the world. In
my opinion, the main reason for this is that people in the first-world countries tend
to only buy food that is aesthetically pleasing, and fortunately, there are some ways
to tackle this issue.
It is shockingly sad to know that large amounts of perfectly edible food in the form
of fresh produce get sent to landfills, and the main reason for this is that these foods
do not meet the standards of perfection set for fruits and vegetables by consumers
and grocery stores. In addition, a lot of customers confuse the 'best by' and 'use by'
dates, thinking that foods that have passed their 'best by' dates are no longer fit to
eat. Another major reason for food wastage is that people often overestimate the
amount of produce they require on a weekly or monthly basis, and most of it ends
up getting thrown out instead of being used.
There are many ways to reduce the amount of food being wasted, and I think one of
the best ideas is to increase people's awareness of just how much good food is
disposed of, only because of our superficial biases as to how food should look.
Raising the awareness of the staggering number of people that go hungry in third-
world countries would make it harder to throw away an apple just because it is a
little bruised. Also, teaching people how to better plan their monthly food
requirements would help them not to overspend on food that they do not need; it
would be great for the environment and their budget. The role of the government in
this endeavour is indispensable as such task would be too great for any smaller
organisation.
To conclude, the wasting food is a serious issue that merits increased awareness
from both people and the leaders of the world. It is unacceptable to discard any
food when there are so many people who are starving, and hopefully our joint effort
can help improve the current situation.

11) Newspapers have a significant influence on people's ideas and opinions.
Why is this happening? Is it a positive or negative situation?
Many people believe that newspapers play a pivotal role in shaping the way we
think. There are numerous ways in which this affects our society, and I believe that
this influence is mostly negative.
Newspapers have long been a source of valuable information that has kept societies
abreast of the latest happenings in the world. Since the average citizen has minimal
knowledge about the information in expert analysis articles, well-established
newspapers are powerfully poised to form public opinion through attention-
grabbing images and carefully worded commentary. This leaves the reader no
choice but to trust the accuracy of what they have read.
Sadly, unbiased objectivity, which used to be the core idea behind journalism,
seems to be a thing of the past. The arrival and spread of social media platforms
have caused a gradual decline in print media subscriptions and their circulation,
since readers tend to favour the internet and social media to stay informed about
current affairs. This gave rise to a worrying trend of newspapers using
sensationalist and controversial tactics to improve their sales. As a result, the
constant barrage of bad news has led to a society that sees itself as more vulnerable
and powerless than ever. To make matters worse, there are plenty of well-
documented instances where newspapers have been used to spread false
propaganda which is usually politically motivated.
All in all, although newspapers are our lifeline to the world around us, the recent
trend of publishing misinformation has had a mostly negative impact on readers. It
is my hope that newspapers will go back to publishing impartial accounts of the
latest news in the future.

12) Some people believe that the best way to solve environmental problems is
to increase the price of fuel. Do you agree or disagree?
Raising the price of car fuel is believed by some people to be an excellent method
to solve the growing number of environmental issues. However, I strongly disagree
with this idea, as doing so would make life difficult for lower-income households.
While making fuel more expensive wouldn’t change the habits of wealthy families,
switching to fossil fuel alternatives could prove to be much more beneficial for the
environment.
The most compelling reason against raising the cost of fuel is that the upper classes
of society will hardly be affected by rising fuel costs, as this only makes up a minor
proportion of their expenditure. They will continue to use their personal vehicles as
they wish without a thought for the environment or the higher fuel prices, even if
their country has state-of-the-art public transportation.
Those who will feel the crunch of this decision are the middle-class and lower-
income households, since travelling is a major part of most people’s routine, be it to
work, school or shopping. Driving is almost unavoidable in many instances;
therefore, raising the price of petrol would only serve to widen the gap between the
rich and poor, and serve as an inadvertent form of discrimination.
Another reason why increasing the cost of fuel is far from the best way to deal with
environmental pollution is that now there are much more viable alternatives. Due to
the rapid advances in technology, scientists and engineers have been able to
develop several alternatives to fossil fuel, such as cars powered by electricity or
naturally produced biofuel. The move to adopt clean energy sources instead of
fossil fuels is a much more promising alternative compared to simply making fuel
more expensive.
In conclusion, I believe that governments of the world should invest more time and
money in finding alternatives to fossil fuels that are more environmentally friendly,
rather than simply raising the cost of petrol.

13) Discipline is a growing problem in modern schools. Some people think
that parents should discipline their own children, while others think it
should be the responsibility of the government. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.
While some people argue that parents should take sole responsibility for
disciplining their children, others take the view that the government should be in
charge of such matters. In my opinion, the young generation should be primarily
guided by their parents where rules of behaviour and moral principles are
concerned. However, in some instances government intervention is necessary.
On one side of the argument, there are people who hold the opinion that the
responsibility of disciplining a child falls squarely on parents' shoulders, since they
are their first educators, and it is their duty to equip their children with good
manners and morals even before their first day at school. In addition, every family
has a unique understanding of what a suitable form of discipline entails. Therefore,
some parents are concerned that any form of punishment meted out at school might
be too harsh. To overcome this issue, they believe that parents should be informed
by the school of their child’s wrongdoing so that they could decide an appropriate
consequence for their behaviour at home.
Unfortunately, not all parents are objective enough to make the right decisions
when it comes to the upbringing of their children. Some may lack information or
sound moral background to discipline their children in a meaningful way.
Therefore, the state should shoulder some of the responsibility by implementing a
strict set of guidelines and policies on how to discipline children at school. I believe
that such policies result in children who flourish and are more likely to become
productive citizens that actively contribute to a prosperous nation. Also, this would
help both parents and teachers understand which punishments are suitable for minor
infractions like missing an assignment or major incidents like bullying or skipping
school.
In conclusion, while both views are commonly held in society, I believe that the
government must be actively involved in the policies related to discipline at schools
as this would ensure the well-being and successful development of the youth.

14) These days, many young people are not spending their weekends and
holidays doing outdoor activities such as hiking or mountaineering. Why is
that happening? How can they be encouraged to spend more time in the
natural environment?
Nowadays, the younger generation tends to avoid recreational activities such as

hiking or alpinism. It seems that young people prefer to spend their weekends
indoors, gaming or engaging in other online activities. If that is the case, by
promoting sports more actively and organising sports competitions, the schools
could counteract this trend.
Living in the era of technology, the wide availability and variety of online
entertainment are compelling young people to spend a lot of their free time indoors,
using their gadgets. Numerous relatively cheap forms of amusement, such as online
games, videos, audiobooks and plenty of other activities, tempt teenagers to stay at
home and lead more sedentary lifestyles. A recent survey revealed that the vast
majority of students would prefer spending their weekends playing computer
games, rather than in the nature. That is one clear reason why our modern youth is
less interested in recreational sports.
To address this issue, the school management could intervene and offer a better
range of outdoor sports activities and competitions, both within the school
curriculum and as extra-curricular activities. For example, high schools could
increase the number of weekly footballs, running and climbing classes, and
organise competitions at the end of each term. As a result, pushed by their desire to
win, students would do more walking, jogging, running and mountaineering during
the school term, in preparation for the competition. This would reduce the time
spent online, lessen the students' dependence on the Internet for entertainment, and
eventually boost their desire to spend more time enjoying the natural environment.
To sum up, screen addiction plays a major role in young people's avoidance of various outdoor
activities. Opening up more recreational sports and offering frequent competitions on school
grounds is a great way to motivate more students to spend their leisure time in the nature.

15) Some people like to own the place where they live, but other people like
to rent where they live. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
The debate over whether it is better to own or rent the property in which one lives is
one that has strong supporters on each side. There are persuasive arguments for
both points of view.
One of the main advantages of renting a property is flexibility. Usually, a tenant

only has to give a month’s notice before changing where he or she lives. If a
property is owned and a change is needed, the property must be put onto the market
and it is frequently a long and stressful process to get a sale completed. Sometimes,
the wrong time of year or a bad market can mean that a sale is not possible. Another
advantage of renting is that a large amount of a family’s capital is not tied up in the
property. Property can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars and often a lot more. If
one rents, this money can be spent on other things to help improve the family’s
quality of life. If the property is on a mortgage, then the deposit, also often very
large, is tied up in the property and the pressure of having to make substantial
payments every month can cause a lot of stress.
Owning a property does have various advantages, though. Even though people
usually have to service a mortgage every month with payments, this money is then
built up with the property. With renting, the money is lost to the landlord, but at the
end of the term of the mortgage, the whole property is owned by the family. This
makes the process of living in a property a type of investment. In addition, the
property’s value often goes up after time, frequently creating a substantial profit.
Owning the property where one lives can also create a sense of well-being and self-
actualisation.
The decision to whether one rents or owns the property in which one lives really
boils down to individual preference. My opinion is that it is much more preferable
to own a property, mainly because it creates a valuable asset for the family.

16) People today find their lives more and more dominated by their jobs. To
what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
It is certainly true that many people around the world find their lives dominated by
the work that they have to do. This is shown when you realise how people's work,
and how much time, effort and resources they devote to it, is often the subject of
conversation. I share a partial agreement to this statement.
Most people depend on their jobs to generate an income to pay for their lives'
necessities and luxuries, and so work can naturally become a dominating focus. As
this is an important part of nearly everyone's everyday life, it can seem that people's
lives are indeed becoming more influenced by their jobs. Whether this emphasis on
work is more significant now than in previous years is debatable. In many
developed countries around the world, there are procedures in place to help people
with finding work, providing unemployment benefits, ensuring education, and
offering pension payments. In times past, these provisions were not in place and a
job or business was required to provide the necessary income.
Therefore, in spite of increases in the cost of living in many places around the
world, it can be argued there is actually less pressure than in previous years to keep
one's job and perform well at it. This, in turn, would lead to people's lives being less
influenced by their jobs today. It is also true that in the past, people were as
responsible and focused on doing well in their responsibilities as today and so, in
this respect, the people of the past would be equally dedicated to their work as
people are today.
While I partially agree that people's lives today are often dominated by their jobs, I
feel that the current situation is not necessarily worse than before. In fact, it may be
more positive, due to the fewer pressures to earn money in many countries.

17) Some people think that hosting an international sporting event is
beneficial for a country, while others disagree. Do the advantages of hosting
a major sporting event outweigh its disadvantages?
International sporting events are well-known for attracting a high level of attention
because they give many people something to look forward to. Understandably,
there are advantages and disadvantages for the host country, and careful
consideration is required to determine whether a nation will benefit or lose from
hosting a major sports championship.
Worryingly, the new infrastructure required for hosting a major sporting event often
comes at the expense of local people. Their lives get disrupted by construction
works and at times residents have even been evicted from their homes for stadiums
to be built. Worse still, practice shows the expensive, gigantic buildings constructed
for the sports event aren’t being used afterwards and fall into disrepair, leaving the
country with high maintenance bills. The financial burden from hosting the
Olympic Games, for example, is staggering and can run into tens of billions. Still,
the question remains whether or not the pros outnumber the cons.
It is hard to underestimate the amount of influence on the country’s global status

and prestige that comes with becoming a home to an international sporting event.
New trade opportunities appear on the horizon, as it happened for many countries
that hosted the Olympic Games. There is also a welcome increase in tourism, which
gives the local economy a boost, injecting billions of dollars into the national
budget. Construction of new stadiums, hotels and infrastructure such as new roads
and rail links creates new jobs, further improving the country’s economy. Less
tangible but still important is the aspect of national pride and the feel-good factor
associated with hosting an international sports event.
All in all, it seems to me that an international sporting event can bring better than
harm to a country, especially if its potential dangers can be avoided or minimised.
Hosting a World Championship is a one-in-a-lifetime opportunity for a country and
an immense source of pride for its citizens.

18) People should follow the local customs and traditions, when they come to
live in a new country. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
The globalised world these days makes it simpler than ever before for people to
relocate and start building a life in a new country. As everyone comes from their
own cultural background, a question arises of whether or not people should be
expected to follow the customs of their host country. I completely agree with the
view that while learning about the local customs may require some time and effort,
it is valuable and will aid the integration of the newcomers into society.
In many cultures following the local customs mean showing respect, which is an
important moral value in nearly every culture. The opposite is also true:
disregarding traditions is often seen as a sign of disrespect. In order to establish
good neighbourly relationships and feel welcome in the new place, it is important to
demonstrate the effort to become part of the community. By expressing an interest
in learning traditions, new arrivals gain a chance to interact with their neighbours
and colleagues, get to know them and build some connections in the new country.
Another positive aspect is the enhanced feeling of belonging that people get from
participating in activities others around them are doing. When a national festival is
in full swing, standing on the side-lines might make people feel excluded and
perhaps even homesick, whereas joining others opens up opportunities to attend
special events together, go to parties, meet new people and feel part of the
celebrations. In Australia, for example, Easter is a very special time of the year and
some of the traditional activities include Easter egg decoration and gifting, and
baking hot cross buns; sharing your designs and recipes with others is an excellent
conversation starter.
In conclusion, learning the customs and traditions of one's new country doesn't
mean a loss of their own culture. On the contrary, it is an opportunity to gain a
deeper understanding of cultural connections and should be embraced as a positive
experience.

19) Many people argue that museums and art galleries should present the
nation's art, as opposed to artworks from other countries. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
The cultural value of engaging with museums and art galleries is unquestionable. It
is only reasonable to ponder whether or not these outlets of culture should
concentrate their efforts on presenting the nation's own art, and not that of other
countries. In my opinion, there should be an attempt to strike a balance and put the
objects of national art in the spotlight, while allowing the public to get acquainted
with foreign artworks to a certain extent.
If people were to only find sculptures and paintings by national artists in their local
museums, that would have a number of positive effects, such as the fame the artists
of that country would gain and the pride its citizens would feel for their fellow
countrymen. It would promote patriotism and strengthen the image of the country
in the eyes of its inhabitants. Local artists would also receive more financial
assistance from the government as their works would generate a significant amount
of interest, potentially resulting in further development of the local art. However, in
order to evolve art needs fresh ideas, and without exposure to a wider range of
creativity the world provides, the evolution of local arts may be hindered.
People enjoy art because it appeals to their inner sense of beauty and triggers strong
emotions, and whether the masterpiece that causes these feelings belongs to a local
or foreign artist is irrelevant. Talent knows no geographical boundaries; therefore,
the emphasis should be on how much joy or amazement the work of art brings,
rather than on its origin. If that principle were to be followed, we would never have
to choose between local and international art. Reducing our museums or galleries’
collections to local art works, in my view, would be harmful and go against the
democratic nature of art.
To sum up, it seems to me that a country has nothing to lose by allowing its people
to admire art created elsewhere in the world. A conscious choice by the government
to support local artists while hosting exhibitions from other countries could prove
the most beneficial.

20) Today's young generation is facing many problems at school and at
home. What are the problems? What can parents do to help their teenage
children?
Young people today are under a lot of pressure, which seems to come from many
directions. The problems they are experiencing happen not only at school, but also
at home, and it seems that without adult guidance, our young generation will
continue to struggle.
Teenage years have never been simple, and many would agree that the number of
challenges has only increased with the passage of time. Bullying has been a
problem for quite a while, and children and adolescents would have experienced it
at school in the past, but then it would stop at home. At present, however, things
have been made worse by social media penetrating the supposedly safe space of our
teenagers. The unfortunate behaviour of their peers can now reach them even in
their bedrooms, causing them constant distress. Another issue troubling many
young people is the pressure to succeed by their families. Whether at school or at
home, they often feel as if they are not smart enough, which creates overwhelm and
despair. As a result, many teens feel that they are failing their families when they
don't live up to their expectations.
It is hard to underestimate the importance of parental support to navigating life as a

young person. From helping teens build a positive body image and self-esteem, to
handling classmates' difficult behaviour, to guidance where study is concerned,
parents can make a world of difference. Talking to their sons and daughters about
matters that worry them, listening and making non-judgmental suggestions are
great ways to help. Getting a professional involved where necessary and engaging
with teachers, councillors and coaches is another opportunity for parents to provide
assistance. Last but not least, parents can make their children better and happier
people by simply giving them unconditional love.
To sum up, being a young person in the modern world isn't easy. By banding together and
paying careful attention to their teens, families can help them overcome any obstacles to
becoming successful adults.

21) Many people in cities today live in high-rise apartment blocks. What are
the advantages and disadvantages of this type of living?
High-rise apartment blocks are a common sight in cities around the world. They are
especially popular in large cities and in locations where building land is scarce.
Living in such buildings has various advantages and disadvantages for town
planners and the inhabitants themselves.
The most significant advantage of high-rise apartment blocks is probably for the
town planners. With land often being at a premium in large cities, one way to
maximise space is to build upwards, so that the population density per square
kilometre can be increased. The demand for housing in big cities can therefore be
more easily met. There are also disadvantages for town planners. The heavier
population density can put added pressure on social facilities, for example sewage
and other waste disposal, and the provision of adequate school and medical
services.
There are also advantages and disadvantages for the actual inhabitants of high-rise
apartment blocks. With the demand for housing being reduced, prices are therefore
not as high, making housing more affordable. Many people also like not having to
be responsible for a garden, and living in an apartment has this advantage. Finally,
with so many people living in the same area, many friendships can be made and a
community spirit can be built up. It appears the most significant disadvantage is
that, in practice, living in high-rise apartment blocks is just not the lifestyle many
people want. In some city neighbourhoods, these living spaces can often be
associated with poor living conditions and undesirable social elements. In addition,
many people view high-rise apartment blocks as being unsafe. For example, in the
case of fire, tall buildings are difficult or impossible to evacuate safely.
It is clear that high-rise apartment blocks have benefits and drawbacks. It is also
clear, however, that due to the need to house increasing numbers of people in cities,
these architectural features are here to stay, whether people like them or not.

22) Many people believe that studying at university is the best way to develop
oneself, learn new skills and find a well-paid job. Other people believe that
more is learned from getting a job straight away after school and learning
whilst working. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
There are many ways to learn new knowledge and skills. Traditional educational
routes, such as school followed by college or university is one route that is
generally accepted and respected by today’s society. It can be argued, however, that
this is not always the best way. A more vocational route can be more appropriate
for certain people and for particular jobs.
Universities usually have respected and highly qualified teachers who have the
knowledge and the skills to take their students to very high levels of knowledge and
expertise. The very difficulty of gaining admission, getting through the duration of
the course and passing final exams ensures to employers that graduates have the
necessary self-discipline, intelligence and ability to get through the courses.
Universities are also particularly well suited to the teaching of various subjects, for
example, medicine, law and literature and these subjects need students’ full-time
attention in order to do well. Although vocational experience is necessary, a certain
grounding in basic concepts to a high-level is important. Once this knowledge has
been acquired, students can then integrate their knowledge with practical
understanding.
This, however, is not the case for all areas of learning, especially ones where the
quantity of high-level knowledge is not required or is possible to be learned whilst
working at the same time. Young people studying to be an electrician or a plumber
are good examples. To do this work well requires a lot of experience, yet also a
sound understanding of theory. The learning here can be and is done working and
studying at the same time, often through apprenticeships and vocational courses
involving significant amounts of work experience.
Therefore, in my opinion, there are more ways than one to acquire a profession.
Whether learning should take place at university alone or whilst working depends
on the course and the end job.

23) Some people say that all popular TV entertainment programmes should
aim to educate viewers about important social issues. To what extent do you
agree or disagree with this statement?
It is often said that all influential TV entertainment programs should be geared

towards raising people’s awareness about social issues that matter. While some TV
programs could be suitable for this purpose, I disagree with the view that it should
be mandatory for all of them, as the decision whether to do so must take into
account the nature of the TV content and the channel’s audience.
There is a large group of professionals who would benefit from deepening their
understanding of what is happening in the world. Stock traders and bankers, for
example, must always keep track of numerous business trends on a global scale,
and they would appreciate this type of information on their favourite TV shows.
Young people are another suitable audience due to the fact that they enjoy learning
about popular topics from TV programmes. For instance, SDGs or the Sustainable
Development Goals has now become an important topic to learn for children at
school. Educational TV would provide a welcome alternative to textbooks, making
learning more fun.
Despite the potential advantages of incorporating educational content in TV

programs, it is important to remember that the purpose of entertainment TV is for
people to escape reality, to take a break from their hectic lives. Being reminded
about some troubling social issues would not be appreciated by those who just want
to unwind after a long day at work. Another consideration is how the content is
perceived by the audience, because broadcasting serious topics as part of a comedy
show might lead some viewers to believe they are of lesser significance. This would
make TV shows of light-hearted nature a poor choice for inclusion of content on
pressing social issues.
In conclusion, entertainment TV programs can be an effective form of education for

some people and a great tool to spread information. However, not all of them
should be used for this purpose as there are various ways people appreciate them.

24) The end of the world’s fossil fuel resources and the subsequent changes
will be a positive development in society. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this statement?
Today’s society overwhelmingly depends on products made from fossil fuels. Most
people would initially think about fuel for transport, but of course, fossil fuels are
part of most of the fabric of life around us, from the plastics on our furniture to the
pavements that we walk on. Changing our reliance on these resources can have
various consequences; however, I agree and believe that overall, the society will
benefit from finding viable alternatives for them.
Depending on whether eco-friendly alternatives are developed, the positive effect

on transport and the reduction of the associated pollution will be significant.
Exhaust fumes from motor vehicles, planes and ships decrease air quality and
contribute to global warming and the greenhouse effect. People’s health and the
health of the planet will surely improve without these industries relying on fossil
fuels. This could force society to use alternative solutions, such as transport sharing
and public transport development. The change in mind set has already begun. Some
countries have already committed to having fossil fuel free transport and more
cities are banning private vehicles from the centre of cities.
Another positive development would be that more time and money would have to
be put into developing renewable sources of energy, such as wind power, solar
power, hydropower and tidal power. Technologies would improve and be more
efficient and again, the world would use fewer sources of energy that cause
pollution. This development can also be seen today, with many governments
committing to proportions of their power needs coming from renewable resources.
I, therefore, strongly agree with the statement that the changes from reducing
reliance on fossil fuels will be positive. The only caveat is that society will need to
have developed alternative sources of power rather soon, in order to avoid an
energy crisis.

25) Some people feel that with the rise of artificial intelligence, computers
and robots will take over the roles of teachers. To what extent do you agree
or disagree with this statement?
With ever increasing technological advances, computers and robots are replacing
human roles in different areas of society. This trend can also be seen in education,
where interactive programs can enhance the educational experience for children and
young adults. Whether, however, this revolution can also take over the role of the
teacher completely is debatable, and I oppose this idea as it is unlikely to serve
students well.
It has long been discussed whether robots and computers can do this in education. It
is well known that the complexity of programs can now adapt to so many situations
that something can already be set up that has the required knowledge of the teacher,
along with the ability to predict and answer all questions that might be asked by
students. In fact, due the nature of computers, the knowledge levels can far exceed
a teacher’s and have more breadth, as a computer can have equal knowledge in all
the subjects that are taught in school, as opposed to a single teacher’s specialisation.
It seems very likely, therefore, that computers and robots should be able to deliver
the lessons that teachers can, including various ways of differentiating and
presenting materials to suit varying abilities and ages of students.
Where I am not convinced is in the pastoral role of teachers. Part of teaching is

managing behaviour and showing empathy with students, so that they feel cared for
and important. Even if a robot or computer can be programmed to imitate these
actions, students will likely respond in a different way when they know an
interaction is part of an algorithm rather than based on human emotion.
Therefore, although I feel that computers should be able to perform a lot of the
roles of teachers in the future, they should be used as educational tools to assist
teachers and not to replace them. In this way, students would receive the benefits of
both ways of instruction.

26) In many countries, young people are finding it harder and harder to find
permanent jobs. Why is this happening? What can be done to improve the
situation?
In this fast-moving age, with the development of education and modern

technologies, people strive to have a secure job after graduating from colleges and
universities. Despite their efforts, so many young adults in different parts of the
world have a negative experience of finding a long-term job.
It so happens that most colleges and universities focus on students’ academic

performance much more than their practical skills. Unfortunately, many companies
reserve permanent job opportunities for experienced applicants because there is no
need to invest much in their training. Lack of practical experience in new graduates
puts them at a disadvantage as far as companies are concerned. The situation is
made worse by the abundance of advanced technologies that can easily replace
human labour. Robots and computers work more efficiently and with higher
precision than humans. That shrinks the pool of available job placements even
more, as companies only need to hire highly educated and experienced staff.
Fortunately, there is a number of solutions that can help inexperienced workers gain
permanent employment. An obvious one is that universities could offer internships
to their students, or arrange workshops in addition to classwork. This would help
students to get training and experience in their respective fields. Also, the
government could examine the demands of changing labour market and steer young
people towards professions that will be popular in the coming years. Together with
colleges and universities the government could create special awareness programs
for graduates, providing them with an overview of various job offers and their
benefits. This way students would be able to choose the right jobs for themselves.
To sum up, lack of demand in the labour market and insufficient experience are two
major reasons why many young people have trouble finding a permanent position.
Helping them gain hands-on experience as part of their studies and educating them
about career options early on is key to improving the employment outcome for
them.

27) Some people feel that learning a foreign language is an essential
component of a child’s education. Others feel that learning a foreign
language is often a waste of time that can be better spent on learning about
technology and other more vocational subjects. Discuss both views and give
your own opinion.
Throughout the history of education, learning a foreign language or languages has

been a constant component. Of course, many people feel that this is really an
unnecessary part of education for everyone, but this is not a point of view that I
share.
The opponents to learning a foreign language might argue that most people do not
travel that often outside their own country. In addition to this, out of all the
countries of the world, comparatively not many share the same language.
Therefore, learning a foreign language will only be useful for the very limited time.
When one thinks about how much time and money are spent training language
teachers, buying resources, going on trips and delivering lessons for such a
negligible benefit, this would seem to be a very inefficient allocation of resources.
However, the benefits of learning a foreign language go further than just the ability
to use it from time to time on a holiday or business trip. Firstly, through learning
one language, one gains an understanding to some extent of how all languages
work. Thus, no matter where people might end up around the world, the knowledge
of language can be of use. Secondly, with the study of a foreign language, one also
opens oneself up to other cultures. This allows in turn an appreciation for different
points of view and belief systems. With an ever-shrinking world due to
globalisation, the ability to empathise and understand the people from other
countries is vital to reducing conflict and creating a more tolerant society. Finally,
quite simply learning languages is excellent for the improvement of general
cognitive skills.
It seems to me that learning a foreign language, therefore, is more than just gaining the ability
to speak a few words of a foreign tongue. It is part of intellectual and social development and
needs to be continued for everyone in today's schools.

28) Recently published figures show that the wildlife population around the
world has decreased by around fifty per cent over the last fifty years. What
can we do to help protect the wildlife round the world?
Humans have become a prime culprit for the destruction of the wildlife population
around the world. Humans believe that they are the most powerful species on this
planet and have therefore chosen to use all of nature's resources for their own good,
even if this results in the destruction of the environment around them. Clearly, this
is not a positive result of human existence and many people believe that the world's
wildlife population should be better protected.
One possible way to protect wildlife around the world is to reduce the number of
polluted substances produced through the human way of life. It has become
habitual for people to pollute water by adding chemicals to it during industrial
processes or to pollute air as a result of the fossil fuel industries and car emissions.
Stopping the addition of chemicals to water and creating cleaner processes would
reduce water pollution and help create a safer environment for wildlife to live in.
Increasing the availability and use of public transportation and increasing the use of
renewable energy sources could reduce world pollution further.
Another possible attempt to protect wildlife around the world is to actively promote
recycling projects to reduce the number of resources that are wasted. This would
lessen the degradation of the natural environment, as humans continue to search for
new resources. Society uses a lot of paper and wood on a daily basis and people do
not actively think about whether or not they are wasting these resources. Printing
double-sided or on recycled paper for example would appear to change nothing, yet
if carried out regularly would help make a difference.
In conclusion, there are numerous different ways in which every human being can
help to protect the wildlife population around the world. One can engage in projects
to raise awareness of environmental destruction or one can actively take part in
activities to protect it. Everyone must find the area in which he or she would like to
involve him or herself, as all should be obliged to protect wildlife around the world.

29) Some people today believe that the world's increase in population is
unsustainable and will eventually lead to a global crisis. Other people
believe that world population increase is necessary and beneficial as it
creates the growth of the world's economy and society. Discuss both these
views and give your opinion.
The population of the world is ever growing. Some people believe that this increase
has created an unsustainable situation and that it will lead to a global crisis. Other
people believe that only through an increasing population can the world's economy
and society develop.
This population increase is not constant around the world; population is undergoing
significant growth especially in less developed countries, and the continent of
Africa is predicted to undergo the highest increase. Many people living in these less
developed countries frequently face shortages, such as water, food, heating,
cooking fuel and medicines, and people have to live in substandard living
conditions by western standards. With more inhabitants, these difficulties will
become exacerbated and helping these countries might also create strain on the
resources and economies of other countries.
On the other hand, many countries are unable to reach their economic potential due
to a lack of skilled work forces. For these countries a growing population can mean
a stronger economy and, due to that, a better standard of living. Growing
populations can also lead to growing demand for goods, allowing economies to
expand. The problem is, however, that countries that are in need of labour forces
and increasing demand are already the more developed countries and they meet
some of these needs by immigration and exporting goods.
In conclusion, it is my belief that while certain areas of the world are in need of
larger work forces to develop their economies, the continuously increasing
population could potentially lead to crisis within countries that already struggle to
provide for their inhabitants.

30) Many people believe in the idea of school children wearing a school
uniform, but should teachers as well be required to conform to a dress
code?
The wearing of school uniforms is an issue that is both supported and opposed by
many people. Numerous schools around the world require students to wear school
uniforms on their grounds, however, teachers are not often required to wear a
specific uniform while working. It has therefore been suggested that it should be
compulsory for teachers to wear a specific uniform or follow a specific dress code
on a daily basis.
One reason for introducing a dress code for teachers would be that teachers
typically function as role models. For students who are not willing to conform to
the dress code of their school, it would be beneficial to see figures of authority
wearing the same outfit as each other, and they would then potentially be more
willing to follow their own dress code.
Another reason for introducing a compulsory dress code for teachers would be that
if all teachers wore the same outfit, there would be no visible difference amongst
them. Naturally some teachers are wealthier than others and would tend to show
this through their clothing. This could cause other teachers to feel inferior and
therefore could result in lower quality work and decreased motivation. Furthermore,
students would feel treated more fairly, if not only they, but teachers as well had to
wear a certain uniform in school.
Lastly, uniforms for teachers would enable students and other teachers to easily
distinguish between school staff and other adults. In many schools there is no high-
quality security system and strangers can easily enter and steal something or
commit other crimes. If teachers wore uniforms, one would then be able to
approach and confront strangers more easily, as one could distinguish teachers
wearing uniforms clearly from other adults.
In conclusion, there are many positive effects of introducing uniforms for teachers
and therefore, in my opinion, they should be installed in as many schools as
possible.

31) The breakthroughs in medical science are by far the most significant
advances in world society over the last two centuries. Discuss this statement
and give your opinion.
Over the last two hundred years, there have been many changes to society in nearly
all aspects of people's lives. Medical science has advanced beyond recognition and
it can be argued that this has been the most significant change.
The last two centuries have witnessed great advances of the industrial revolution.
Automation, machinery and various technologies have revolutionised the way
people live, work, play and travel. Society has now many things that make people's
lives easier and more enjoyable, including cars, planes, computers and telephones
to name only a few. It is quite clear that these advances are phenomenally
significant in most people's lives today.
Medical science has also been revolutionised. The three principal challenges facing
surgery, which were pain, infection and bleeding, have all been overcome, allowing
the lives of millions to be saved. The discoveries of vaccines to deal with the great
killer diseases of history also took place over the last two centuries. Probably
billions of people who would have died from diseases such as smallpox,
tuberculosis, diphtheria and tetanus have all been saved.
In addition to this, medicine now has such an advanced knowledge of human body
systems that doctors can cure or heal a wide range of ailments that would in the past
have been fatal or extremely debilitating. It is also likely that the next century will
see similar significant advances.
In conclusion, although there have been many different advances in society over the
last two hundred years, the fact that so many people have had their lives saved or
improved by medical breakthroughs makes it seem incontrovertible that it is these
medical advances that have been the most significant.

32) Many people nowadays travel abroad for their university education.
Why do people do this? Would you consider doing this yourself and why?
In recent years it has become normal for high school graduates to travel abroad for
their university education. There are numerous positive aspects to studying in a
foreign country, such as the discovery of new cultures, the possibility of learning
more about oneself and the chance of learning a new language.
By travelling to a foreign country, it is certain that one will be confronted with

foreign customs and traditions. Experiencing and understanding these customs and
their origins provides students with an interesting chance to develop a more open-
minded attitude towards others. Additionally, it is also extremely stimulating to
learn more about the reasons behind certain traditions and practices. A prime reason
for students studying abroad is the prospect of finding oneself and growing as an
individual. When living in a foreign country, students have to become increasingly
independent and they are confronted with their strengths and weaknesses.
Typically, students develop increased self-esteem and also acquire or improve upon
their skills of housekeeping and cooking, which are important for living
independently later on in life.
When living in foreign country students are exposed to a new language and in most
cases attempt to learn it. If they already possess some knowledge about the
language, they have the possibility of advancing and improving upon these skills
with the native population. The ability to speak multiple languages offers students a
higher chance of being successful on the international job market, which makes
studying abroad an attractive choice.
In conclusion, studying abroad offers the possibility for students to grow and
develop as individuals and to acquire valuable skills that will be useful in adult life.

33) The world today is a safer place than it was a hundred years ago, and
governments should stop spending large amounts of money on their armed
forces. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
It is now some time since the whole world was involved in one war. The world
nowadays is no comparison to the past, when millions of soldiers were lost on the
battlefield. As the world today is significantly safer than previously, I partially
agree that governments should stop spending large amounts of money on their
military forces.
The last World War dates back nearly seventy years and, since 1945, no conflict
has taken place in western countries. Thus, people have suggested that spending
money on necessities within society instead of armed forces is more useful.
However, this is very difficult, as even though no significant conflict has taken
place in western countries, they are still involved in the conflicts of other countries.
For example, the US contribution in the Iraqi war has only recently ended. For such
involvement of military forces in foreign lands, countries still need to have strong
armed forces, in case they are needed.
In some countries like the UK, the military is already significantly weaker than it
has been in the past. However, historically, a hundred years is not that long and
because no conflict has happened recently, this does not mean that there will be no
conflict in the future. At the outbreak of World War Two, the UK was seriously
under- prepared, as it had been thought that the horrors of World War One had
convinced every one of the uselessness of war.
In conclusion, certain armed forces are necessary for major countries even though
the world is safer than a hundred years ago. They might need to intervene in
conflicts in other countries and world peace is by no means assured for the future.

34) One of the major problems that faces today's governments is creating
enough satisfactory housing for their increasing populations whilst still
trying to protect the environment. How can this be achieved? Discuss and
give your opinion.
In a world with an ever-growing population, providing housing is one of the crucial

tasks of all governments. At the same time, however, the environment has to be
protected from too much destruction and deforestation. Different solutions have
been created to solve these problems. One significant solution could be increasing
the height of buildings.
When looking at the skyline of metropolitan cities, skyscrapers are becoming

increasingly visible. The reason for this is simple: housing has to be provided,
while the environment should suffer the least amount possible. Decreasing the
building footprints of houses and therefore the destruction of environment, while
increasing the height, is an effective solution in overcoming this dilemma. This
resolution also has its faults though, as increasing height also means that sunlight
reaching the streets will decrease and that housing will be built more densely in
order to save space.
Another possible solution is to increase building costs to pressure the population

into living in smaller areas, which would save space. As this impacts member of the
community unevenly depending on their wealth, this would encourage unequal
living standards and conflicts as a result of this. Therefore, this is not a plausible
solution to the problem.
In my opinion, finding the perfect way to minimise environmental damage while

increasing housing is a problem to which there is no simple solution. Many
governments are currently relying on height to solve the problem, but this is not
attractive to many people. Any solution chosen should be one that causes the fewest
problems.

35) Some of today's schools insist that all students have their own laptop
computer in class to assist in their education. Do you feel that this would be
an advantage to students' education or would it be an unnecessary
complication?
Several schools around the world insist that all students should bring their own
private laptop to class to assist in their education. Technology has become a
significant component of educating children and is considered beneficial in many
ways. Nonetheless, there are likewise many disadvantages to using private
technological equipment in classrooms.
Bringing a private laptop to class offers a variety of benefits for students. Firstly,
laptops can be used to take notes in classes where teachers sometimes speak at a
high speed. Many children find that they can type faster than they can write by hand
and therefore prefer typing their notes in class so as to not miss any important
information. Teachers could furthermore make use of learning programs and
websites during class, as students would have the possibility of using these websites
on their private laptops. Information can additionally be distributed more easily to
students, as for example hand-outs can simply be emailed or shared electronically
and do not have to be printed.
Although bringing private laptops to class offers these various advantages, it also
creates several disadvantages. Laptops firstly are fairly expensive, meaning that
families with more than one child will have to spend a large amount of money to
purchase laptops for all their children. Furthermore, laptops can easily be damaged
during class and outside of class as well as stolen, which could create future costs
for families. During class laptops can also distract students, because they can surf
the Internet or look at non-class-related work during class periods. The amount of
time students is exposed to device is also increased, which can result in several
health-related problems.
In conclusion, bringing a private laptop to class involves several advantages and

disadvantages. Nonetheless, I personally believe that if used wisely, a laptop is an
extremely useful tool in lessons and therefore I would support this initiative.

36) Some people believe that having sport in schools is a waste of time and
resources, whilst other people believe that sport in schools is a vital part of
education. Discuss both these views and give your opinion.
In most education systems around the world, physical education is one of the
components of the syllabus. However, this is a controversial topic, as it has been
argued that sport as a school subject is unnecessary. Opposing this is the view that
physical education is a vital aspect of the education.
Physical education was introduced into schools to promote a healthy lifestyle by

exposing students to different types of sport and ensuring that those who are not
naturally sporty are exposed to exercise and its benefits. For students who are
already very active, having a sports lesson might be unnecessary, but those who are
not given the opportunities or who are not from active families depend on schools
for exercise. Furthermore, a school is supposed to educate on multiple levels, a key
aspect of which is healthy living. It is not sufficient to discuss exercise in class;
students must experience the effects that ensue. One of these benefits is that
exercise enables people to concentrate more efficiently and work more efficiently,
meaning that having sport as a subject is beneficial to other subjects as well.
On the other hand, exercise to some degree is a personal matter and forcing
students to exercise in class can then have the opposite effect. This feeling can lead
to students not pursuing any sports later due to negative experiences and memories
connected to it. Another argument is that exercise is a leisure activity and therefore
not school-related and should be practiced outside of school.
In conclusion, while negative results can be caused through physical education, it is

vital for students to take part in it. Some students are only exposed to a healthy
lifestyle in schools and therefore there is a responsibility to educate individuals in
this area.

37) It seems clear that obesity in today's society is to some extent due to the
availability of fast food. Should governments place a tax on fast food to
reduce the amount of fast food consumed?
Obesity has become a common problem in western societies and this is partly due
to the availability of fast food at low prices. To tackle this problem, it has been
suggested that governments should increase the tax on fast foods in order to reduce
the amount of pre-cooked meals consumed. I personally believe that this is a sound
idea, because especially young people, who have less money, will be discouraged
from buying food at quick service restaurants.
The main reason for the high consumption of junk food is that it is a cheap
alternative to healthy meals. A salad for example often is twice as expensive as a
burger, resulting in more people eating the burger than the salad. As a result, people
prepare fewer meals themselves and eat more mass-produced food instead. In my
opinion, it should not be possible to sell fast food at a lower price than staple food.
By making takeaway meals more expensive than vegetables and fruit, people would
change their eating habits, as they would want to save money.
Another way to reduce consumption of fast food would be to prohibit its promotion.
A similar approach was taken in terms of advertising cigarettes and one can say that
this approach has been successful to some extent. Additionally, commercials for
fast food often target young children through offering inducements, such as the toys
in the happy meal at McDonalds for example. The children are persuaded to
demand a happy meal, yet often do not necessarily want to eat the food contained in
it. If advertising junk food were forbidden, consumption of pre-cooked meals
would decrease and therefore the number of obese children would decrease as well.
In conclusion, governments should put a tax on fast food to reduce the amount
consumed in order to decrease the number of obese people. By placing a tax on fast
food and making it more expensive than healthy raw foods, people would begin to
eat more healthily. If additionally, the advertising of quick service restaurants was
banned, the number of obese people would decrease even more drastically.

38) Many parents give jobs to their children to do around the house in order
to develop their characters and self- sufficiency. Discuss this idea and give
your opinion.
In many modern-day families, it is a common aspect of family life that parents give
jobs to their children to do around the house to develop their characters and a sense
of self-sufficiency. This aspect can be looked at as having both positive and
negative sides.
When parents give their children jobs or chores to do around the house, they make
their children understand that they are part of a community. While this community
is only within the family's house, the lessons children learn from carrying out their
chores are equally fitting for the global community they live in. Children are taught
that they have to integrate into the global community and that in order for this
community to work effectively, everyone must carry out their chores.
Furthermore, children learn about the concept of pride, as they are taught to be
proud of what they have accomplished. Chores around the house additionally
prepare children for living independently later on in life, as they acquire skills that
are valuable for everyday life. I, personally, see this approach as very practical;
helping my mother with cooking in my childhood and teenage years served me
well, and living independently now I don't have trouble preparing meals for myself
and my housemates.
Although there are many supporters of this concept, some parents argue that
children should not be given jobs to do around the house. They argue that children
should be allowed to be children and not have any duties. In their opinion children
should enjoy their childhood and should not have to deal with any of the
responsibility’s adults have to deal with.
In conclusion, I believe that giving children chores to carry out is a positive aspect
of family life, as I think that it helps children to become independent and makes it
easier for them to live by themselves later on in life.

39) There is a problem today that copyright materials such as music, films
and books are freely available on the Internet with the result that the
owners of the works lose money. Do you feel that this is a good or bad
thing?
In modern day society, it has become common to make copyright protected

material freely available on the Internet with the result that the owners of the work
lose large sums of money. The discussion of whether or not this distribution is of
positive or negative nature has therefore been raised.
Distributing copyright protected material freely online can firstly help make this
material more popular. Often people are not willing to spend money on a film or
song before being exposed to it once, as they cannot be sure that they will enjoy the
material they are about to purchase. Frequently, people purchase copyright
protected material that they enjoyed after being exposed to it once, meaning that
often owners often receive money at a later stage. An owner's reputation can
additionally improve, because frequently owners who allow their work to be
distributed partially or completely online have a more positive reputation amongst
customers.
Regardless of the positive effects of the free online distribution of copyright

protected material, it can be said that this distribution has several negative effects.
Firstly, owners lose large sums of money through it. A lot of time and money can
be spent producing the material distributed, as certain spaces and equipment must
be rented or bought to produce a certain song or film. Like all other people, artists
need money to survive and thus are at a disadvantage when they do not receive
money for their work. I personally believe therefore that governments should make
sure that when something is performed in public or when work is displayed in
public, artists should receive credit and money.
In conclusion, it can be said that the online distribution of copyright protected

material has both negative and positive effects. In my opinion, it cannot fully be
determined whether this distribution is of a positive or negative nature; one must
decide upon this for oneself.

40) With the improvements in today's health care, society has to care for
more and more elderly people. Do you feel that society will be able to cope
with the increase in numbers of elderly people today and how can it be
managed?
In current society, the life expectancy in western countries has increased

significantly. Also, fewer babies are being born, causing the relative percentage of
elderly people to increase. These people have to be taken care of, causing the
question to rise whether this number of elderly people can be cared for.
When people grow older, they can also develop more health issues, resulting in
more visits to doctors and hospitals, and an increased usage of pharmaceuticals.
Due to the current large numbers of elderly people, the pressure put onto health
care systems is increasing. In many western countries, the state provides most of
the health care system. Therefor with increasing numbers of old people, higher
percentages of state funding have to be allocated to health care and this could cause
shortfalls in other areas, for example education. This change in the distribution of
money can therefore impact society negatively.
Society should be able to handle these changes. Governments will have been able to
predict the changing demographic situations in their countries and plan accordingly.
This might indeed lead to other sectors in society having money taken away from
them, but caring for the elderly is one of the key responsibilities of today's
governments. For the future, it might be necessary to ensure that an extra insurance
charge is levied on people's salaries in order that any future financial shortfall is
met. This would be unpopular, but would allow governments to have the necessary
funds available.
In conclusion, society today and in the future should be well able to deal with
caring for their elderly. It is only a question of careful long-term forecasting and
planning.

41) Should governments or teachers be responsible for what is to be taught in
schools?
In modern day society, it is essential for a child to be educated in order for him or
her to have success later on in life. Children are typically educated in schools,
which are run by the government. The government officials therefore decide what
is taught to the children and what is not. Personally, I believe that it is better if
governments are responsible for the subject matter covered in school and not the
teachers.
It is a common goal to supply all children with the same opportunities in life,
meaning that the same core knowledge should be taught to all children to offer
them the same benefits. Naturally, some children will be better at certain subjects
than others and will therefore obtain a more detailed degree of knowledge, yet
every child should be taught the same core knowledge. Education provides
opportunities, because certain types of education will enable children to pursue
certain careers later on in life.
Supplying the same core knowledge is an essential concept, yet it has not been put
into action in several countries. In Germany, for example, the syllabus taught
depends on the region of the country. In certain regions, children attend school for
thirteen years and in other regions for twelve years. This raises the question
whether or not the children obtain the same degree of knowledge and that the
children attending school for thirteen years are at an advantage compared to those
attending school for twelve years. Already one can see that problems arise when the
regional government decides upon the core knowledge taught to students. If
teachers had a say in what knowledge should be taught to students, the subject
matter would become even more complex. The core knowledge would not only
vary from region to region, yet also from school to school, providing unfair
advantages and disadvantages for certain students.
In conclusion, the government of a country should decide upon what knowledge is

taught in schools, as the situation would become too complex if all teachers were
responsible for this aspect.
42) Some people believe that the problem of illegal drugs can be solved by
legalizing all drugs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this?
Illegal drugs have become a worldwide problem in modern day society. The trading
of drugs is widespread in nearly all countries and the number of people consuming
drugs worldwide is high. It has been suggested simply to legalise all recreational
drugs to solve the problems associated with them. I personally agree partially with
this proposal, because I can see many advantages, yet also many disadvantages.
One positive aspect of legalising these drugs would be that the number of criminal
activities committed to obtain them would decrease. Fewer people would therefore
be imprisoned and have a criminal history that prevents them from progressing in
life. Additionally, essential police resources would be freed up and devoted to other
areas. Finally, high taxes could be imposed on the legal product, allowing
governments to have better resources to improve the infrastructure of their
countries.
Although legalising all illegal drugs could result in several positive effects, there
are many negative effects that could be possible. As a result of the legalisation, I
personally believe that it would become acceptable to use drugs and people would
no longer pay attention to the damage that drugs cause. Schools might no longer
educate teenagers and adolescents about the negative effects drugs have on people,
resulting in more teenagers experimenting with them, as they would believe that
this is a normal aspect of life. This would result in a higher number of drug addicts
and potentially in more deaths, because it would be easier to obtain a large number
of illegal drugs and therefore the chances of overdosing would also increase.
In conclusion, I partially agree with the proposed action. Nonetheless, I think that an
age restriction should be placed on drug use, as teenagers and adolescents could
easily become addicted if all illegal drugs are legalised. This group of people is
highly at risk of becoming addicted and potentially dying as a result of drug use and
therefore should only be allowed to consume drugs after reaching a certain age.

43) In some countries private cars are now banned from certain city centers.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of such a system and do you
feel that this is something that most cities should adopt?
Banning cars from city centres is a recent trend and it can be seen in various cities
around the world. Certain advantages and disadvantages immediately spring to
mind when considering this step that city councils are taking.
The advantages are clear. Since cars were introduced, city centres have always been
areas where air quality is poor due to the number of emissions, which in turn affects
people's health. City centres become quieter and safer for people to wander around
shopping and enjoying themselves. Access to city centres can still be good, as it is
usually only private vehicles that are banned, and buses and taxis can still take
people in and out of the city centre areas. Many towns also operate a park and ride
scheme, so people can leave their cars in safe car parks in the outskirts of towns and
travel with a dedicated bus service to the town centres. It would seem hard to
criticise this kind of scheme.
There are critics though to the scheme of banning cars in city centres. City centre
shop keepers have often been vocal opponents, as they believe that fewer people
will come to the city centres and therefore their incomes will be affected. The
general public also sometimes object, as people often like to travel in their own
private vehicles. In actual fact, banning cars from city centres has in practice not
reduced the number of people who travel to city centres to shop. People like
shopping and socialising in city centres and they just adapt to the situation. There is
no answer to people who want to drive their own cars. They hopefully will just
realise that the sacrifice of not driving their own cars is outweighed by the health
and lifestyle improvements of a cleaner and quieter city centre.
In conclusion, there are far more advantages to banning cars from city centres than
allowing them. It is therefore a measure that most city centres should adopt for their
citizens.

44) There are many things that can motivate people to perform well in their
work. These can include the salary, job satisfaction or the chance to help
others. What do you feel is the best motivation to do well at work?
To perform well in a job, people have to be motivated. There are multiple strategies
for employers to incentivise their employees. The most obvious one is the salary;
however, job satisfaction and the ability to help people are other methods of
improving performance at work.
For the majority of the people, receiving their salary at the end of the month is their
motivation. This is because money is necessary to fulfil the most basic needs and
other materialistic desires. Employees see these opportunities when receiving their
salary and therefore work to achieve money. Furthermore, performing well in a job
can lead to promotions with higher pay packages. To receive this, staff have to
stand out positively in their jobs. Salary is therefore a key motivational tool for
many workforce participants.
However, money is far from being the only incentive. Another aspect affecting
performance is job satisfaction. If a person is comfortable in their work, they are
more likely to perform well. Therefore, this motivational tool interlinks with salary,
as when people are content and perform well, the chances of promotion increase.
For some individuals though, only their passion can drive them. Prime examples for
this are humanitarian jobs. The salaries are often not very high, but those choosing
to work in this field are often very driven; their passion to help others is prioritised
over their own salary.
In conclusion, while income might be the most common motivational factor, it is

unusual to be the sole incentive for working hard, and some people are motivated
wholly due to other reasons.

45) Tourism today creates a variety of problems, such as pollution due to
flights, transport and dirty water. Do you think that governments should
impose extra taxes on flights or accommodation to restrict today's tourism
industry?
Travelling today is simple to the extent that within twelve hours one can travel from
Europe to Singapore, crossing nearly the whole globe. Based on this simplicity,
tourism has changed significantly over the years. While in the past a family would
be proud to drive two hours to a lake, many families now think nothing of travelling
to the far side of the world. This also has a downside as increased pollution is a
result. Extra taxes on flights or accommodation have therefore been offered as a
solution so as to increase the cost of tourism and reduce its popularity.
No matter what major transportation is used, travelling creates pollution. To

decrease the amount of pollution caused by tourism, the tourism industry itself
would have to be weakened. If these increased taxes are based on travelling
distance, people would be more willing to stay closer to their home country, as for
many even a slight increase would mean that their planned holidays would be too
expensive. Accommodation taxes would raise holiday costs no matter the distance
travelled. Therefore, if increased taxes were levied on travel and accommodation,
tourism and therefore pollution would decrease.
On the other hand, the main transport methods that would be impacted by imposing
extra taxes would be communal ones, such as planes, trains and buses, and
increasing the taxes would also impact non-tourists. Also, holidays are a vital part
of ordinary people's lives, as they escape from work and stress, and get to spend
valuable time with their families. Stopping people travelling would greatly impact
some simple pleasures of ordinary life.
In conclusion, while tourism impacts the environment significantly, simply introducing extra
taxes on transport or accommodation is a drastic measure. It could be more valuable to change
the methods of transportation to decrease pollution, instead making people stay close to home.

46) The fact that enormous sums are paid for pieces of art is not acceptable
at a time when many people around the world live in poverty. Discuss this
statement and give your opinion.
It is true that pieces of art in today's world can change hands for enormous sums.
Works by artists such as Picasso, da Vinci and Rembrandt have been sold for
millions of dollars. Recently, a Modigliani was sold to a billionaire for one hundred
and seventy million dollars. It certainly seems obscene that such figures are spent
when many people around the world live in poverty.
The work of many charities would be transformed by the money generated by just
one of these art sales and in turn, the lives of ordinary people in need would be
transformed. Medicines, food and shelter amongst other things could easily be
provided, saving lots of lives, many of which would be children. When the issue is
looked at from this point of view, the art sales world certainly seems obscene.
However, in my opinion, things are unlikely to change. Human greed is endemic

and people who have the drive to earn that amount of money and who actually have
access to these sums in cash are not often people who will part with their wealth.
Lots of prosperous people support many charities, but it is unlikely that they would
completely relinquish their access to the luxuries that accompany their lives. The
works of art are also often seen as investments in themselves, to be held on to for a
period of time and then resold at a profit.
In conclusion, in an ideal world, the vast sums of money that are spent on fine and
rare works of art would be better spent on helping those in need. In reality,
however, this is unlikely to take place.

47) In some countries, boys and girls are educated separately after the age of
about ten years old. Discuss this view and give your opinion.
In many countries around the world, boys and girls are educated together. There is a
group of countries, however, that educate boys and girls separately. This is
frequently done on religious grounds, but not always. Having such a system can
produce various advantages and disadvantages.
One of the principal reasons for educating boys and girls separately is that, if they
are together, they can distract each other. After puberty, boys can be strongly
attracted to girls and vice versa, and this can result in disruptive conduct in the
classroom as, for example, they show off to one another. Separating boys and girls
can therefore have the distinct advantage of reducing this disturbing behaviour.
However, some teachers have pointed out that this model does not always work,
and that separated boys and girls are equally disruptive in class, and sometimes
more so. These teachers say that having the opposite sex in the classroom can
actually improve behaviour.
Many educators also believe that boys and girls have different learning styles and
needs. Separating boys and girls can allow teachers to address these needs more
easily. There is also a belief that single sex schools allow gender stereotypes to be
challenged and therefore education aspirations can be broadened.
A major disadvantage of separating boys and girls in education is that the children
miss important formative behavioural development when they do not have
interaction with the other gender on a regular basis. This can lead to shyness and,
more seriously, dysfunctional relationships later in life. Some people also feel that
mixed sex schools can promote gender stereotypes rather than reducing them.
In conclusion, I feel that children should be educated all together, although I would
respect a system in which they are separated due to religious beliefs. My personal
opinion is that different genders should learn to interact together from an early age,
as this would allow them to develop healthy working relationships with each other.

48) It is a fact that the majority of people who are sent to prison commit
further crime after their release. What is causing this? What can be done to
change this?
It is a sad fact that criminals who leave prison go on to commit further crime. There
are various reasons for this, but there are also some things that can be done to
prevent it from happening.
One reason for this recidivism is due to a lack of legitimate income. Many people
turn to crime as they cannot find an alternative to earn money. When such person
comes out of prison, it is very often the case that they have the same few
opportunities for a legitimate income. In fact, these opportunities will even be
reduced, as employers are often less willing to give an ex-prisoner a job. Some
people also return to crime, as they spend all the time of their prison sentence with
other criminals. This is not a great environment for rehabilitation, and sometimes
even a network of contacts can be made to help develop criminal activities on
release.
One important way to help address this problem is education. Criminals who have
turned to illegal activities because of no alternatives to earn a living need to learn a
way to earn a wage, such as a trade or vocational skills. Computer skills, for
example, are in high demand and someone trained in these could very possibly find
work. In addition, governments can offer incentives to employers to attract them to
give jobs to newly-released prisoners. This would help people who don't really
want to return to crime achieve a fresh start. As keeping people in prison is an
expensive business, governments might find it cheaper to pay these incentives.
To sum up, people returning to crime is a tragedy that should be avoided, if at all
possible, in today's society. Education and incentives can directly address the
reasons for it and could make society a happier and safer place.

49) Some people believe that homework should not be given to school
children. Others, however, say that homework is an important requirement
for children to be able to develop appropriately. Discuss both views and give
your own opinion.
The benefits of giving or not giving homework to children are often debated. Some
people feel that children have enough work to do during one day whilst at school,
whereas others feel that the more work set, the better.
It is true that schools today place more and more demands and pressure on children.
The competition to do well, to enter a good university and to get a good job is
significant. This has led to the ideology that children should do as much
schoolwork as possible in order to help their intellectual development. The
argument, however, that more is better is not always valid. There comes a point,
especially for a child, when more knowledge cannot be absorbed in a day. When a
child has possibly 7 or 8 classes a day on different subjects, he or she is processing
a lot of information already. To give more work to be done at home, therefore,
would be pointless and even counterproductive. In addition to this, although it is
important to be educated, childhood should also be a time when there is an
opportunity to just play and enjoy unstructured time. Homework can significantly
lessen the possibilities of doing this.
On the other hand, it can be argued that there is a place for homework. If study at
school is not overdone, the opportunity to look at work again and extend ideas can
be an invaluable exercise. It's easy to forget one thing that has been taught once, but
if that concept is revisited a second time, the brain has time to reprocess and likely
better understand and remember.
It seems to me that there is a place for homework for today's children. What must
be remembered, though, is that homework needs to be limited to age-appropriate
parameters, so that a balance can be struck between study and free time and
relaxation.

50) The number of advertisements for charities on television and the Internet
seems to be increasing. What is causing this? Is this a positive or a negative
development?
It indeed appears true that the frequency with which advertisements for charities
appear both on television and the Internet seems to be increasing. There can be
various explanations for this and it can be seen in both a positive and negative light.
One explanation for the increase in the number of charity advertisements is that the
charities themselves are becoming more aggressive in their marketing. This can
also be seen in the common strategy nowadays to encourage a monthly donation,
rather than a one-off donation. The increased marketing is apparent too in the
increased numbers of 'street salespeople', who stop passers-by and try to get them to
commit to this monthly payment.
A second reason for the increase could also be that there have been more charities
started and the number of advertisements would therefore increase and become
more noticeable. If these charities are all legitimate, this would mean that more help
will be getting to causes that need it. The increase in charities could also be
explained by a possible increase of humanitarian awareness. People might be now
adopting different ideologies that take into account people in less advantageous
positions.
If the number of advertisements for charities has risen due to the fact that there has
been a positive shift in people's compassionate principles, this surely has to be seen
as an optimistic development. If it is due to the fact that governments have been
cutting back, it could be seen as a pessimistic development. In addition, if there are
more charities asking for more money, this will inevitably mean that the amount of
money donated will have to be more thinly spread, which would be a negative
development.
There could be several reasons for why there are more charity advertisements
today. Whatever the reasons, as long as any money is helping people in
disadvantageous positions, it must be seen as a positive development.

51) Many schoolchildren today take part in work experience sessions for
short periods of time instead of attending school. Is this a positive or a
negative development?
It has been a popular trend for some time now to put children into what can be
called 'work experience placements'. The children are taken out of school and take
part in various types of work, usually for around a week. Some people criticise this
trend, but I can't see how it can be a negative experience.
One of the criticisms is that children lose a week of schoolwork. With the pressure
to do well at school increasing, children need every bit of help to maximise their
potential. As the students won't really be of much help to a workplace for just one
week, it would therefore be better for them to remain at school. Indeed, if the
timing of the week's work placements is done correctly, the week can also serve as
a kind of 'holiday' away from school, something that is regularly needed in order to
allow students to remain fresh and enthusiastic. In many work placements, children
also get to see some of things they learn at school put into a realistic context,
allowing them to understand the relevance of what they learn and thereby creating a
way to reinforce the learning.
In addition to this, schoolchildren can be quite nervous about the world of work that
they will have to join at some point in their lives. By getting this short taste of what
it is like, they can see that it is nothing to be scared about. As well as this, children
will often have some ideas of what they want to do for a living, but are not sure. By
allowing them to see a type of work they are considering, they are better able to
decide whether that career could be suitable for them.
I feel, therefore, that work placements can be seen as a positive development.

Missing a short amount of school is not serious and the benefits that can be gained
from the placements are significant.

52) Many cities have areas where the only cars are taxis and buses.
Is this a positive or a negative development? What are the effects of this on
individuals and society?
Banning cars from the centre of various cities around the world has been a strategy
to reduce pollution and encourage people to use public transport. It has had various
positive effects for both individuals and for society as a whole.
Banning cars from the centre of cities seems to be a very positive development.
Fewer cars on the road means less pollution and fewer fossil fuel resources being
used up. Although the effect on resources might be relatively negligible, it can
create a newer way of thinking regarding the dynamics of transport within cities
and this could be the most important benefit to society. Some people working in the
centre of these cities may complain about inconvenience, but many would agree
that this is a small price to pay.
A reduction in the reliance of people on private vehicles is likely to encourage them

to use public transport or even bicycles. Using public transport, especially the types
that run on clean sources of power, will significantly raise air quality levels in
cities, which will of course benefit everyone. The clean air could even further
encourage the use of bicycles, which would in turn promote more healthy lifestyles
and less obesity. This would contribute on an individual level to people's well-
being and a better and longer life, and on a societal level, it would lessen the strain
on public health resources. Governments could encourage this by creating more
bicycle lanes to make cycling easier and safer.
In conclusion, it is clear that banning cars from the centre of cities is significantly
beneficial. Better health and ecology, as well as improvement in longevity and
well-being can benefit individuals and the entire society.

53) Some people feel that fashion is like art and a significant part of society,
while others feel that fashion is a waste of time and money. Discuss both
views and give your own opinion.
The fashion industry today is an important component of society and people's lives.
It is true that many people care little for clothes and scorn the importance that
others attach to them; however, this does not mean that the significance that people
give to fashion is a waste of time and money.
When one considers that areas of the world suffer from poverty, disease and
inadequate access to food and clean water, the emphasis attached to fashion by the
developed world can seem out of proportion. Many people would contend that the
resources put into developing and creating fashion would be more ethically spent
on creating some level of equality in terms of the right to live a healthy and happy
life. This point is hard to argue with. However, it is also true that people in the
developed world cannot be expected to send all their spending money to people in
need and that wanting to look good is an unalterable human trait.
The fashion industry contributes to the society much like most other industries. It
provides jobs and income to millions of people around the world and the money
that changes hands generates taxes that contribute to the fabric of society. There is
more to fashion than trying to look better than others and excessive luxury. The
high level of fashion is indeed a kind of art form and, like other art forms, there will
always be people who appreciate it, want to create it and want to spend money on
it. It is part of the development of civilisation and this is not likely to change.
I therefore feel that, although the gap between the rich and the poor sometimes
makes it seem that fashion is a waste of time and money and an unethical use of
resources, fashion is an important part of today's society and economic output. This
leads me to believe that trying to strike a balance between selfish greed and a more
altruistic way of living should be an individual choice.

10. Marking Criteria:
1) Coherence and cohesion:
i. One can write 4 or 5 paragraphs (Introduction, Body 1, Body 2, supporting paragraph

(optional) and Conclusion. But, not more than 5 or lesser than 4 is acceptable.
ii. Remember to have only one central idea in each paragraph.
iii. Organise the ideas logically with using Relevant connectors or linkers (firstly, secondly,
however, ergo and to conclude etc.)
iv. Do not overuse the connectors.
v. Ideas should be organised with proper planning and organisation.

2) Task response
i. Pay attention to all the issues in the essay question.

ii. Write on the topic rather than giving only background
information.
iii. Write over 250 words (max. 325)
iv. Plan your essay so that you do not go off topic.
v. Do not repeat your Reasons at all
vi. DO NOT MEMORISE THE PHRASE OR COMMON
LINES FROM THE INTERNET

3) Grammatical range and accuracy
i. Use different variety of the tenses( conditional, active- passive,compound- complex,

inversion, cleft , perfect continuous etc.)
ii. Pay attention the word order ( SVA rule )
iii. Avoid repeating the same type of sentence formation
iv. Avoid article errors (a, an and the)
v. Punctuation ( , ; : ) and capitals.
vi. Pay attention to plural or uncountable nouns.
vii. Try to have at least 80% of your sentences correct.

4) Lexical resource
i. Paraphrasing the question is MUST.

ii. Try using synonyms and avoid repeating the words as much asyou can.
iii. Use range of vocabularies related to the topic.
iv. Spell the words correctly.
v. Do not copy the words from the question
vi. Avoid being informal.
vii. Try to use uncommon words related to the topic.
viii. To get more than 7, Learn the collocation and phrasal verbs.
ix. Avoid contractions ( don’t , can’t)


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ER’S EDUCATION: writing book

IELTS |PTE| spoken English| TIRTH VYARAWALA:

8. Do’s and Don’ts .................................................................................................................... 91

9. Sample Essay: ....................................................................................................................... 94

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

Introduction Paraphrasing of the question

Overview Highlight the key points of the

Body 1 summaries & compare the

Body 2 summaries & compare the

NOTE: THE Report never contains a conclusion or personal opinion and is

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

The/ the given Diagram / table / Shows / represents The comparison

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

What = the percentages of teachers...

❖ Vocabulary for the Overview Part:

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

1. As (is) shown in the illustration...

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

• maintain the same level • no change

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

❖ Vocabulary to show the changes:

Trends Verb form Noun Form

rise / increase / go up / uplift / A rise / an increase / an

fall / decrease / decline / diminish / A fall / a decrease / a

unchanged / level out / remain A steadiness/ a plateau /

level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant / No change, a flat, a plateau.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

❖ Vocabulary to represent changes in graphs:

Type of Adverb form Adjective form

Rapid dramatically / rapidly dramatic / rapid / sharp

Steady Steadily/ ceaselessly. Steady/ ceaseless.

1. The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in 2008.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

❖ Vocabulary to represent frequent changes in graphs:

Type of Verb form Noun form

❖ Types of Changes/ Differences and Vocabulary to present them:

Type Adjectives Adverbs

Big change / big Significant Significantly

Medium change / Somewhat Somewhat

Minor change / Small Fractional Fractionally

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

❖ Dates, Months & Years related vocabulary and grammar:

❖ Percentage, Portion and Numbers:

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

❖ Other ways to represent the percentages:

❖ Words/ Phrases of Approximation - Vocabulary:

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

❖ Vocabulary to represent highest and lowest points in graphs:

Type Verb Noun

Highest peaked / culminated / climaxed / a (/the) peak / a (/the) pinnacle / a

❖ Vocabulary to show fluctuations/ups and downs/ rise and fall in Verb

❖ Date, month & year related Vocabulary and Grammatical rules:

A teacher in life may change a delinquent into a solid citizen.

% = in percentage / in %. (20%, 25 percentage, ten per cent etc.)