5501 6 Pile Foundations 1

CIVE 5501
Advanced Foundation Engineering
Lecture 6:
Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations for

Vertical Loads
M.T. Rayhani
2009 Fall
References:
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual
Soils and Foundations, C. Liu & J.B. Evett, Pearson
Soil Mechanics & Foundations, M. Budhu, John Wiley & Sons
Principles of Foundation Engineering, B. M. Das, Thompson Publishing
An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Holtz & Kovacs, Prentice Hall
Foundation Design, Principles & Practices, D.P. Coduto, Prentice Hall
© 2021, M.T. Rayhani
Student or professor materials created for this course (including presentations and posted notes, labs, case studies, assignments and exams) remain the intellectual property of the
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Deep Foundations
 Shallow Foundations:
 Df small compared to B
 Resistance only from bearing
 Deep foundations:
 Df large compared to B
 Resistance from bearing and
friction
1
Deep (Pile) Foundations
 Pile: a column which is used within the ground
to transfer surface loads to underground layers
(deeper, stiffer due to higher confining
pressures)
 Allowing construction in areas where the soil

conditions near the ground surface are
unfavourable.
 Piles can be loaded

 axially in compression or tension or
 laterally, subjected to horizontal forces.
When to Use Deep Foundations
 Upper soils are weak, structural loads are

high
 Required spread footings are too large
 Upper soils are subject to scour or

undermining
 Foundation must penetrate through water
 Need large uplift capacity
 Need large lateral load capacity
2
Functions of Piles
 When subjected to axial load
(compression):
 To transfer load to a suitable

bearing stratum by means of tip
resistance of the pile
 To transfer loads to the soil

gradually by means of side
resistance along the length of the
pile
• Bedrock is not encountered at a
reasonable depth
• Capacity derived from frictional
resistance at soil-pile interface
Functions of Piles
 When subjected to horizontal

forces,
 to resist horizontal forces
(bending moment), while
supporting vertical loads of the
superstructure
 e.g. tall building subject to wind or
earthquake load, retaining walls
 To resist uplifting forces,

 e.g. transmission towers, offshore
platforms, basement mats below GWT,
3
Functions of Piles
 To carry the foundation

through the depth of scour
 Bridge abutments to avoid
loss of bearing capacity
 To carry the foundation

through unstable soil
(expansive or collapsible)
 To function as an earth
retaining structure
Load Transfer Mechanisms – Axial compression
 Tip resistance: bearing piles, toe

bearing resistance, end bearing
resistance, tip bearing resistance
 Skin Friction: friction piles, side

(shaft) resistance
 Load carrying capacity of piles

results from a combination of both
4
Load Transfer Mechanisms – Axial tension
 When subjected to axial tension:
 Shaft Capacity: Piles subjected

to pullout loads transfer the load
to the soil through the pile shaft
only
 The end-bearing resistance

does not exist under uplift loads
except for enlarged (belled)
base piles
Load Transfer Mechanisms – Laterally Loaded

 Load transfer mechanism under lateral
loading depends on
 the pile length
 head-fixity conditions
 Free-head short piles are expected to

rotate around a centre of rotation
 Fixed-head piles move laterally in

translation mode
 Long piles: rotation and translation

cannot occur due to high passive
resistance at the lower part of the pile
5
Types of Deep Foundations
 Materials
 Timber, Steel, Concrete, Composite Piles
 Ground Disturbance
 Large displacement: driven or jacked timber, precast concrete,
close-ended steel pipe, and tapered steel tube piles
 Small displacement: open-ended pipe piles, H-sections, steel box
sections and screw piles
 Non-displacement: bored and cast-in-place concrete piles
 Load Transfer
 End bearing, Friction (floating), Combined
 Installation Methods & Equipment (driven, bored)
 Construction Procedures
 Typical Applications
Timber Piles
 Usually treated with preservatives before installation

(Creosote)
 Longer serviceable life if completely submerged in water;
cyclic wetting & drying causes decay
 Shorter length
 Low capacity
 Susceptible to
damage during
driving
 Steel bands near
butt, steel shoe
6
Steel Piles
 Easy to handle (cutoff &

extension)
 Good choice when D>60ft
 Good choice in hard soils (high
load carrying capacity)
 H shape & pipe
 Helical piles
 Expensive
 Noisier to drive
 Susceptible to
Corrosion
Concrete Piles
 Precast
 Reinforced (resist bending
moment)
• Can be subjected to hard driving
conditions
• Square or octagonal section
• Usual length:10-15m
• 25-60cm width
• 300-3000 kN working loads
 Pre-stressed concrete (using
pre-stressed cables during
casting)
• Usual length: 10-45m (Max. 60m)
• Maximum load: 7500-8500kN
7
Concrete Piles
 Cast-in-place
 Making hole and
filling with
concrete
 Length 5-40m
 Load: 200-800
kN
Bridge Supported on Pile Foundations
8
Composite Piles
 Concrete filled Steel Pipe Piles

 Greater uplift capacity because of
increased weight
 Increased shear and moment
capacity
 Plastic-Steel Composite Piles
 Used in marine environments to
increase resistance to borers, decay,
abrasion
 Stronger than timber
Comparison of Different Piles
9
Types of Deep Foundations - Construction
 Piles: Prefabricated Members driven into
ground
 Drilled Shafts: Drill Cylindrical Hole and

insert reinforcing & fill with concrete
 Caissons: Prefabricated box or cylinder

pushed into ground and filled with concrete
 Auger Cast Piles: Drill a slender
cylindrical hole with hollow-stem auger and
pump grout through auger hole while auger
is slowly retracted
 Pressure Injected Footings: Cast-in-
place concrete that is rammed into the soil
using a drop hammer
Drilled Shaft Foundations
• Also called:
 Piers
 Drilled Piers
 Bored Piles
 Cast-in-place Piles
 Caissons
 Drilled Caissons
Drilled Shaft
Foundations
10
Piles versus Drilled Shafts
Piles Drilled Shafts
Precast Members driven Cast-in-situ

into soil
Timber, steel, pre-stressed Reinforced concrete
concrete, composite
Diameter~0.6 m. Can be as large as 2-2.5 m

diameter
Used in groups “pile groups” Used singly
Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations

1. Selection of type of pile and method of installation
2. Satisfy the Ultimate Limit State

 determination of the size and number of piles
3. Satisfy the Serviceability Limit State

 total and differential settlement under service loads
4. Foundation’s performance under lateral loads
5. Pile performance from pile loading tests
6. Consideration of the effects of group action for axial

and lateral loading conditions
11
Bearing Capacity of Single Piles
1. Static analysis by utilizing soil

strength (theoretical capacity);
2. Empirical analysis using

correlation with standard field
tests (SPT, CPT);
3. Dynamic driving resistance

(driving formula, wave equation
analysis);
4. Full-scale pile load tests.
Static Analysis (theoretical capacity)
 The axial compressive ultimate capacity, Qult, is calculated

as the sum of
 Frictional resistance along

the pile shaft, Qs,
 Bearing resistance of
the pile base, Qb,
Qult  Qs  Qb
12
Qult  Qs  Qb
L
Qs   f s Cdz Qb  f b Ab
0
fs = ultimate skin friction/unit area of shaft

C = circumference of the pile
L = embedded pile length
fb = ultimate resistance of the pile base/unit area of base
Ab = area of the pile base
 fs: ultimate skin friction/unit area of shaft

 It is assumed that fs at a particular point is given by the
Coulomb expression
f s  ca  K s v' tan 
ca = pile/soil adhesion
δ = pile/soil friction angle
σ’v = vertical effective stress at the point
Ks = the coefficient of lateral earth pressure
13
 fb: ultimate resistance of pile base/unit area

 From bearing capacity theory, fb can be expressed as:
f b  cN c   vb' N q  0.5BN 
Nc, Nq and Nγ are bearing capacity factors

γ = unit weight of the soil
B = pile diameter (or width)
c = cohesion of soil beneath the base
σ'vb = vertical effective stress at level of pile base
Cohesive Soils - α Method
 Undrained Conditions, ( = 0°)

 Yields the more critical capacity
 Total stress analysis, assuming  = 0° (Nγ= 0 and Nq= 1 and δ = 0°),
f s  ca  su
f b  sub N c
α = reduction coefficient
cub = sub = undrained cohesion at the pile base
14
 The value of α depends on

 soil and pile type,
 undrained shear strength of the soil,
 dragdown of one soil stratum into another during pile
driving
 the method of installation
Le
Qult   su Cdz  sub N c Ab

0
15
 API Function
 For su < 25 kPa (500 psf):   1.0
 For 25 kPa (500 psf) < su < 75kPa (1500psf):
 su  25 
  1.0  0.5 
 50 
 For su > 75 kPa (1500 psf):   0.5
16
Cohesive Soils - α Method; Drilled Shafts

Le
Le = effective pile length = L - (1 to 1.5m) qult   su Cdz  sub N c Ab

0
17
Cohesive Soils – Base Capacity
Unit base (toe) bearing resistance in Clays

Le
Qult   su Cdz  sub N c Ab

0
N*c = 6.5 at su = 25 kPa (500 psf)
= 8.0 at su = 50 kPa (1000 psf)
= 9.0 at su  100 kPa (2000 psf)
sub: average value of su within a depth of 2-3B beneath the base.
Cohesive Soils - β Method
 Effective Stress Approach

 Friction (side) resistance
 It can be assumed that drained conditions prevail at the pile-soil
interface because the excess pore pressure gradient developed
near the pile shaft due to pile loading dissipates within a month or
so:
f s  K s v' tan    v'
β = shaft friction coefficient = Ks tanδ

C’=0 (NC) C’=10-20 kPa (OCR)
 Shaft friction is more significant, load test is mandatory
18
 Ks is affected by:
 Friction angle, OCR, Initial state of stress
 Method of installation, Compressibility
 Pile type/shape/size (driven pile: Ks=2K0)
 Conservatively Ks could be assumed as the coefficient of earth

pressure at rest
 For normally consolidated silts and clays
k s  1  sin  '
 For over consolidated clays
k s  (1  sin  ' ) OCR
 For normally consolidated silts and clays
  0.27 - 0.50 ( Silts ) Fellenius, (1999)
  0.25 - 0.35 (clays)
 For heavily over consolidated clays ( could be much

higher)
   nc (OCR) 0.5 Meyerhof, 1976
Note: The value of β for bored piles is less than its value for driven piles, and
a reduction factor of 0.5 to 0.66 is suggested
19
Cohesive Soils – Base Capacity
 The base capacity in cohesive soils is usually calculated from the

total stress approach, even though the shaft capacity is
calculated using the effective stress approach
Le
Qult    v' Cdz  sub N c Ab

0
20
Example 5.1
 Calculate the skin and toe resistance for a pile (diameter=406 mm) to be driven
30 m in a clay. The top 10 m of clay is normally consolidated and the bottom
clay layer has an OCR=2. GWT is a depth of 5m. su1=30 kPa, su2=100 kPa,
’=35 for all clay layers, 1=18 kN/m3 and 2=19.6 kN/m3)
Cohesionless Soils (drained conditions)
 Piles in sand or gravel

 It is often assumed that c = ca = 0°
 The ultimate pile capacity:
Qult  Qs  Qb
Qult   K s v' tan  Cdz  [ vb' N q Ab  0.5 BN  Ab ]
21
 The value of Ks increases with the volume of displaced soil.

 The following values are recommended for design
purposes (Meyerhof, 1976):
 Ks = 0.5 (bored and jetted piles, K0)

 Ks = 0.5-1.0 (Driven H pile)
 Ks = 1.0-2.0 (Driven displacement pile)
Qs   K s v' tan  Cdz
Interface Friction Angle:
For most design purposes, δ = 2/3 (or δ = −5 °).
22
Unit-Side Friction Resistance, fs -Sands
 Effective Stress Analysis (-Method)
Qs   K s tan  v' Cdz   f s .C.dz f s    z
• For large displacement piles, Bhushan(1982)
  0.18  0.65Dr
 For drilled shafts with N6015, O’Neill & Reese (1999)
  1.5  0.245 z 0.25    1.20 ( SI )
 Subject to maximum value of fs of 4000 psf (190 kPa)
 If N60<15 then multiply above  by N60/15
23
 For Auger-Cast Piles, Neely (1991)
 Do not divide into layers
f s    v  140 kPa ( 2800 psf )
Unit-Side Friction Resistance, fs -Gravels
 Rollins, Clayton, and Mitchell (1997)
 For 50% or more gravel size particles
  3.4 e 0.085 z 0.25    3.00 (SI )
 For 25-50% gravel size particles
  2.0  0.15 z 0.75 0.25    1.80 (SI )
24
Cohesionless Soils - Base resistance
 Base Resistance in Cohesionless soils:
Qult  Qs  Qb  W
Qb   vb' N q Ab  0.5 BN  Ab
 The bearing capacity factors (Nq and N) depend both on

shear strength and compressibility of the soil near toe
»any of the shear modes could govern
 The compressibility effects are defined using soil rigidity

index:
E
Ir 
2(1   )( vb
 tan  )
25
 The compressibility
effects are defined using
soil rigidity index:
E
Ir 
2(1   )( vb
 tan  )
 Nq using Vesic’s Method
 The bearing capacity factor, Nq, depends on

 Angle of internal friction of the sand below the pile tip,
 Pile installation method
 The embedment ratio of the pile, L/d
Vesic’s
26
 N using Vesic’s
Method
N   0.6( N q  1) tan  '
E
Ir 
2(1   )( vt tan  )
Example 5.2
 A 400-mm square prestressed concrete pile is
to be driven 19 m into the soil profile shown
here. The GWT is at depth of 3 m. Compute
the ultimate toe bearing capacity.
E
Ir 
2(1  )( vt tan  )
27
Shaft and Base Resistance – Sand and Gravel
 Conventional methods assumed that pile resistances in

sand and gravel increase linearly with pile depth
 Only down to a critical pile length (Lcr(8-20)d)
 Below Lcr both Qs and Qt would remain essentially constant
 There is a limiting value that depends on the pile material

and the angle of internal friction of the soil (API, 1991).
Qult   K s tan  v' Cdz  [ vb' N q Ab  0.5 BN  Ab ]
Shaft and Base Resistance - Sand and Gravel
28
Shaft and Base Resistance - Long Piles
 Long piles: L/d>50
 Critical depth: depth in which BCtoe will not increase with depth (
decreases with conf, due to arching)
 Unit-side friction resistance decreases for long piles (pile-soil

displacement)
 Pile capacity parameters (c, ,, ks,) depend on pile length
 Critical qs=fs=100 kPa (1kg/cm2)
 Different mobilization displacement for different piles

 q=qs+qt is not 100% true
 The shaft mobilizes earlier than the toe
 Reduction factor for long piles (up to 0.7 for L/d>50)

 Need for a pile-load test
Layered Soils
 Considered in estimating ultimate base capacity
 The full base capacity is not developed until the pile

penetrates at least 6 pile diameters (6d) into the layer
 The weak layer decreases the base capacity linearly if the

base is less than 6db (the base diameter) above the weak
layer
29
Base Bearing Resistance – Rocks (O’Neill & Reese, 1999)
 If RQD is 100%
 Pile extends min. 1.5B in rock
f b  2.5 quc
 If 70% < RQD < 100% and quc> 500 kPa
– quc is in Mpa and fb is in kPa f b  4830 (quc ) 0.51
 For jointed material  

f b  t 0.5  (mt 0.5  t )0.5 quc
Base Bearing Resistance - Rocks
 
f b  t 0.5  (mt 0.5  t )0.5 quc
30
Base Bearing Resistance - Rocks
Empirical Analysis (correlation with field tests)
 Approximate methods
 There are three empirical methods that can be used to
estimate bearing capacity of piles based on field soil tests
including
 Standard penetration test, SPT,

 Cone penetration test, CPT and
 Pressuremeter test, PMT
31
Standard Penetration Test
 The unit shaft friction for coarse-grained soils, fs, is

approximated by Meyerhof, (1976, 1983):
f s  1.9 N 1( 60 )  95.8 kPa Displacement piles
f s  0.9 N 1( 60 )  95.8 kPa Nondisplacement piles
N1(60) is average corrected SPT value = CNN60
95.8 2000
C N  N 60 C N  0.77 log10  v'  25 kPa
 '
v  v'
Standard Penetration Test
 The unit tip resistance, fb, can be estimated by Decourt

(1995):
fb  Kb Nb (kPa )
Nb = average of N in the vicinity of the pile tip
Kb is a base factor
32
Unit toe bearing resistance, Sands
• Drilled Shafts
f b  57.5 N 60  2900 kPa
If base diameter of shaft >1200mm (50in):
1200mm
f br  fb
db
Cone Penetration Test
 The ultimate shaft friction, fs, and base capacity, fb, are
given by:
qc
fs   f sl f b  kc qc

qc = measured cone tip resistance (the average value within a

distance of 1.5 db above and below the pile base) ,
α = shaft factor,
fsl = limiting ultimate shaft friction and
kc = base factor
33
CFEM
CFEM
34
Pressuremeter Test
 Empirical relationships to relate in-situ soil parameters from

pressuremeter tests for pile foundation design
A typical pressure-volume
increase curve obtained
during a Menard-type
pressuremeter test
Pressuremeter Test
 The unit shaft friction, fs, is related to the ultimate

pressure PL measured in the pressuremeter test
B: displacement
concrete piles
A: cohesive (timber
and concrete piles,
and the values
should be
multiplied by 0.75
for steel piles);
Cohesionless:non-
displacement
concrete and
displacement
steel piles
35
Pressuremeter Test
 Unit end bearing resistance, fb,
f b  q0  K q ( PL  P0 )
q0 = horizontal stress at rest in soil at the pile tip

Kq = bearing capacity factor
Pressuremeter Test
Kq based on Df/B
 Class 1: clays and

silts;
 Class 2: hard clay,
dense silt, loose sand
and soft or weathered
rock;
 Class 3: sand and
gravel and rock;
 Class 4: very dense
sand and gravel.
36
Factor of Safety (Piles)
Qult Qb  Qs  W f
Qa  
F F
Factor of Safety
The value of factor of safety depends on:
 Type of soil
 Level of Uncertainty in Soil Strength
 Importance of structure and consequences of failure
 Likelihood of design load occurrence
 Availability of full scale load test results
37
Factor of Safety (Drilled Shafts)
Higher factor of safety for drilled piles

Qult
Unless wpile is assumed = soil column Qall   W pile
F .S .
38

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CIVE 5501

Advanced Foundation Engineering

Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations for

 Allowing construction in areas where the soil

 Piles can be loaded

When to Use Deep Foundations

 Upper soils are weak, structural loads are

 Required spread footings are too large

 Upper soils are subject to scour or

 Foundation must penetrate through water

 Need large uplift capacity

 Need large lateral load capacity

 To transfer load to a suitable

 To transfer loads to the soil

 When subjected to horizontal

 To resist uplifting forces,

 To carry the foundation

 To carry the foundation

Load Transfer Mechanisms – Axial compression

 Tip resistance: bearing piles, toe

 Skin Friction: friction piles, side

 Load carrying capacity of piles

 When subjected to axial tension:

 Shaft Capacity: Piles subjected

 The end-bearing resistance

Load Transfer Mechanisms – Laterally Loaded

 Free-head short piles are expected to

 Fixed-head piles move laterally in

 Long piles: rotation and translation

 Usually treated with preservatives before installation

 Easy to handle (cutoff &

Bridge Supported on Pile Foundations

 Concrete filled Steel Pipe Piles

Comparison of Different Piles

 Drilled Shafts: Drill Cylindrical Hole and

 Caissons: Prefabricated box or cylinder

Drilled Shaft Foundations

Piles Drilled Shafts

Precast Members driven Cast-in-situ

Diameter~0.6 m. Can be as large as 2-2.5 m

Analysis and Design of Pile Foundations

2. Satisfy the Ultimate Limit State

3. Satisfy the Serviceability Limit State

4. Foundation’s performance under lateral loads

5. Pile performance from pile loading tests

6. Consideration of the effects of group action for axial

1. Static analysis by utilizing soil

2. Empirical analysis using

3. Dynamic driving resistance

4. Full-scale pile load tests.

Static Analysis (theoretical capacity)

 The axial compressive ultimate capacity, Qult, is calculated

 Frictional resistance along

fs = ultimate skin friction/unit area of shaft

Static Analysis (theoretical capacity)

 fs: ultimate skin friction/unit area of shaft

 fb: ultimate resistance of pile base/unit area

Nc, Nq and Nγ are bearing capacity factors

Cohesive Soils - α Method

 Undrained Conditions, ( = 0°)

 The value of α depends on

Qult   su Cdz  sub N c Ab

Cohesive Soils - α Method

 For 25 kPa (500 psf) < su < 75kPa (1500psf):