Formal Types of Communication Skills

This types of communication is also referred to as "official communication" and covers the gamut of verbal
expressions that address a formal need.

Informal Communication
Informal communication is surprisingly popular, and also referred to as "the
(unofficial) grapevine". This is often by word-of-mouth information. In fact, it is this type of communication
that opens you up to unofficial yet provocative information.

Oral Communication (Face-to-face)

Face-to-face oral communication is the rnost recognized type of communication. Here, what you express
comes directly from what you speak. Again, this can be formal or informal: with your friends and family, in
a formal meeting or seminar, at work with your colleagues and boss, within your community, during
professional presentations, etc.

Oral Communication (Distance)

Distance (oral) communication has made the world a smaller and more accessible place. Mobile phones,
VOIP, video-conferencing, 2-way webinars, etc. are all modern expansions of distance communication,
taking its expression to the next subtle level. And in this type of communication, your tone of voice and
pace of delivery take priority over other expressions.
Non-verbal Types of Communication
This type of communication is more subtle, yet far more powerful. It includes the entire gamut of physical
postures and gestures, tone and pace of voice, and the attitude with which you communicate. Written
Communication

A few decades ago, written communication depended on the trusty old mailman as we wrote to people who
were far away. On rare occasions, this also included the formal note or legal notice from the bank, landlord,
business client, etc. What a surprise then that this type of communication has now taken over every aspect
of our world!
Kinesics or kinesic communication is all about communication through body movements, such as gestures
and facial expressions. It is all about non-verbal behavior using any part of the body. It also includes
communicating using the body as a whole. In popular culture, we call this 'body language'.
Proxemics is the study of space and how we use it, and how it makes us feel more or less comfortable. How
close you stand next to someone, for example, depends on the relationship you have with that person.
Intimate space: very close, usually within one foot and sometimes touching.
Haptic communication is a branch of nonverbal communication that refers to the ways in which people and
animals communicate and interact via the sense of touch. Touch is the most sophisticated and intimate of the
five senses.
We learned earlier that paralanguage refers to the vocalized but nonverbal parts of a message. Vocalics is
the study of paralanguage, which includes the vocal qualities that go along with verbal messages, such as
pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers (Andersen, 1999).
Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication. Time perceptions include
punctuality, willingness to wait, and interactions. The use of time can affect lifestyles, daily agendas, speed of
speech, movements and how long people are willing to listen.
Agyu — Epic hero of Bukidnon
Setting: Where and when is the story set? Setting represents both the physical location but also the time (i.e.
past, present, future) and the social and cultural conditions in which the characters exist.
Social journalism is a media model consisting of a hybrid of professional journalism, contributor and
reader content. The format relies on community involvement, audience engagement, social
newsgathering and verification, data and analytics, and relationshipbuilding.
Citizen journalism, also known as collaborative media, participatory journalism, democratic joumalism,
guerrilla journalism or street journalism, is based upon public citizens "playing an active role in the
process of collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information.
Yellow journalism and the yellow press are American terms for journalism and associated newspapers that
present little or no legitimate, well-researched news while instead using eyecatching headlines for increased
sales. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism.
Adversarial journalism, or gotcha journalism, is a form of journalism that seeks to uncover wrongdoings
of public officials. Gotcha journalism can include various methods such as, moving away from the agreed
upon interview topic, or switching to an embarrassing subject that was agreed to be out-of-bounds.
Manipulatives Media are tools that are used to aid in hands-on learning. They can be physical objects or
computer programs which leamers can manipulate in order to grasp an idea, and gain understanding or
mastery of given concepts. Examples are Abacus, Jigsaw Puzzles, Lego, Rubik's Cube.
Interactive media, also called interactive multimedia, any computer-delivered electronic system that allows
the user to control, combine, and manipulate different types of media, such as text, sound, video, computer
graphics, and animation. Examples of interactive media include web sites, user-generated content, interactive
television, gaming, interactive advertising, blogs and mobile telephony.
Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700's)
In this age, People had leamed or discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons and tools
with stone, bronze, copper and iron.
Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)
This is were people discovered the used of power steam, developed machine tools, established iron
production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through the printing press)

Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

In this age, People invented the transistor ushered in the electronic age. People harnessed the power of
transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers. In this age, long
distance communication became more efficient.
Information Age (1900s-2000s)
This is were the Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social network.
People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and
wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are digitalized. We are now living in the
information age.
Character: A person or animal or really anything personified. There can be one main character or many, and
often there are secondary characters, but not always.
Plot: The plot consists of the events that happen in the story. In a plot you typically find an introduction,
rising action, a climax, the falling action, and a resolution. Plot is often represented as an arc.
Conflict: Every story must have a conflict, i.e. a challenge or problem around which the plot is based.
Without conflict, the story will have no purpose or trajectory.
Theme: Idea, belief, moral, lesson or insight. It's the central argument that the author is trying to make the
reader understand. The theme is the "why" of the story.
Point-of-view: "Who" is telling the story? First person ("I") or third person ("he/she/it"). Limited (one
character's perspective), multiple (many characters' perspectives) or omniscient (all knowing narrator).
Second person ("you") is not often used for writing stories.
Tone: The overall emotional "tone" or meaning of the story. Is it happy. funny, sad, depressed? Tone can be
portrayed in multiple ways, through word and grammar choices, choice of theme, imagery and description,
symbolism, and the sounds of the words in combination (i.e. rhyme, rhythm, musicality).
Style: This is how things are said. Word choices, sentence structure, dialogue, metaphor, simile, hyperbole.
Style contributes significantly to tone.
Confucianism is an ancient Chinese belief system, which focuses on the importance of personal ethics
and morality. Whether it is only or a philosophy or also a religion is debated. Mencius (or Meng Ke who
lived from 372 to 289 B.C.E.) is the bestknown Confucian philosopher after Confucius himself
Buddhism is a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama ("the Buddha") more than 2,500 years ago in
India. With about 470 million followers, scholars consider Buddhism one of the major world religions.
Indios were defined as the native indigenous peoples in all the Spanish America and Asia possessions.
During the Spanish colonial period in the Mariana Islands (17th through 19th centuries) the Chamorros
people were classified as indios. In the Spanish racial hierarchy, indios were the lowest-ranked group
Evolution involves the gradual changes from simple to more complex forms. Humans are believed to have
developed from simpler forms. Evolution is hypothesized to have begun in the oceans billions of years ago.
Darwin gave the theory of evolution. In his book -The Origin of Species, Darwin has stated that evolution
has come through a series of natural selection. The theory emphasized the following points:
 1. Natural Selection Variation
2. Struggle To Exist
3. Survival of the Fittest

Evolution is the outcome of the interaction amongst the following five processes:

1. Mutation
2. Genetic Recombination
3. Chromosomal Abnormalities
4. Reproductive isolation
5. Natural Selection

Dryopithecus
These are deemed to be the ancestors of both man and apes. They lived in China, Africa, Europe and India.
The genus Dryopithecus refers to the oak wood apes. When Dryopithecus was alive, the tropical lowlands
which it inhabited were densely forested, so the members could have predominantly been herbivores.

Ramapithecus
Their first remains were discovered from the Shivalik range in Punjab and later in Africa and Saudi Arabia.
They lived in open grasslands. Two pieces of evidence confirm their Hominid status:

I. Thickened tooth enamel. robust jaws and shorter canines.

2. Usage of hands for food and defence and extrapolations of upright posture.
Australopithecus
The fossil of this genus was first discovered in 1924 in South Africa. They lived on the ground, used stones
as weapons and walked erect. They were 4 feet tall and weighed 60-80 pounds.

Homo Erectus
The first fossil of Homo Erectus was found in Java in 1891. These were named as Pithecanthropus Erectus.
These were considered as the missing link between the man and apes. Another discovery made in China was
the Peking man. This specimen had large cranial capacities and is believed to have lived in communities.
Homo erectus used tools comprising quartz. Tools made of bones and wood were also discovered. There is
evidence of collective huntings. There is also evidence of the use of fire. The Homo Erectus is believed to
dwell in caves.
Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis
The Homo Erectus evolved into Homo Sapiens. During evolution, two sub-species of Homo Sapiens were
identified- Homo sapien Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens. The cranial capacity of Neanderthal grew
from 1200 to 1600 cc. Some small hand axes had also been discovered. This species of hominids could hunt
big names such as mammoths

Homo Sapiens
The remains of Homo Sapiens were first discovered in Europe and were named Cro-Magnon. In these, the
jaws are quite reduced, the modern man's chin appeared, and the skull was rounded. Their cranial capacity
was about 1350 cc. They gathered food through hunting. Art first appeared during this time.

Media literacy, put simply, is the ability to identify different types of media and the messages they are
sending. When we speak of media, it encompasses print media, such as newspapers, magazines and posters,
and theatrical presentations, tweets, radio broadcasts, etc.

Information literacy is the ability to find, evaluate, organize, use, and communicate information in all its
various formats, most notably in situations requiring decision making, problem solving, or the acquisition of
knowledge.

Technology literacy is the ability of an individual, working independently and with others, to responsibly,
appropriately and effectively use technology tools to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and
communicate information.
Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation and has
conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.

Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain words or nonverbal
methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate the information into a message. The sender's
knowledge, skills, perception, background, competencies, etc. has a great impact on the success of the
message.

Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends to convey. The message
can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other
signal that triggers the response of a receiver.
Communication Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants to convey his message
to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message effective and correctly interpreted
by the recipient. The choice of medium depends on the interpersonal relationships between the sender and
the receiver and also on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are
some of the commonly used communication mediums.

Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or targeted. He tries to comprehend
it in the best possible manner such that the communication objective is attained. The degree to which the
receiver decodes the message depends on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and
relationship with the sender.

Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender's message and tries to understand it in the best possible
manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver understands the message in exactly the
same way as it was intended by the sender.
Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has received the message
and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. It increases the effectiveness of the
communication as it permits the sender to know the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver
can be verbal or nonverbal.
Note: The Noise shows the barriers in communications. There are chances when the message sent by the
sender is not received by the recipient.