ORAL COM: LESSON 1
 It is more restricted unlike a casual conversation
VARIOUS COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
 Various strategies can be used to be able to
communicate effectively.
 For a communicative exchange to be successful,
one must use different ways to get their messages
across.
 These strategies are used to work around problems
encountered in actual conversation.
NOMINATION
 This strategy is used to open a conversation.
 A speaker carries out nomination to establish a
topic with the person whom he/she is talking to.
 Collaboratively and productively establish a topic.
 NOMINATE - to appoint or propose (a topic)
o Example: “Hi Carmen! Have you heard the
latest news about Kathryn and Daniel’s
breakup?
RESTRICTION
 This pertains to any limitation you may use as a
speaker.
 As a speaker, you may discuss only what is related
to the topic.
 For example, teacher asks you to brainstorm on
peer pressure
 The topic can only be about peer pressure,
nothing else; thus, the teacher is restricting or
limiting the topics, you can have a speaker.
 All participants should have noted and accepted the
topic introduced and keep it all throughout
discussion.
 RESTRICT - put a limit on; keep under control.
o Example: “I’m sorry but your question is
not a part of the lesson. Please reserve
that for the next topic. We are out of time
for that discussion.”
TURN-TAKING
 It refers to the process in which people decide who
take the conversational floor.
 The primary goal of this is to give everyone a chance
to speak.
 Giving all communicators a chance to speak.
 TURN TAKING - alternately or in succession.
o Example: “Yes, you are raising your hand.
Do you want to say something?”
TOPIC CONTROL
 It covers how procedural or informality affects the
development of topic conversation.
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with a friend in a street wherein you may take the
conversational floor anytime.
 When a topic is initiated, should be developed by
avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shift.
 CONTROL - to exercise restraining or regulating
o Examples: during court trial, senate and
congress hearing, debate, and etc. You
may involve yourself in conversation
without dominating the conversation by
using minimal responses like “Yes,”
“Okay,” “Go on,” and asking tag questions
like, “You are excited, aren’t you?”
TOPIC SHIFTING
 It Involves moving from one topic to another.
 It is where one part of the conversation ends and
another begins.
 “By the way,” “In addition to what you have said,”
“Which remind me of” and the like are transition
signals that can be used
 SHIFT - move or cause to move from one place to
another
o Example: “You have mentioned living
organisms. Do you know that planet Venus
has living organisms discovered by the
scientists lately?”
REPAIR
 This pertains on how the speaker addresses the
problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending in a conversation.
 “a self-righting mechanism in any social
interaction” (Schegloff et al, 1977)
 REPAIR - fix or mend
o Example: “Everyone please calm down. I think
we need to give chance for everyone to speak.
Can we do that?”
TERMINATION
 It refers to close-initiating of the participants
in the conversation.
 The topic initiator takes responsibility to signal
the end of the discussion.
 The speaker may say “Good bye.”, “Thank
you” and the like.
 TERMINATE - bring to an end.
o Example: “It’s really nice conversing
with you but I think it’s already late.
See you next time, bye!”
 ORAL COM: LESSON 1

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 ORAL COM: LESSON 2

SPEECH WRITING PROCESS Narrowing down a topic means making your main idea more
specific and focused.

 The strategies in selecting a topic can also be used

when you narrow down a topic.
 In the example below, “Defining and developing
effective money management skills of Grade 11
students” is the specific topic out of a general one,
which is “Effective money management.”

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING

1. Choosing the Topic
 The topic is your focal point of your speech,
which can be determined once you have
decided on your purpose.
 If you are free to decide on a topic, choose one
that really interests you.
 There are a variety of strategies used in Writing patterns, in general, are structures that will help you
selecting a topic, such as using your personal organize the ideas related to your topic.
experiences, discussing with your family
 Examples are biographical, categorical/topical,
members or friends, free writing, listing, asking
causal, chronological, comparison/contrast,
questions, or semantic webbing.
problem-solution, and spatial.
The purpose for writing and delivering the speech can be  Below are different writing patterns from which you
classified into three – to inform, to entertain and to can select the one that best suits your topic and/or
persuade. purpose.

 An informative speech provides the audience with

a clear understanding of the concept or idea
presented by the speaker.
 An entertainment speech provides the audience
with amusement.
 A persuasive speech provides the audience with
well-argued ideas that can influence their own
beliefs and decisions.

2. Analyzing the Audience Know what your

audience seeks
 Demography – refers to age range, male-
female ratio, educational background and
affiliations or degree program taken,
nationality, economic status, academic or
corporate designations
 Situation – includes time, venue, occasion and
size

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 ORAL COM: LESSON 2

 Psychology - refers to values, beliefs, attitudes, Body of the Speech provides explanation, examples
preferences, cultural and racial ideologies and or any details that can help you deliver your
need purpose and explain the main idea of your speech.
It should only have one central idea.

 Present real-life or practical examples

 Show statistics
 Present comparisons
 Share ideas from the expert

Conclusion restates the main idea of your speech.

It provides a summary, emphasizes the message
and calls for action. It leaves the audience with a
statement that they cannot forget.

 Begin with a restatement of your message

3. Sourcing the Information
 Use positive examples, encouraging
 Data gathering is the stage where you collect
words, or memorable lines from songs or
ideas, information, sources, and references
stories familiar to your audience
relevant or related to your specific topic.
 Ask a question or series of questions that
 This can be done by visiting the library,
can make your audience reflect or ponder.
browsing the web, observing a certain
phenomenon or event related to your topic, or Table format Example:
conducting an interview or survey.
 The data that you will gather will be very useful
in making your speech informative,
entertaining, or persuasive.

4. Outlining and Organizing the

Information
 An outline is a hierarchical list that shows the
relationship of your ideas.
 Experts in public speaking state that once your
outline is ready, two-thirds of your speech List format Example:
writing is finished. A good outline helps you see
that all the ideas are in line with your main idea
or message.
 The elements of an outline include
introduction, body, and conclusion.

Introduction is the foundation of the speech. Your

primary goal is to get the attention of your audience
and present the subject or main idea of your
speech.

 use real-life or practical examples and

explain their connection to your subject
 Start with a very strong quote and explain
what it means
 Use facts and statistics and highlight their
importance to your subject
 Tell a personal story to illustrate your point
5. Grammatical Correctness
 Correct spelling: do the proofreading
 Correct punctuation: comma is one of the
punctuation marks that is most commonly misused.
 Use a comma to separate three or more
items in a series
 Use a comma to separate two complete
sentences if there is a conjunction
between the sentences.
 Use a comma to set off extra information.

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 ORAL COM: LESSON 2

 Correct grammar: grammatical mistakes can

confuse the readers.
 A sentence should have a subject, verb and
complete thought.
 The subject in the sentence should agree
with the verb in number.

6. Word Choice:
 Is a person’s choice or selection of words.
 These are words that you use on the
characteristics of your audience.
 Your words should be easily understood by
your target listeners.
 Use simple words, be concise and avoid bias
and offensive language.

7. Duration
 Manage your time well.
 Make sure that the speech falls under the time
limit.

SOME GUIDELINES IN SPEECH WRITING:

1. Keep your words short and simple. Your speech is

meant to be heard by your audience, not read.
2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words because
they can confuse your audience.
3. Make your speech more personal. Use the personal
pronoun “I,” but take care not to overuse it. When
you need to emphasize collectiveness with your
audience, use the personal pronoun “we.”
4. Use active verbs and contractions because they add
to the personal and conversational tone of your
speech.
5. Be sensitive of your audience. Be very careful with
your language, jokes, and nonverbal cues.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to
effectively convey your point.
7. Manage your time well; make sure that the speech
falls under the time limit.

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 Oral Communication in Context
ADDITIONAL NOTES FOR SPEECH DELIVERY
RAYSAN JOY LOPEZ
Hannah Emmanuelle M. Montelijao
OUTLINE
I. Principles of Speech Delivery
A. Articulation
B. Modulation
1. Tips on Mastering Modulation
C. Stage Presence
D. Facial Expressions, Gestures, and Movement
E. Audience Rapport
II. Tips for Effective Speech Delivery
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
ARTICULATION
➔ how you pronounce the words (pronunciation)
❖ speaking with clear diction helps you transmit
your message effectively.
➔ process of how speech sounds are made.
➔ words of the speaker must be understandable.
➔ utterance or the words said by the person
MODULATION
➔ capability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and
timbre of the vocal tone.
➔ speaking with the right tone and pitch.
➔ confirmed by the number of the audience but it should
be loud enough for the speech to reach everybody.
➔ if the speaker's voice is modulated, the audience will
pay attention.
TIPS ON MASTERING MODULATION
1. Tempo and pitch must vary according to your
message.
2. Speaking too fast can suggest lack of confidence.
3. Keep to the normal speed of 125 words per minute.
4. Keep the stresses generally on the second
syllable, if speaking in English.
5. Speak loud enough such that the listener will not
need to cup his ears to listen.
6. Pause for a moment in between sentences to
control your speed.
7. Avoid non fluencies such as "er", "unh" and "umm".
8. Minimize use of offensive and patronizing
phrases such as "I mean," "what I meant"
"understand?"
STAGE PRESENCE
➔ speaking in public without or with managed fear.
➔ refers to certain charisma and charm of a theater actor
or performer.
➔ ability to make the audience connect with the
performer and envelop them in the story being told
❖ in turn, to express what the audience feels.
STEM 11-A
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, GESTURES, AND MOVEMENT
➔ nonverbal cues
➔ reinforce, clarify and complement the message of any
speech.
➔ without these, the speaker becomes boring.
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - should change depending on the
content of the speech.
GESTURES - used to emphasize certain points.
MOVEMENTS - should allow the speaker to move freely
while speaking to direct the audience to follow him or her
and keep hanging on to his or her message.
AUDIENCE RAPPORT
➔ refers to the speaker's connection with the listeners.
➔ speech should be appealing to the audience.
➔ knowing your audience well would help you establish
good audience rapport.
Rapport - a close and harmonious relationship in which the
people or groups concerned understand each other's
feelings or ideas and communicate well.
TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY
1. Use a conversational style more often. Speak
naturally.
2. Look your audience in the eye so they will feel
important.
3. Adjust your volume to the size of your audience and
the venue.
4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience
interested and to avoid a monotone pattern.
5. Master your voice and find your pitch level.
6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most
important words, phrases or sentences.
7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly.
8. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute actual
words in your speech because these words are
distracting.
9. Start your speech by standing straight and
balancing your weight.
10. Use precise movements. Avoid distracting
mannerisms like swaying back and forth, leaning on
the podium and licking or biting your lips.
11. Avoid having a poker face or a highly animated
face. This is distracting and annoying
12. Dress properly and appropriately.
13. Observe ethics by coming prepared, being honest
with your words, being polite, and avoiding offensive
words.
14. Breathe in and out to relax before your speech.
Have fun.
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