| STUDY IAS Q) New Lecture 67: Civil Disobedience Movement (Part 2) Sainil Nagare (Code — SNLIVE) csewithsainilnagare ( csewithsainilnagare1 = Government’s attitude swuoy |g) US) * Curbed civil liberties: ordinances curbing the civil liberties of the people were freely issued by the government. Provincial governments were given the freedom to ban civil disobedience organizations. + Lathi-charges and firing on unarmed crowds * Round table conference was announced: In July 1930, Lord Irwin proposed a round table conference in July 1930 and reiterated the goal of dominion status.August 1930: In August 1930, Motilal and Jawaharlal Nehru were taken to Yeravada Jail to meet Gandhi and discuss the possibility of a settlement. The Nehrus and Gandhi unequivocally reiterated the demands of: 1. right of secession from Britain 2. Complete national government with control over defence and finance 3. An independent tribunal to settle Britain’s financial claimsFirst Round Table Conference muni , TAS. * The first Round Table Conference was held in London between November 1930 and January 1931 and was chaired by Ramsay MacDonald. * This was the first conference arranged between the British and the Indians as equals.Participants muni a) WS od + The Princely States, Muslim League, Justice Party, Hindu Mahasabha ete. attended it + The Congress and some prominent business leaders refused to attend it Proceedings: + The idea of an All-India Federation was moved to the centre of discussion by Te] Bahadur Sapru. Alll the groups attending the conference supported this concept. The princely states agreed to the proposed federation provided that their internal sovereignty was guaranteed. + The Muslim League also supported the federation as it had always been opposed to a strong Centre. The British agreed that representative government should be introduced on provincial level. + It was difficult for progress to be made in the absence of the Indian National Congress but some advances were made. The Prime Minister wrote his diary "India has not considered. It was communalism and proportions of reserved seats" that exposed the worst side of Indian politics.”F si) * Outcome: * Nothing much was achieved at the conference. The British government realized that. the participation of the Indian National Congress was necessary in any discussion on the future of constitutional government in India.Gandhi-Irwin Pact: January 25, 1931: On January 25, 1931, Gandhi and all other members of the Congress Working Committee (CWC) were released unconditionally. The CWC authorized Gandhi to initiate discussions with the viceroy Lord Irwin. March 1931: A pact was signed between the viceroy Lord Irwin (representing the British Indian Government) and Gandhi (representing the Indian people) in Delhi on March 5th, 1931. This Delhi Pact is also known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact BOTH ELD 2 ANS G0 FREE soy 0 ) cm NOATENS RASKOB STARTSIrwin on behalf of the government agreed on: sw | i) US * Immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted of violence. * Remission of all fines not yet collected. * Return of all lands not yet sold to third parties. + Lenient treatment to those government servants who had resigned. + Right to make salt in coastal villages for personal Consumption (not for sale). + Right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing. + Withdrawal of emergency ordinancesThe viceroy, however, turned down two of Gandhi’s demands: suv 0 ) TAS. * Public inquiry into police excesses. * Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades’ death sentence to life sentence.Gandhi on behalf of the Congress agreed to * Suspend the civil disobedience movement. * Participate in the next Round Table Conference.Karachi Congress Session—1931: In March 1931, a special session of the Congress was held at Karachi to endorse the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Congress Resolutions at Karachi: + While disapproving of and dissociating itself from political violence, the Congress admired the ‘bravery’ and ‘sacrifice’ of the three martyrs (Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru) * The Delhi Pact or Gandhi-Irwin Pact was endorsed. + The goal of purna swaraj was reiterated. This was the first time the Congress spelt out what swaraj would mean for the masses + Two resolutions were adopted—one on Fundamental Rights and the other on the National Economic Programme. YRAINDIA 1875: g ald IWHBHAVTIVA HvaRIYS 2h fittisop nee2nd Round Table Conference: The second Round Table Conference was held in London from September 7, 1931 to December 1, 1931. By this time, Lord Irwin had been replaced by Lord Willingdon as viceroy in India. Issues: ©. The British government claimed that the Congress did not represent the interests of all of India due to the participation of a large number of groups. © The session got deadlocked on the question of the minorities. Separate electorates were being demanded by the Muslims, Depressed Classes, Christians and Anglo-Indians. All these came together in a ‘Minorities’ Pact’Stand of Muslim League — Allahabad Session 1930: Mohammad Iqbal: “The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognizing the fact of communal groups. The ‘Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified. The resolution of the All-Parties ‘Muslim Conference at Delhi is, to my mind, wholly inspired by this noble ideal of @ harmonious whole which, instead of stifling the respective individualities of its component wholes, affords them chances of fully working out the possibilities that may be latent in them. And I have no doubt that this House will emphatically endorse the Muslim demands embodied in this resolution.” DEMAND FOR CREATION || OF NEW STATE =| Sie Mobi. bahar Warning 10 AB-ntis| seu Langue ol FEDERALISM PROPOSAL A | MENACE TO ISLAM “AGREEMENT BETWEEN DRITAIN AND] ‘ri HINDUS’ ea wt i Bite Bis J)f Proceedings: ) su 0) + Gandhi claimed that the Congress alone represented political India; that the Untouchables were Hindus and should not be treated as a “minority”; and that there should be no separate electorates or special safeguards for Muslims or other minorities. These claims were rejected by other Indian participants. + National Government — two weeks earlier the Labour government in London had fallen. Ramsay MacDonald now headed a National Government dominated by the Conservative Party. + Financial Crisis - During the conference, Britain went off the Gold Standard, further distracting the National Government. * Other important discussions were the responsibility of the executive to the legislature and a separate electorate for the Untouchables as demanded by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.Outcome: The lack of agreement among the many delegate groups meant that no substantial results regarding India’s constitutional future would come out of the conference. The session ended with MacDonald’s announcement of: * Two Muslim majority provinces—North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Sindh. * The setting up of an Indian Consultative Committee. + Setting up of three expert committees—finance, franchise and states. + The prospect of a unilateral British Communal Award if Indians failed to agree. F )Civil Disobedience Resumed: On the failure of the second Round Table Conference, the Congress Working Committee decided on December 29, 1931 to resume the civil disobedience movement. After the CWC decided to resume the civil disobedience movement, Viceroy Willingdon refused a meeting with Gandhi on December 31. On January 4, 1932, Gandhi was arrested. CAND HERS CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE TOCONTINIE NTO, | julsiNess MEN SEEK TRUCE. “paye Ganesh Meet sant Have Gandhi Mest re aon Dnogates st BOMBAY | re ecanae Te Weeks ng 3) og rn rose. BY BANK vid anlar ORDER sy reteans SGovernment Action: / sic) * Series of repressive ordinances were issued which ushered in a virtual martial law. + The Congress was declared as an illegal party by Viceroy Lord Willingdon. * Congress organisations at all levels were banned. Arrests were made of activists, leaders, sympathizers. * Properties were confiscated. + Gandhi ashrams were occupied. + The government paid no heed to the Delhi pact and started breaching the pact on various occasions.People Resistance towards the Oppression by the ae Government: Wed * Roughly 80,000 Satyagrahis were jailed. + Other forms of protest like picketing of shops selling liquor and foreign cloth, illegal gatherings, non-violent demonstrations, and celebrations of national days were observed. * Symbolic hoisting of national flag, non-payment of chowkidar tax, salt Satyagraha, forest law violations and installation of a secret radio transmitter near Bombay were also observed.Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement: | , ; vnstiled i via * Laid Groundwork For The Freedom Struggle: The movement instilled distrust in the Bi oe government and laid the groundwork for the freedom struggle. + Popularized New Methods of Propaganda: The movement popularized new methods of propaganda such as the Prabhat pheris, pamphlets, and so on. + Economic Impact: Foreign imports of clothing and cigarettes were reduced by half. Government revenue from land revenue and liquor excise were also reduced, + Political Impact: Elections to the Legislative Assembly had been effectively boycotted. + Wide Participation: A vast variety of social groups had been politicized on the side of Indian nationalism. For example, urban classes like merchants and shopkeepers and students were more active in Tamil Nadu and Punjab, and in cities in general. Peasants had come to the forefront in Gujarat, U.P., Bengal, Andhra, and Bihar. Tribals were active in the Central Provinces, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Bengal. + Women and students participated in large numbers in the movement, which was a liberating experience for Indian women.Comparison of Civil Disobedience Movement to Non-Cooperation i Movement: spt i WS od Objective: The objective during the Civil Disobedience movement was complete independence and not just remedying two specific wrongs (Punjab and Khilafat) and a vaguely-worded swaraj. Methods: The methods involved violation of laws from the very beginning and not just non-cooperation with foreign rule. Muslim participation: Muslim participation was nowhere near that in the Non-Cooperation Movement level. Labour upsurge: No major labour upsurge coincided with the Civil Disobedience movement. Imprisoned: The number of those imprisoned was about three times more during the Civil Disobedience Movement.Daily Live a Cane BE ET rXt Cree CC ee wa wae | *P 400+ hours of Live Lectures spread over 5 months *F Comprehensive coverage via PPT based Lectures, {P High Quality Lecture Notes fr ul overage of all Standard Reteronce Books, *P Dedicsted Mapping Classes. 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