surface area to volume ratio.....

surface area and volume are both very important factors exchange of materials in
organisms.
surface area-total external area of organisms
volume- total internal volume of organisms
size increase ,the surface area:volume ratio decrease.
(reasons)volume decrease much more rapidly than surface area as size increase.
or;longer diffusion distance
{agar block}

ADAPTATIONS IN LARGE ORGANISMS TO FACILITATE EXCHANGE

EXAMPLE ; gas exchange system ,circulotory system,urinary system,xylem and pholem
[large multicellular animals and plants]
SPECIALISED SYSTEM OF GAS EXCHANGE
*SUPPLY OF OXYGEN
ATP is produced through areobic respiration which requires oxygen [to carry out the
biochemical processes requied for survival]
*removal of co2
co2 is toxic waste product of areobic respiration[it accumulates in ceels ,tissues
it alters of pH]

This due to within he cells or tissues they can cause damage and death.

diffussion of oxygen single cell called chlamydomonas&found in fresh water ponds.

10um means 100 milliseconds
time taken for oxygen to diffuse from cell surface membrane to the tisues would be
too long.

METABOLIC RATE OF AN ORGANISMS -Amount of energy expended by that organism within

a given period of time.
BMR -BASAL METABOLIC RATE {ORAGNISMS WHEN AT REST}BODY PARTS:Lungs heart and brain.

differnts methods;
oxygen consumption
co2 production
heat production

SA:V ratio
[greater
SA:V] lose more heat due to the more energy to maintain their body temperture.
metabolic rate lncrease with body mass the BMR per unit of body mass in smaller
animals than in larger animals.

investigating metabolic rates in organisms

*respirometers
*oxygen/co2 probes
*calorimeters

effective exchange surface in organisms have;

a large surface area
short diffusion distance
concentration gradients(maintained)

DICOTYLEDONOUS LEAVES

different layers of tissue and cell types are clear

waxy cuticle
epidermal layer
palisademesophyll layer
spongy mesophyll layer

CALCULATING THE PULMONARY VENTILATION RATE--volume of air breathed in[or out] one
minute .
tidal volume-- the volume of air within the lungs of an indiviual will change
depending on their level of activity.

smoking;;
Tar,nicotine,carbon monoxide.