ECEG 6071

Power System Analysis

Chapter 3— Impedance Model and

Network Calculations
Dr. Ayele Nigussie
Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Haramaya Institute of Technology
Haramaya University

AN Legesse, PhD 1
Outline

• Introduction
• BUS Admittance and Impedance Matrices
• Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆
• Modification of Existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆
• Direct Determination of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆
• Calculation of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 Elements from 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆
• Power Invariant Transformations
• Mutually Coupled Branches in 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆

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Class Objectives

Upon completing this chapter, you will

• Understand the relationship between BUS Admittance
and Impedance Matrices
• Find Thevenin’s impedance from ZBUS
• Modifiy existing ZBUS
• Calculate ZBUS elements from YBUS
• Understand power invariant transformations
• Handle mutually coupled branches in ZBUS

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3.0 Introduction

• 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 can be obtained by inverting 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 .

;1
𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 = 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆
• This technique is not effective in large power systems.
• The effort required in constructing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 is much greater than
that of 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 .
• However, the information content of bus impedance matrix is far
greater than that of bus admittance matrix.
• 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 is not a sparse matrix.
• 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 is very important in short circuit analysis.

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3.1 The BUS Admittance and
Impedance Matrices
• Consider a network of three independent nodes. 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 is given
as:

• Like 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 , 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 is symmetrical.

• The main diagonal elements are known as driving-point
impedances.
• The off diagonal elements are called transfer impedances.

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3.1 The BUS Admittance and
Impedance Matrices…
• Nodal admittance equations of a network are given as:
𝐼 = 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑉
• For a 3-bus system, at node 2,
𝐼2 = 𝑌21 𝑉1 + 𝑌22 𝑉2 + 𝑌23 𝑉3
• If node 1 and 3 are shorted (𝑉1 = 0 and 𝑉3 = 0), we will have
𝐼2
𝑌22 = |𝑉1 <0,𝑉3 <0
𝑉2
• The self-admittance of a particular bus is the ratio of the
current injected to the voltage applied at the bus shorting all
the other buses.

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3.1 The BUS Admittance and
Impedance Matrices…

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3.1 The BUS Admittance and
Impedance Matrices…
• Self-admittances are the sum of all admittances connected to
that particular bus when there are no mutually coupled
branches.
• The off diagonal elements of the admittance matrix can
similarly be obtained as:
𝐼1
𝑌12 = |𝑉1 <0,𝑉3 <0
𝑉2
𝐼1
𝑌13 = |𝑉1 <0,𝑉2 <0
𝑉3
• 𝑌12 is measured by shorting all buses except bus 2 and by
applying a voltage 𝑉2 at bus 2.

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3.1 The BUS Admittance and
Impedance Matrices…
• Similarly, we can examine the case of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 :
𝑉 = 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝐼
• Now the three node voltages are given as:
𝑉1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1 + 𝑍12 𝐼2 + 𝑍13 𝐼3
𝑉2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1 + 𝑍22 𝐼2 + 𝑍23 𝐼3
𝑉3 = 𝑍31 𝐼1 + 𝑍32 𝐼2 + 𝑍33 𝐼3
• The driving-point impedance 𝑍22 is measured by open-
circuiting the current sources at buses 1 and 3.
𝑉2
𝑍22 = |𝐼1 <0,𝐼3 <0
𝐼2
• The figure on the next slide shows the circuit diagram.

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3.1 The BUS Admittance and
Impedance Matrices…

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3.1 The BUS Admittance and
Impedance Matrices…
• 𝑍22 is obtained by opening current sources at the other buses
whereas 𝑌22 by shorting the other buses.
• Note that
1
𝑌22 ≠
𝑍22
• The transfer impedances are measured as
𝑉1
𝑍12 = |𝐼1 <0,𝐼3 <0
𝐼2
𝑉3
𝑍32 = |𝐼1 <0,𝐼3 <0
𝐼2
• 𝐼2 is injected at bus 2, and 𝑍12 and 𝑍32 are ratios of 𝑉1 and 𝑉3 to
𝐼2 with the sources open at buses 1 and 3.
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3.1 The BUS Admittance and
Impedance Matrices…

• Generally,
𝑉1 = 𝑍11 𝐼1
𝑉2 = 𝑍21 𝐼1
𝑉3 = 𝑍31 𝐼1
with 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 = 0

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3.2 Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆

• Let us denote the bus voltages corresponding to the initial

values 𝐼 0 of the bus currents 𝑰 by
𝑽𝟎 = 𝒁𝑩𝑼𝑺 𝑰𝟎
• The voltages 𝑉10 to 𝑉𝑁0 are the effective open-circuit voltages.
• With new current, 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟎 + ∆𝑰, applying superposition
theorem the new voltages become
𝑽 = 𝒁𝑩𝑼𝑺 𝑰𝟎 + ∆𝑰 = 𝒁𝑩𝑼𝑺 𝑰𝟎 + 𝒁𝑩𝑼𝑺 ∆𝑰
𝑽 = 𝑽𝟎 + ∆𝑽
• where ∆I and ∆V are current and voltage changes from the
original values.
• Consider the diagram on the next slide:

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3.2 Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Bus k is extracted along with the reference node of the system.

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3.2 Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Assume initially, 𝐼 0 = 𝑉 0 = 0.
• Injecting current ∆𝐼𝑘 into bus k, the resulting voltage changes
will be

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3.2 Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Simplifying, we have

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3.2 Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Now the node voltage at bus k becomes

𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘0 + 𝑍𝑘𝑘 ∆𝐼𝑘
• The circuit corresponding to this equation is shown below.

• It can be seen
that
𝑍𝑡ℎ = 𝑍𝑘𝑘

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3.2 Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• The Thevenin impedance between any two buses j and k of

the network can also be determined from 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 .
• Similar to previous analysis, for change in currents injected at
node j and k, we obtain

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3.2 Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Simplifying,

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3.2 Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Adding these voltage changes to the original bus voltages, we

obtain the voltages at buses j and k
𝑉𝑗 = 𝑉𝑗0 + 𝑍𝑗𝑗 ∆𝐼𝑗 + 𝑍𝑗𝑘 ∆𝐼𝑘
𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘0 + 𝑍𝑘𝑗 ∆𝐼𝑗 + 𝑍𝑘𝑘 ∆𝐼𝑘
• Adding and subtracting 𝑍𝑘𝑗 ∆𝐼𝑗 from 𝑉𝑗 and 𝑍𝑘𝑗 ∆𝐼𝑘 to 𝑉𝑘 , we
will get
𝑉𝑗 = 𝑉𝑗0 + (𝑍𝑗𝑗 −𝑍𝑗𝑘 )∆𝐼𝑗 + 𝑍𝑗𝑘 (∆𝐼𝑗 + ∆𝐼𝑘 )
𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘0 + 𝑍𝑘𝑗 (∆𝐼𝑗 +∆𝐼𝑘 ) + (𝑍𝑘𝑘 −𝑍𝑘𝑗 )∆𝐼𝑘
• 𝑍𝑘𝑗 = 𝑍𝑗𝑘
• The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is shown on the next slide.

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3.2 Thevenin’s Theorem and 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• From the circuit,

𝒁𝒕𝒉,𝒋𝒌 = 𝒁𝒋𝒋 + 𝒁𝒌𝒌 − 𝟐𝒁𝒋𝒌
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 Example
1. A capacitor having a reactance of 5.0 p.u. is connected
between the reference node and bus 4 of the network shown.
The original emf’s and the corresponding external current
injections at buses 3 and 4 are shown. Find the current drawn
by the capacitor.

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 Example…

𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 =

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 Example…

Zbus =

0.0000 + 0.7313i 0.0000 + 0.6914i 0.0000 + 0.6132i 0.0000 + 0.6368i

0.0000 + 0.6914i 0.0000 + 0.7197i 0.0000 + 0.6082i 0.0000 + 0.6418i
0.0000 + 0.6132i 0.0000 + 0.6082i 0.0000 + 0.6989i 0.0000 + 0.5511i
0.0000 + 0.6368i 0.0000 + 0.6418i 0.0000 + 0.5511i 0.0000 + 0.6989i

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 Example…

Solution
• Calculate and show that 𝑉40 = 0.94866∠ −20.7466 𝑜 and
the Thevenin’s voltage at bus 4.
• Show that 𝑍44 = jO.69890 p.u.

• 𝐼𝑐𝑎𝑝 =
0.94866∠;207466 𝑜
=
;𝑗5.0:𝑗0.69890
0.22056 ∠69.2534 𝑜 pu

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 Example…

2. If an additional current equal to - 0.22056 @69.2534 pu is

injected into the network at bus 4 of Example 1, find the
resulting voltages at buses 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Solution:
• The voltage changes due to the added current injection at bus
4 in pu are

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 Example…

• By superposition,

• Adding a capacitor at a bus causes a rise in bus

voltages.
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3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆
• We can create a new 𝒀𝐵𝑈𝑆 and invert it.
• Direct methods of modifying 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 are available and very much
simpler than a matrix inversion.
• Let 𝑍𝒃 be added to the known NxN original bus impedance
matrix 𝑍𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈 .
• Let existing nodes be h, I, j and k.
• New buses added are p and q.
• 𝑍𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒈 will be converted to a (N+1)x(N+1) matrix because of the
added 𝑍𝒃 .
• At bus k, voltage after modifying 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 will be 𝑉𝑘 , and
∆𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘 − 𝑉𝑘0 will denote the corresponding voltage change.

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• 𝑍𝑏 can be added in four different ways.

• Case 1: Adding 𝑍𝑏 from a new bus p to the reference node.

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• The addition of the new bus p connected to the reference

node through 𝑍𝑏 without a connection to any of the buses of
the original network cannot alter the original bus voltages
when a current 𝐼𝑝 is injected at the new bus.
• The voltage 𝑉𝑝 at bus p is 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑍𝑏 𝐼𝑝 . Then, we have

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Case 2: Adding 𝑍𝑏 from a new bus p to an existing bus k

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• The addition of a new bus p connected through 𝑍𝑏 to an

existing bus k with 𝐼𝑝 injected at bus p will cause the current
entering the original network at bus k to become the sum o f
𝐼𝑘 injected at bus k plus the current 𝐼𝑝 coming through 𝑍𝑏 .
• The voltage at bus k becomes
𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘0 + 𝑍𝑘𝑘 𝐼𝑝
• And the voltage at bus p is
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑘0 + 𝑍𝑘𝑘 𝐼𝑝 + 𝑍𝑏 𝐼𝑝
• Substituting for 𝑉𝑘0

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Now a new row is added to the original impedance matrix.

• But 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 should be a square matrix and

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

Case 3: Adding 𝑍𝑏 from existing bus k to the reference node

• Make Vp of case 2 equals zero or short bus p. That is the
result of this case.
• Eliminate the ( N + 1 ) row and ( N + 1 ) column by Kron
reduction.
• The new elements of the impedance matrix are given as

𝑍ℎ(𝑁:1) 𝑍 𝑁:1 𝑖
𝑍ℎ𝑖(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑍ℎ𝑖 −
𝑍𝑘𝑘 + 𝑍𝑏

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Case 4: Adding 𝑍𝑏 between two existing buses j and k

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• The change in voltage at each bus h caused by the injection Ib

at bus j and - Ib at bus k is given by (slide 21)

• For instance the voltage at bus 1 is

• Which shows

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Similarly, at buses j and k

• Since 𝐼𝑏 is unknown,

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Rewriting we have

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• Examining, we can write

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 3.3 Modification of existing 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 …

• For kron reduction, use

• Removing a branch: A single branch of impedance 𝑍𝑏

between two nodes can be removed from the network by
adding the negative of 𝑍𝑏 between the same terminating
nodes.

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 Example
• Modify the bus
impedance matrix of
the network to
account for the
connection of a
capacitor having a
reactance of 5.0 per
unit between bus 4
and the reference
node

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 Solution

• k = 4, Zb = -j5.0 per unit and find

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 Solution…

• The terms in the fifth row and column were obtained by

repeating the fourth row and column of 𝑍𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔 and noting that

• Then, eliminating the fifth row and column, we obtain

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 Solution…

• And other elements in a similar manner to give

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3.4 Direct Determination of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆

• A direct method of building 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 is very important for

computers.
• Consider the equation for one bus connected through a
branch impedance 𝑍𝑎 to the reference node:

• Adding a new bus connected to the reference node, we have

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 3.4 Direct Determination of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 ….

• We can proceed to modify the evolving 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 matrix by adding

other buses and branches following the procedures described
in the previous section.
• The combination of these procedures constitutes the 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆
building algorithm.
• The next example shows the steps to be followed in this
algorithm.

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 Example

• Determine 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 for the network shown:

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 Solution

• Establishing bus 1 with its impedance to the reference node

and write

• The 1x1 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 is

• Adding bus 2 (case 2 of the previous section), Zbus is modified

to

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 Solution…

• Bus 3 with the impedance connecting it to bus 2 is established

by writing:

• Adding the impedance Zb= j1.25 from bus 3 to the reference

node:

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 Solution…

• Row p should be eliminated by Kron reduction.

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 Solution…

• When all the elem entsare determined , we have

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 Solution…

• We now decide to add the impedance Zb=j0.2 from bus 3 to

establish bus 4:

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 Solution…

• Finally, we add the impedance Zb = j0.125 between buses

2and 4.

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 Solution…

• The 5x5 matrix is

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 Solution…

• Kron reduction results in

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3.5 Calculation of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 Elements
from 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆
• When the full 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 is not required, we obtain the required
element of the 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 from 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 elements.
• Consider post-multipiying 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 by a vector with only one
nonzero element 1𝑚 = 1 in row m and all other elements
equal to zero.

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3.5 Calculation of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 Elements
from 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 …
• The result is

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3.5 Calculation of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 Elements
from 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 …
• Since the product of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 and 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 equals the unit matrix, we
have

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3.5 Calculation of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 Elements
from 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 …
• If the lower-triangular matrix L and the upper-triangular
matrix U of 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 are available, we can write in the form

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3.5 Calculation of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 Elements
from 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 …
𝑚
• The elements in t he column vector 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 can be found
by forward elimination and back substitution.
• For example, for a 3x3 matrix,
•

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3.5 Calculation of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 Elements
from 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 …
3
• We can solve this equation for 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 in two steps as follows:

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3.5 Calculation of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 Elements
from 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 …
• By forward substitution

• The required elements of column 3 of 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 are

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3.6 Power Invariant Transformations

• A transformation of network variables which preserves power

is said to be power invariant.
• For such transformations, the complex power may be given as
•
• In matrix form.

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3.6 Power Invariant
Transformations…
• Suppose that we transform the bus currents I to a new set of
bus currents 𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑤 using the transformation matrix C such that

• The bus voltages in terms of the existing and the new

variables are represented by

• What conditions should be satisfied by for

power invariant?

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3.6 Power Invariant
Transformations…
• We substitute for I

• And then

• So the new 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆 is

• The complex power is
• The new voltage is
• This transformation is important particularly when changing
reference node.
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3.7 Mutually Coupled Branches in 𝑍𝐵𝑈𝑆

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