Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cebu
City of Talisay
TALISAY CITY COLLEGE
Poblacion, Talisay City, Cebu
1st Semester, Academic Year 2020-2021

MATH 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS

Module Writer HERMENEGILDA O. ROSINTO Department General Education

Teacher Contact No.

Program & Year Credit Units 3
This is a developmental course reviewing arithmetical principles and computations
designed to help the student’s mathematical proficiency for selected curriculum entrance.
This course involves introduction to whole numbers, addition and subtraction of whole
numbers, multiplication and division of whole numbers, least common multiple, greatest
Course Description common factor, introduction to fraction, writing equivalent, addition and subtraction of
fractions, multiplication and division of fractions, introduction to decimal, comparing and
converting fractions and decimals, addition and subtraction of decimal, multiplication and
division of decimal, introduction to percent, percent equation, ratio, rates and proportion.
A variety of applications in solving real-life problems are likewise incorporated.
Design a floor plan (for IT), create a creative teaching tool (for Education), and create an
Culminating Outcome
innovative menu (for HM) for varied course meal applying the concept of ratio and proportion.
Midterm Unit Outcome Use conversion techniques of percent to fractions/decimals and vice versa.

Student’s Name Curricular Yr.& Sec.

Contact No. Time Allotment 9 hours
Residence Inclusive Date/s

Module 4 PERCENT
CONTENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 PERCENT At the end of this module, you will…
- Introduction to percent  write percent as a fraction or decimal and vice versa.
- Percent equations  calculate the percentage, the percent and the base.
- Finding the percentage, percent, and base.  solve problems involving percent.
ENGAGE
All areas of math, shape our everyday lives in some way or another, but none perhaps more
so than percentages. Mastering percentages at school helps you understand many aspects
of how the world works, and prepares you for adult life.
Percent is a part of our daily lives. Whether you are
shopping, prices are reduced by a certain percentage of
the cost, when applying for a credit card or loan, you
make repayments with a percentage interest rate, when saving money, the
bank will pay you interest at a percentage rate, working, or interested in
sports, you have used percentages.
These are just some of the examples where percentages are used in daily life,
but there are so many more instances where it is beneficial to have a good
knowledge of percentages.
In this module, you will study regarding the different uses of percentages.
Using quality worksheets on percentages either in the classroom or at
home can help you grasp this essential element of math. Worksheets using
real life examples have the added benefit of teaching you about the
applications of percentages in everyday life and helping you to understand just
how important percentages are.

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 Before you will start exploring the different uses of
percentages,

YOU TRY THIS!

1) How percent is used in your daily life?

2) When do you use percent in real life?
3) Can you give a specific example of how it is used with the things that you do and
like?
4) There are 200 elderly people in your neighborhood. 80 of them don't know how
to send text messages. What percentage of elderly people in your neighborhood
don't know how to send texts?
5) What percent of this figure is not 6) What percent of this figure is shaded?
shaded?

“It is our attitude at the beginning of a difficult task which,

more than anything else, will affect its successful outcome.”
-William James-

EXPLORE
 INTRODUCTION TO PERCENT

What is PERCENT?
The word percent comes from the Latin word "per centum." The word "per"
means "for each" or "for every," and the word "centum" means "hundred." Thus,
we have the following definition. Percent means “for each hundred," or "for every
hundred." The sign for “percent” evolved by gradual contraction of the Italian term
per cento, meaning “for a hundred”. The “per” was often abbreviated as “p.” –
eventually disappeared entirely. The “cento” was contracted to two circles
separated by a horizontal line, from which the modern “%” symbol is derived. In
other words, a fraction with denominator 100 is called percent.

The relationship between fractions, decimals, and percent is that they are
simply different numerical expressions of the same value. Since a percent is a ratio,
a ratio can be written as a fraction, and a fraction can be written as a decimal. This
means any of these forms can be converted to any of the others.

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 CONVERSIONS BETWEEN PERCENTS, FRACTIONS, and DECIMALS
In most applied problems involving percent, it is necessary either to rewrite a percent as a fraction or
a decimal or rewrite a fraction or a decimal as a percent.

 To convert a PERCENT to a DECIMAL:

 Remove the percent symbol and multiply by 0.01, or you can move the decimal point
2 places to the left, then remove the % symbol.
Example 1 : Convert 8.5% to decimal
> 8.5% = 8.5 x 0.01 = 0.085 or
> 8.5% = 8.5% = 0.085 (moving the decimal point 2 places to the left
and remove the % symbol.)
Example 2 : Convert 270% to decimal
> 270% = 270 x 0.01 = 2.7 or
> 270% = 270% = 2.7 (moving the decimal point 2 places to the left
and remove the % symbol.)
3
Example 3 : Convert 4 % to decimal.
4
3
>4 %= 4.75 x 0.01 = 0.0475 or
4
3
>4 %= 4.75 % = 0.0475 (moving the decimal point 2 places to
4
the left and remove the % symbol.)

 To convert a PERCENT to a FRACTION:

1
 Remove the percent symbol and multiply the number by or write the number
Move the decimal point two places to the left: 250. 100 → 25. → 2.5
then divide it by 100 and reduce to lowest terms.
1 :2.5
Example=
Answer 250% Convert 8.5% to fraction.
1 8.5 1.7
8.5% = 8.5 x = =
100 100 20
Example 2 : Convert 270% to fraction.
1 270 27
270% = 270 x = =
100 100 10
2
Example 3 : Convert 66
3
% to fraction.
2 2 1 200 2
66 % = 66 x = =
3 3 100 300 3

 To convert a FRACTION to a PERCENT:

 Convert the fraction first to a decimal, then move the decimal point 2 places to the
right and affix the % symbol or multiply the number by 100%.
Example 1 : Convert 4/5 to percent.
4 4
= 0.80 = 80% or = 0.80 x 100% = 80%
5 5
2
Example 2 : Convert to percent.
3
2 2 2 2 2
= 0.6666… = 0.66
3
= 66 % or 0.66 x 100% = 66 %
3 3 3 3

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 3 of 10
  To convert a DECIMAL to a PERCENT:

 Move the decimal point 2 places to the right and affix the % symbol or multiply the
number by 100%.
Example 1 : Convert 0.85 to percent.
0.85 = 85% or 0.85 x 100% = 85%

Example 2 : Convert 0.6666 to percent.

DECIMAL or 0.6666 x 100% = 66.66%
0.6666 = 66.66%

YOU TRY THIS!

A. 1) Does a mixed number represent a percent greater than 100% or less

than 100% ?
Humm! 2) A decimal number less than 0 has zeros in the tenths and hundredths
mm places. Does the decimal represent a percent greater than 1% or less
than 1% ?
B. Converting Fractions, Decimals, and Percents:

Fractions Decimals Percents

1) 2/5
2) 15%
3) 1/3
4) 0.75
5) 25 ¾%
6) 0.875
7) 12 ½

Mathematics is made of 50 percent formulas,

50 percent proofs, and 50 percent imagination.

 THE PERCENT EQUATION

In this equation, the base is the number of which we are taking a percentage and the amount is the value
that results from taking the percent of the base. This means that in any percent problem, there are three basic
values to be concerned about: the percent, the base, and the resulting amount. A percentage problem may ask
you to find any one of these three values.
The Basic Percent Equation is the basic relationship that you need to learn to understand. You need to
know how to identify which number is the base and which number is the amount?

 BASIC PERCENT EQUATION

 Percent Equations: Part 1 Amount = Percent x Base
Amount
o To find the amount when the percent and the base are given.

Example 1: What is 12% of 300? > of is written as x (times)

> is is written as = (equals)
Amount = Percent x Base > what is written as N (the unknown number)
N = 12% x 300
12
Solution: N = x 300 N = 0.12 x 300
100
N = 12 x 3
N = 36 N = 36

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 Example 2: Find 1/2% of 150? Amount (N ) = ?
Solution: N = 0.005 x 150 Percent = 1/2% = 0.5% = 0.005 (in Decimal)
N = 0.75 Base = 150

Example 3: What is 33 1/3% of 90? Amount (N) = ?

Solution: N = 1/3 x 90 Percent = 33 1/3% = 1/3 (in Fraction)
N = 90/3 Base = 90
N = 30

 Percent Equations: Part 2 Percent = Amount ÷ Base

o To find the percent when the base and the amount are given.

Example 1: What percent 0f 72 is 18?

Percent x Base = Amount

N x 72 = 18
Amount 18 1
Solution: N = = = = 0.25 = 25%
Base 72 4
Hence, Percent (N) = 25%

Example 2: 12 is what percent of 15?

Amount = Percent x Base

12 = N x 15
Amount 12 4
Solution: N = = = = 0.8 = 80%
Base 15 5
Hence, Percent (N) = 80%

 Percent Equations: Part 3 Base = Amount ÷ Percent

o To find the base when the percent and the amount are given.

Example 1: 25% of what number is 100.

Percent x Base = Amount

25% x N = 100
Amount 100 100
Solution: N = = = = 400
Percent 25% 0.25
Hence, Base (N) = 400

Example 2: 8 is 32% of what number?

Amount = Percent x Base

8 = 32% x N
Amount 8 8
Solution: N = = = = 25
Percent 32% 0.32
Hence, Base (N) = 25

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 5 of 10
 POINTS TO REMEMBER:

 The Percent, has the percent (%) symbol or word percent/part. Can also
be expressed as a fraction or as a decimal.
1
Example: ( 1% = = 0.01 )
100
 The Amount, is the part of the whole, or the Percentage and
 The Base, is the whole amount.

YOU TRY THIS!

Humm!
I think I can do this!

PERCENT EQUATION:
A. Identify the percent, base and the amount in this problem.
1) What is 10% of 50?
Percent: ________ Base: ________ Amount: ________
2) 25% of what number is 5?
Percent: ________ Base: ________ Amount: ________
2) What percent of 75 is 25?
Percent: ________ Base: ________ Amount: ________

B. Write an equation that represents the following problem.

1) What percent of 30 is 3? ____________________________
2) 20% of what number is 30? ____________________________
3) Find 35% of 80? ____________________________

 PERCENTAGE PROBLEMS
The solved examples on percentage will help you to understand how to solve step-by-step different types
of percentage problems. Now, you will apply the concept of percentage to solve various real-life examples on
percentage.

Example 1: In a class of 50 students, 40 % are girls. Find the number of girls and number of boys
in the class?
Solution:
Number of girls in the class = 40 % of 50 (Note that the percentage is unknown)
= 40/100 × 50
= 2000/100
= 20
Number of boys in the class = Total number of students in the class - Number of girls
= 50 – 20
= 30
Example 2: Verus scored 344 marks out of 400 marks and his elder brother Suri scored 582 marks
out of 600 marks. Who scored percentage is better?
Solution:
Percentage of marks scored by Verus = (344/400 × 100) %
= (34400/400) %
= (344/4) %
= 86 %
Percentage of marks scored by Suri = (582/600 × 100) %
= (58200/600) %
= (582/6) %
= 97 %
Hence, the percentage marks scored by Suri is better.

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 Example 3: Covido gets 92 % marks in examinations. If these are 460 marks, find the maximum
marks.
Solution: Let the maximum marks be N, then
92 % of N = 460
92/100 × N = 460
N = (460 × 100)/92
N = 46000/92
N = 500
Therefore, maximum marks in the examinations are 500.
Example 4: A real estate broker receives a payment that is 4% of a P285,000 sale. To find the
amount the broker receives requires answering the question,
“4% of P285,000 is what?”
This sentence can be written using mathematical symbols and then solved for the
unknown number.
Solution: N = 4% of 285,000
N = 0.04 x 285,000 (Note that the percent is written as decimal)
N = 11,400
The broker receives a payment of P11, 400.00
Example 5: In an election, candidate A got 75% of the total valid votes. If 15% of the total votes
were declared invalid and the total numbers of votes is 560000, find the number of valid votes
polled in favor of candidate.
Solution: Total number of invalid votes = 15 % of 560000
= 15/100 × 560000
= 8400000/100
= 84000
Total number of valid votes 560000 – 84000 = 476000
Percentage of votes polled in favor of candidate A = 75 %
Therefore, the number of valid votes polled in favor of candidate
A = 75 % of 476000
= 75/100 × 476000
= 35700000/100
= 357000

YOU TRY THIS!

Humm!
1) A shopkeeper bought 600 oranges and 400 bananas. He found 15%
Let me try this!
of oranges and 8% of bananas were rotten. Find the percentage of
fruits in good condition.

2) An amusement park received 4800 visitors over a weekend. If 60% of

the visitors came on Saturday, how many visitors came on Sunday?
Also, express your answer as a fraction of the total number of
visitors.

3) A girl is scored 60 out of 75 in English, 60 out of 90 in mathematics

and 80 out of 100 in Science. Find girls score as percentage:
(a) in Mathematics
(b) in all the three subjects (on the whole).

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 7 of 10
 KNOWLEDGE-BUILDING
Assessment Task 1 CONCEPTS OF PERCENTAGES
Read and understand each of the statement and apply your previous knowledge in the
concepts of writing a percent as a fraction or decimal and vice versa, shown in this module.
Instructions:
Use a separate clean long bondpaper for this Activity. Copy the expressions and show your
solutions/steps neatly.
Test A and B is 2 points each and
Basis for Rating: Your Rating/Total Points 96
Test C to H is 3 points each.

ARE YOU READY ??

CHECK YOURSELF!
A. Complete the table below. Express the fraction B. Place the correct symbol, <, > or = symbol between
in simplest form. the two expressions:
Item Percent Decimal Fraction 1) 3/4 _____ 75% 4) 60% _____ 5/8
1 90% ? ? 2) 40% _____ 1/2 5) 30% _____ 1/4
2 ? 0.04 ?
3 4/5 3) 4/5 _____ 80% 6) 2/3 ____ 2/3%
? ?

C. Calculate the Percentage: D. Calculate the Percent:

1) What is 10% of 500? 1) What percent of 10 is 5?
2) ½% of 100 is how much? 2) 12 is what percent of 100?
3) ¾ of P200 is what amount? 3) What percent of 15 is 3?
ASSESS

4) Find 75% of 25,000. 4) 12 ½ is what percent of 50?

5) 4.5% of 45 is what number? 5) ½ is what percent of 2 ½ ?

E. Calculate the Base: F. Calculate the following:

1) 10% of what amount is P125? 1) Increase 920 by 20%.
2) 20% of what number is 67? 2) Decrease 720 by 40%
3) 2/3 is 75% of what number? 3) Lessen 780 by 30%
4) 5 is 25% of what number? 4) Reduce 240 by 25%
5) 1/3% of what amount is 300? 5) Add 150 by 40% more

G. What percent of figure 1 & 2 is shaded? H. What percent of figure 3 & 4 is not shaded?

1) 2) 3) 4)

CRITICAL THINKING
Assessment Task 2 CONCEPTS OF PERCENT EQUATIONS
Read and understand each of the statement and apply your previous knowledge in the
Instructions: concepts of percent equations, shown in this module. Use a separate clean long bondpaper
for this Activity. Copy the expressions and show your solutions/steps neatly.
For every correct answer of items 1 to 5 is 10
Basis for Rating: Your Rating/Total Points 60
points each.

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 8 of 10
 Ooops!
Confusing though! But let me try this!

UNDERSTANDING
CHALLENGE YOURSELF: MATHEMATICS

In each of the following problems, answer the following questions:

 What is asked for?
1) What information of facts are given?
2) Is it a one-step or multi-step problem?  Is there enough
information to
3) Can the computation be done mentally or with paper and pencil? answer the question?

4) How does the answer appear in a sentence?  Is information given

that is not needed?
5) Was the question in the problem answered?

1) In a Math class, 68% of the students are boys. What percentage are girls?
2) Covido scores 48% in a math test. What percentage did he get wrong? KEY PERCENTAGE
FACTS
3) In a Math test, 38% of the students scored an average score. What percentage
scored above average? 100% = 1
4) Brilliant school has 1200 students. If 42% of the students bought Smart phones 75% = 0.75 = ¾
on Monday, how many students bought Smart phones on Monday?
50% = 0.5 = ½
5) In a survey of 50 students, 70% of students liked Math, and 30% of students liked
Arts. How many numbers of students liked Math? 25% = 0.25 = ¼
6) 15% of the number of people who attended a concert arrived late. If 30 people 10% = 0.1 = 1⁄10
arrived late, find the number of people who attended the concert. 1% = 0.01 = 1⁄100

CREATING
Assessment Task 3 SOLVE PROBLEMS INVOLVING PERCENTAGES
Read and understand each of the statement and apply the different uses of percentages in
Instructions: solving problems. Copy the problems and follow the steps in solving problems. Use a
separate clean long bondpaper for this Activity, and neatly show solutions.
MATH PROBLEM SOLVING RUBRIC
Rubric:
0 1 2 3 4 WEIGHT
Understanding You didn’t Your strategy Your strategy Your strategy Your strategy
& seem to showed that showed you showed you showed you
Strategies know where you did not understood understood understood 7
Did you use a to begin. understand part of the most of the how to solve
plan and apply the problem. problem. problem. the entire
an appropriate problem.
strategy?
Explanation You gave no Your Your Your You clearly
& explanation explanation is explanation is explanation is explained
Reasoning for your unorganized understandable understandable your process
Were you able work. and hard to but incomplete and complete, using correct
to explain follow. because it but may mathematical
what you did describes only contain some terms and 5
and why, using part(s) of the errors in math symbols, and
words and problem or terms or explained
other solution. symbols. why you
approaches? chose those
steps.
Computations You did not Your math Your math Your math Your math
& show any computations computations computations computations
Procedures computations are not have errors contain small are complete
Were you able accurate that affected error(s), but and accurate,
to carry out and/or did the answer, or still answer resulting in a
your plan not result in a you left out most of the solution that 3
accurately and solution that important important answers the
completely? answered the parts. parts of the problem.
Does your problem. problem.
answer make
sense?
SCORE 0 15 30 45 60

THIS MATERIAL IS FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY AND NOT FOR SALE. Page 9 of 10
 WHAT SHOULD YOU DO?

1) Covida’s Sporting Goods has a tennis racket on sale for P890.00, which is 80% of the
original price. What is the difference between the original price and the sale price?
2) A carpenter’s wage this year is P75.00 per hour, which is 110 % of last year’s wage. What
was the increase in the hourly wage over last year?
3) A quality control inspector found that 1.5% of 2500 camera phones inspected were
defective. How many camera phones inspected were not defective?
4) Of the calls a directory assistance operator received, 441 were requests for telephone
numbers listed in the current directory. This accounted for 98% of the calls for assistance
that the operator received.
a) How many calls did the operator receive?
b) How many telephone numbers requested were not listed in the current directory?

There are no guarantees in life, but it is a sure thing

that you will get back what you give.
If you give 100 percent of your attention, energy,
YES! I AM DONE!
and time to a thing, you will get exactly that back.
Make sure you give all that you have to make sure
you will get all that you need.
- Iyanla Vanzant –

REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS

Benigno, Gloria D. (2006). Basic Mathematics for College Students. Rex Publishing.
Anderson, Mark(2018).Teacher Cartoons. https://anderstoons.com/cartoons/teacher?sort=newest
Byjus (2020). Basic College Mathematics: An Applied Approach. https://byjus.com/maths/fractions
Cazoom (2008, June 14). The Importance of Percentages in Everyday Life. https://www.reddit.com/r/maths/
comments/6yugn1/the importance of percentages in everyday life/
Garkowska, Gosia & Simone (2006, May 29).Mathematics in Everyday Life. etwinmaths. blogspot.com /2006/05/
percentages.html
Math-Only-Math.com(2010).Basic Problems on Percentages. https://www.math-only-math.com/solved-examples-on-
percentage.html
Math-Salamanders (2010). Money Percentage Worksheets.https://www.math-salamanders.com/money-percentage-
worksheets.html
Montis, Kris & Peil, Timothy (2010, July 14). Basic Percent Equation. SoftChalkLesson Builder.
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