1.What did one of the researchers do to lighten up the dolphin-studying expedition in 1985?

a) Pretended to be Poseidon by placing a seaweed garland on his head and throwing it into the ocean.
b) Played music to entertain the dolphins.
c) Conducted a series of experiments on dolphin behavior.
d) Engaged in underwater photography to capture dolphin images.
Explain: One of the researchers pretended to be Poseidon by wearing a seaweed crown on their
head and throwing it into the sea to make the dolphin research expedition more exciting.
Một trong số các nhà nghiên cứu đã giả vờ là Poseidon bằng cách đặt một vòng tảo biển trên đầu và
ném nó vào biển để làm cho cuộc thám hiểm nghiên cứu cá heo trở nên thú vị hơn. dịch sang tiếng
anh
2.What led to the evolution of dolphins' larger and more complex brains?
a) A shift in ocean temperatures about 35 million years ago.
b) Their adaptation to living in aquatic environments.
c) The introduction of new prey species in their habitats.
d) Genetic mutations that favored brain development.
Ex: A temperature change in the ocean approximately 35 million years ago resulted in a decrease in
prey availability, leading to the evolution of larger and more complex brains in dolphins. This
allowed them to develop complex social relationships and the ability to use sound for navigation
and communication.
Một sự thay đổi về nhiệt độ đại dương khoảng 35 triệu năm trước đã làm giảm sự hiện diện của con
mồi, và điều này đã dẫn đến sự tiến hóa của não bộ lớn hơn và phức tạp hơn ở cá heo để phát triển
các mối quan hệ xã hội phức tạp và khả năng dùng âm thanh để điều hướng và giao tiếp.dịch
3.How do dolphins demonstrate intentional communication during hunting?
a) They use complex vocalizations to coordinate their actions.
b) Dolphins use echolocation to locate and trap prey.
c) Dolphins swim in synchronized patterns to create a hunting net.
d) Dolphins utilize tools to enhance their hunting capabilities.
Ex: Some dolphin groups in Florida engage in a complex form of cooperative hunting. One dolphin is
designated as “the net maker" who stirs up the mud while other dolphins signal to form a line and
trap fish attempting to escape. This requires intentional planning and cooperation, thus
necessitating a form of purposeful communication.
Một số nhóm cá heo tại Florida thực hiện một hình thức hợp tác phức tạp để săn cá. Một con cá heo
được chỉ định là "người tạo mạng" đào bùn trong khi con cá heo khác đưa ra tín hiệu cho các con cá
heo khác để cùng xếp hàng và bắt cá đang cố thoát ra. Điều này yêu cầu kế hoạch và hợp tác có chủ ý,
và do đó, đòi hỏi một hình thức giao tiếp chủ đích.dịch
4.How do dolphins pass down their communication methods and other skills to subsequent
generations?
a) Through genetic inheritance and instinctual behavior.
b) Older dolphins teach younger ones through imitation and observation.
c) Dolphins attend formal training sessions led by experienced individuals.
d) Dolphins rely on trial and error to learn and refine their skills.
Ex: Adult dolphins teach younger dolphins by imitation and observation. This form of transmission
helps young dolphins learn communication methods and other skills from the older generation.
Các con cá heo trưởng thành giảng dạy cho con cá heo trẻ hơn bằng cách bắt chước và quan sát. Hình
thức truyền đạt này giúp con cá heo trẻ học các phương pháp giao tiếp và các kỹ năng khác từ thế hệ
trước.dịch
5.What evidence supports dolphins' understanding of language comprehension?
a) Dolphins' ability to recognize themselves in mirrors.
b) Dolphins' proficiency in mimicking human speech sounds.
c) Dolphins' communication through a complex system of clicks and whistles.
d) Dolphins' comprehension of symbols and syntax in a taught language.
Ex: Dolphins have demonstrated their ability to understand language by being taught a language
based on whistles and hand gestures. They not only understand the meaning of the signals but also
recognize that the order of the signals carries significance, such as the distinction between putting
the ball into the basket and bringing the basket to the ball. This indicates their ability to process
two key elements of human language: symbols representing objects and actions, and the
grammatical structure that governs how they are organized.
 Cá heo đã chứng tỏ khả năng hiểu ngôn ngữ bằng cách được dạy một ngôn ngữdựa trên tiếng huýt
sáo và cử chỉ tay. Chúng không chỉ hiểu ý nghĩa của các tín hiệu mà còn hiểu rằng thứ tự của chúng có
ý nghĩa: sự khác biệt giữa việc đưa bóng vào giỏ và đưa giỏ đến bóng. Điều này cho thấy chúng có khả
năng xử lý hai yếu tố chính của ngôn ngữ con người: các biểu tượng đại diện cho đối tượng và hành
động, và cú pháp điều chỉnh cách chúng được cấu trúc.

In 1985, three researchers on a dolphin-studying expedition got a little bored. To lighten things up,
one pretended to be Poseidon by placing a seaweed garland on his head and then throwing it into the
ocean. Moments later, a dolphin surfaced with the seaweed crowning her head. Sure, this could have
been a coincidence, but it's also entirely possible that the dolphin was mimicking the scientist. That's
because dolphins are one of the smartest animals species on Earth. So exactly how smart are they?
Like whales and porpoises, dolphins belong to the group of aquatic mammals known as cetaceans
who comprise 86 different species, and share a common link with ungulates, or hoofed animals.
Originally land mammals, the first cetaceans entered the water about 55 million years ago as large
predators with sharp teeth. Then, a shift in ocean temperatures about 35 million years ago reduced
the availability of prey.One group of cetaceans who survived this distruption the odontocetes, wound
up smaller with less sharp teeth, but also larger and more complex brains that allowed for complex
social relationships, as well as echolocation to navigate and communicate. Jump ahead to the present,
and modern dolphins' brains are so large that their encephalization quotient, their brain size
compared to the average for their body size, is second only to humans. Dolphins have evolved to
survive through their ability to form complex social networks that hunt, ward off rivals, and raise
offspring together. For example, one group of Florida dolphins practices a sophisticated form of
cooperation to hunt fish. A dolphin designated as "the net-maker" kicks up mud while another gives
the signal for the other dolphins to simultaneously line up and catch the escaping fish. Achieving a
goal like this requires deliberate planning and cooperation, which, in turn, requires some form of
intentional communication. Dolphins pass down their communication methods and other skills from
generation to generation. Different dolphin populations exhibit variations in greetings, hunting
strategies, and other behaviors. This sort of cultural transmission even extends to tool use. One group
of bottlenose dolphins off the Australian coast nicknamed The Dolphin Sponge Club, has learned how
to cover their rostrums with sponges when rooting in sharp corals, passing the knowledge from
mother to daughter. Dolphins have even demonstrated language comprehension. When taught a
language based on whistles and hand gestures, they not only understood what the signals meant but
that their order had meaning: the difference between bringing the ball to the hoop and bringing the
hoop to the ball. So they were able to process two of the main elements of human language: symbols
that stand for objects and actions, and syntax that governs how they are structured. Dolphins are also
one of the few species who pass the mirror test. By recognizing themselves in mirrors, - they indicate
physical self-awareness, and research