Ophthalmoscopy

Ophthalmoscopy is an objective method that allows examination

of the retina, optic nerve head and transparent medias of the eye.
Ophthalmoscopy is performed with a device named
ophthalmoscope.

Direct ophthalmoscopy

Direct ophthalmoscope

Procedure of direct ophthalmoscopy:

-the routine fundus examination in ophthalmologic patients is
generally done through the dilated pupil ( mydriatic drops);
-patient it`s set in a semi dark room and instruct to look at a
distant target;
 - while examining the right eye, the ophthalmoscope it is hold
with the right hand, and examining with the right eye on the right
side of the patient;
-examine for the red reflex at arm`s length:
-normal-red glow from choroid;
-look for opacities or loose of reflex;
-the examiner moves as close as to the patient to examine
anterior segment;
-than, crystaline lens, vitreous and the optic nerve head can be
observed, followed by the optic disc ; The optic disc is examined for
colour, contour (margin, shape, elevation), cup-disc ratio;
-each vessel it`s followed to the periphery;
-after quadrant by quadrant scan of fundus, the macula is
examined;

Clinical importance:
-dark or semi-dark spot over the reflex : opacity;
-if no reflex: totally opaque lens (cataract);
- vitreous haemorrhage ;
 -total retinal detachment;
- crescentic ring in pupillary area: subluxated lens;