SECTION 4

ARTICLE 1207 - Joint and Solidary Obligations

The concurrence of two or more creditors or of two or more debtors in one and the same
obligation does not imply that each one of the formers has a right to demand, or that each
one of the latter is bound to render, entire compliance with the prestation.
● Means daghang creditor or debtor sa isa ka obligation because it deals with pluratity of
subjects. Then each of the formers nay right mo demand ug each of the latter kay mo comply
with the prestation. So joint iyang pasabot.
There is a solidary liability only when the obligation expressly so states, or when the law or
the nature of the obligation requires solidarity.
●Means ang general rule kay joint obligation, then exceptions nay solidary liability if obligation
expressly so states, or when the law or the nature of the obligation requires solidarity. So if dli
pasok sa mga exceptions nga na a dri so joint obligation.

KINDS OF OBLIGATION ACCORDING TO PLURALITY OF SUBJECTS

SINGLE/INDIVIDUAL OBLIGATION – one debtor and one creditor.

●Means isa ra c debtor/obligor and isa rapod c creditot/obligie

COLLECTIVE OBLIGATION – two or more debtors and two or more creditors.

1. JOINT – entire obligation is to be paid or performed proportionately by the debtors;
●Means to each his own sila, kung unsa ra ang share sa part or portion nga sa iya a, mao
ratoy right or obligation niya.

EXAMPLE:c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors ni vian sa amount nga 1 million. So c vian maka
deman sya ni eyam ug 500k ug 500k pd kang cyrra.

EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors ni vian, kyle,hannah,torino who are joint creditors
sa amount nga 1k.C vian, nay demand kang eyam ug cyrra tag 125 pesos, asta sila kyle, hannah,
torino nay right. Same ni vian. kay lagi joined meaning to each his own. So the 1k 4 sila nga
magbahinay so they are entitled to 250 pesos each diba.Then ang debtor kay joint pod meaning
dli pwede isa ra nila ang magbayad tanan.so each of the creditor nay right to demand from eyam
and cyrra 125 pesos ra. Para ma 250 makuha nila ilang shares.
 2. SOLIDARY – each one of the debtors are obliged to pay the entire obligation, each
one of the creditors has the right to demand from any of the debtors, the fulfillment
of the entire obligation;
●Means one for all ,all for one.

Passive Solidarity- ang tawag sa full payment made by anyone of the solidary debtors.

EXAMPLE:c eyam ug cyrra kay solidary debtors ni vian. sa amount nga 1 million. Dri nay right
mag demnd ug 1 million c vian either ni eyam or cyrra. Then what if c eyam nibayad ug whole 1
million did2 ni vian so swerte c cyrra. Dayun c eyam nay right syempre pwede mag ask ni cyrra
ng reimbursement nga 500k which is share ni cyrra.

Active Solidarity – full payment to any of the creditors extinguishes the obligation.

EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay solidary debtors ni vian, kyle,hannah,torino who are solidary
creditors sa amount nga 1k. pag in-ani sayun sya e compute, so bisag kinsa sa mga creditor kay
pwedeng mag demand ug full obligation sa bisag kinsa nga debtor pod, either kang eyam or
cyrra. And then in returns kung kinsa sa mga creditors ang mag demand ug full payment,
example c vian so sya moy obligado to give kyle, torino ug hannah a 250 pesos each. Sa part pod
sa debtor ug kinsa tuy nag bayad whole kay pwede mag claim ug reimbursement sa kapwa rpod
niya debtor.

THE QUESTION IS: PWEDE BA NGA JOINT SIDE SA CREDITOR AND SOLIDARY SA
SIDE SA DEBTOR? OR VISE VERSA?

- YES PWEDE.gitawag syag MIXED SOLIDARITY

EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors ni vian, kyle, hannah ug torino who are solidary
creditors sa amount nga 1k. so pila may ma collect ni vian tan talang, did2 ni eyam? So, kay
solidary man pwede ma collect ni vian ang full amount did2 ni eyam but since c eyam kay joint
debtor, obliged sya mo pay ug share ra niya or yung part rapod niya nga 500 pesos.

EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay solidary debtors ni vian, kyle, hannah ug torino who are joint
creditors sa amount nga 1k. so pila kang vian nga ma recover did2 ni eyam? So since c vian kay
joint creditor, she can only recover ag share rpod niya nga 250 pesos, and since ang debtor ang
solidary so eyam is solidary liable. meaning pwede makuha ni vian ang full share nga 250 pesos
did2 ni eyam alone.dli na kailangan nga 125 kay eyam ug cyrra.

ARTICLE 1208 – Presumption That Obligation is Joint

●Means kini nga provision kay in support sa previous one, nag provide sya ug presumption nga
pag nay 2 or more debtors or 2 or more creditors geh presumed niya na ang obligation is joint.
And as a consequence the debt shall be divided into as many equal shares as there are creditors
or debtors, the credits or debts being considered distinct from one another. Means ang klasi2 nga
shares ng debt or credit kay considered distinct from one and another. Then kaning subject to the
rules of court governing the multiplicity of suits. Meams ang isa ka creditor mag so-sue or mag
file ng action against one debtor for its share or obligations, peru agi ani much better nga mag
sue all the necessary party at the same time so sa isa ka action mag file ra syag case to all partys.

●This provision speaks of JOINT DIVISIBLE OBLIGATION.

●When there is a concurrence of several creditors or of several debtors in one and in the
same obligation, there is a presumption that the obligation is joint.

●Each of the creditors shall be entitled to demand only the payment of his proportionate
share of the credit.

●Each of the debtors may be compelled to pay only his proportionate share of the debt.

●The credits or debts shall be considered distinct from one another.

CONSEQUENCES OF JOINT OBLIGATION

1. Vitiated consent on the part of one debtor do not affect the others.
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors of vian sa amount nga 1k, peru if ang
consent ni eyam kay obtain with fraud dli liable c eyam, peru c cyrra still liable sa 500.
Kay ang dalawa ka utang, ang share ni eyam ug share obligation ni cyrra kay distinct
from each other so dli ma apektuhan ang share ni cyra, and yes na a gihapon syay
obligation magbayad ng 500 pesos.

2. Insolvency of one debtor does not make others responsible for his share.
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay joint debtors ni vian sa amount nga 1k, what if nagging
insolvent c eyam means dli niya kayang magbayad or bayaran. So pila may baryan ni
cyrra? Or kailangan ba niya bayaran ang part ni eyam? Since distinct man ang share
nilang duha so syempre c cyrra will only pay 500 pesos so iya rapong part iyang baryan.

3. Demand by the creditor on one joint debtor puts him in defaut, but not the others
since the debts are distinct.

ARTICLE 1209 – Joint Indivisible obligation

●Means the obligation is joint kay ang Partys are merely proportionately liable and
indivisible naman kay ang object or subject matter kay dli physically divisible into different
parts. SO joint refers to the tie between the partys and indivisible refer sya sa object.
EXAMPLE: c eyam ug cyrra kay jointly liable nga mohatag ug ni vian ug Car nga tag 1
million pesos. So in the day of delivery, willing mo deliver c eyam peru c cyrra kay dli. Since
ang car kay indivisible man, dli sya ma comply unless all the debtors mag comply sa ilang
obligation. in this case the liability converted into one for damages.

CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINT INDIVISIBLE OBLIGATIONS

The obligations is joint but since the object is indivisible, the creditor must proceed
against ALL the joint debtors, for compliance is possible only if all the joint debtors
would act TOGETHER.
●Means ma comply ra sya if tanan nga debtors kay nag comply.

Demand must therefore be made on ALL the joint debtors.

●Means a demand made by one joint creditors is not a demand by the others.

If there be jont creditors, delivery must be made to all and not merely to ONE, unless,
that one be specifically authorized by the others.
●Means jont lain2 ilang shares , peru pag nag deliver ka dapat sa bawat isa jd dli pwede nga
sa isa lang kay joints creditors sila ,unless joint creditors sila.

Joint creditor is allowed to renounce his propostionate credit.

●Means unless joint creditors is allowe ed to renounced his proportion credit. So pwede niya
e renounce or e waved ang credit sa iya a.

ARTICLE 1210 -