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ONG KAI WEN (COPYRIGHTED) ©

Topic 15:
Integration (4049)
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THE ABOUT

MASTERY

CHAPTER ANALYSIS
• Algebraic, Exponential, Trigonometric and Reciprocal
Indefinite and Definite Integration

• Application of Integration EXAM

o Differentiation & Integration, Partial Fractions
o Finding the equation of a curve
o Area under the curve

WEIGHTAGE
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KEY CONCEPT

General Rules of Indefinite Integrals

General Rules of Definite Integrals
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General Rules of Indefinite Integrals

If 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝒏 and 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄 are constants, 𝒏 is an integer or rational number If 𝜶 and 𝜷 are constants
Rules Formulae Rules Formulae

!
𝑎𝑥 !"# Product of constant
Power Function ! 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 ! 𝛼𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼 ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛+1 and function

Linear Function ! 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 Sum of Function ! 𝑎𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛽𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼 ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝛽 ! 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

!
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 !"# Difference of
Constant Function ! 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 ! 𝑎𝑓 𝑥 − 𝛽𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛼 ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝛽 ! 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑛+1 Function
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Indefinite Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Rules

! sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐

1
! sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎

𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Rules

! cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐

1
! cos 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎

𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙
Rules

! sec % 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐

1
! sec % 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎
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Indefinite Integrals of Exponential & Reciprocal Functions

𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙
Rules

! 𝑒 ' 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ' + 𝑐

1 ('")
! 𝑒 ('") 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 +𝑐
𝑎

1
! 𝑒* '
𝑑𝑥 = +
𝑒* '
+𝑐
𝑓 𝑥

𝒚 = 𝒙,𝟏
Rules
1
! 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥

1 1
! 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎

𝑓+ 𝑥
! 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓 𝑥
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Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part II)

If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in the closed interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, and 𝐹 𝑥 is any antiderivative of 𝑓, then

𝒃
𝒃
! 𝒇 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭 𝒙 𝒂 =𝑭 𝒃 −𝑭 𝒂
𝒂

Note that students (at the ‘O’ Levels) do not need to know the name of the theorem. Students just
need to apply the theorem in their questions

Properties of Definite Integrals

Rules Formulae

(
Equal Limits ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
(

) (
Interchanging Limits ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( )

) 0 0
Common Limits ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( ) (

The General Rules of Indefinite Integrals do apply to Definite Integrals as well

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KEY CONCEPT

Applications of Integration
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Application 1: Differentiation & Integration

This first application is dedicated to a specific class of questions, where the first
half of questions, students will have to differentiate, and in the next half,
students will have to integrate something similar (not always) to what they have
recently differentiated

Example Question
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Solution

Special Matrices

Name Definition Example

Application 2: Partial Fractions

𝟏
Column Only 1 column
𝟐 the first half
This second application uses a concept from partial fractions where
of the question, students are required to breakdown the fraction into partial
fractions, and in the next half, students will have to integrate using the broken-
down fractions
Row
Example Question
Only 1 row 𝟏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟐
Square Same number of rows and columns
𝟑 𝟒

𝟎 𝟎
Zero Elements are all zeros
𝟎 𝟎
Elements along the diagonal from the
upper left-hand corner to the bottom 𝟏 𝟎
Identity right-hand corner are 1s and the rest
are 0s
𝟎 𝟏

Knowledge on the usage of the Zero and Identity matrices is not

necessary in ‘O’ Level Mathematics
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Application 3: Finding the equation of a curve

Example Question
The exact equation of a curve can be determined using given information on its
derivative or slope function Special Matrices

Example Question
Name Definition Example

𝟏
Column Only 1 column
𝟐
Solution

Row Only 1 row 𝟏 𝟐

Solution

𝟏 𝟐
Square Same number of rows and columns
𝟑 𝟒

𝟎 𝟎
Zero Elements are all zeros
𝟎 𝟎
Elements along the diagonal from the
upper left-hand corner to the bottom 𝟏 𝟎
Identity right-hand corner are 1s and the rest
are 0s
𝟎 𝟏

Knowledge on the usage of the Zero and Identity matrices is not

necessary in ‘O’ Level Mathematics
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Application 4: Finding plane areas

In general, the area of a region enclosed by a curve and the 𝑥-axis and 𝑦-axis and two vertical or horizontal lines can be determined using definite integrals

Region enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑥-axis, and the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 Region enclosed by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 , 𝑦-axis, and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏

Relation to 𝑥-axis Formulae Diagram Relation to 𝑦-axis Formulae Diagram

) )
Above the 𝑥-axis 𝐴 = ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Above the 𝑦-axis 𝐴 = ! 𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( (

) )
Below the 𝑥-axis 𝐴 = ! 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Below the 𝑦-axis 𝐴 = ! 𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( (

For some questions, to find the area under the curve, we always look out for bigger/smaller (easier
to calculate) shapes, then perform the necessary subtraction to find the area under the curve
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