TUTORIAL ON

GENERATOR PROTECTION APPLICATIONS

&
SETTING CRITERIONS
BY
MR. H. C. MEHTA
AT
1ST INDIA DOBLE PROTECTION AND AUTOMATION
CONFERENCE, NOV 2008

GROUP

POWER-LINKER
Wisdom is not Virtue but Necessity 1
REV. R9, NOV 2008
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

TUTORIAL ON
GENERATOR PROTECTION APPLICATIONS
&
SETTING CRITERIONS

BY

MR. HARRESH MEHTA

POWER LINKERS
<powersys@vsnl.com>
2
POWER-LINKER GROUP

11kV
POWER-LINKER

1000/1
CL : PS
PHASE TO
1000/1 PHASE FAULT
1000/1 51 51N
Gen. Tr.
16MVA 400/1 51NT
11/ 6.6KV
1000/1 64T PHASE - PHASE FAULT
PHASE - GROUND FAULT ??
400A
1500/1
CL:PS
2000/1, 15VA
CL:0.5
1500/1, 30VA 32G 87G 87GT
CL:1.0 40X
2/32G
F.B 27/40V 2/27 2/59
TG 81.1/ 81.3/ 1.5/1
12.5 MW
6.6KV
~ 2/64F1
64F1 64F2
21 51V 27 24,V/F 59 81.2 81.4 60 CL:PS

1500/1
78 46G 51O/L 51V 40G 21 86A 86B 86C 86E 86T
30VA
5P10 2/46G
40T1 95/52 95/86A 95/86B 95/86C
40T2
1500/1
CL : PS

1500/1
CL : PS
51N PHASE TO GROUND FAULT 3
100/1
5VA 38 Ω
5PS 100A,For 10 sec.
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
PT
TG 2/59.1 2/59.2 U/F O/F
21
12.5 MW 40X 2/27 59.1 59.2 81.1/ 81.3/
6.6KV
~ 40V 51V 27 24,V/F 81.2 81.4 60

1500/1
30VA 78 46G 51O/L 40G 51V 21 86A 86B 86C 86E 86T
5P10 2/46G
40T1 95/52 95/86A 95/86B 95/86C
40T2

1500/1 TO 87G
CL : PS

1500/1 TO 87T
CL : PS

100/1 NOTE:
51N
5VA
SOME LOCAL AUTHORITIES MAY
5PS
38 Ω INSIST FOR PROVISION OF GENERATOR 64R
100A,For 10 sec. FOR SMALL MACHINES(<2 MW) 4
POWER-LINKER GROUP

11kV
POWER-LINKER

1000/1
CL : PS
1000/1

1000/1 51 51N

Gen. Tr.
16MVA 400/1 51NT
11/ 6.6KV
1000/1 64T

400A
1500/1
CL:PS
2000/1, 15VA
CL:0.5 F.B
87G 87GT
1500/1, 30VA 32G
CL:1.0 2/32G
TG 1.5/1
12.5 MW
6.6KV
~ 64F1 64F2 CL:PS
2/64F1 5
POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

1.1 STATOR OVERLOAD [51 OL]

1.2 STATOR EARTH FAULT [64S]

1.3 STATOR OPEN CIRCUIT

1.4 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION [87]

1.5 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT PROTECTION [51V]

1.6 VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT PROTECTION [51V]

1.7 INADVERTENT ENERGISING [27/50]

2.1 ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION [64R]

6

2.2 FIELD OVER HEATING

POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS

3.1 LOSS OF EXCITATION PROTECTION [40]

3.2 OVER FLUXING PROTECTION [59 V/Hz]

3.3 OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION [59]

4.1 REVERSE POWER / MOTORING PROTECTION [32]

4.2 UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTION [81]

5.1 UNBALANCED ARMATURE CURRENT PROTECTION [46]

5.2 POLE SLIP PROTECTION

6.1 VIBRATION 7
POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

STATOR OVER LOAD [ 51 OL ]

• CAPABILITY CURVE OF GENERATOR ⇒ FIG_GENR_1
GRID
SUPPLY
• REASON FOR OVER LOAD
• SYSTEM DISTURBANCE ACCOMPANIED
BY GENERATOR OR LINE TRIPPINGS
• FOR SHORT TIME, IT IS PERMISSIBLE TO
EXCEED THE RATED CURRENT
ANSI C50.13-1977 LOAD

STATOR CURRENT (%) 116 130 154 226

TIME (SEC) 120 60 30 10
e.g 110% OVERLOAD FOR ⇒ 1 HOUR IN EVERY 12 HOURS 8
PERMITTED BY VATech GENERATOR
 GENERATOR CAPABILITY CURVE
P
STATOR CURRENT LIMIT
MW
1 P.U. = 125 MVA
125 C

B 100
ROTOR CURRENT (0.8)
LIMIT
87

0.8
0p
STABILITY LIMIT

f
0.
7p FLAME STABILITY
f
25
(0.2)
A D
Q (LAG) Q (LEAD)
100 89 75 MVAR 25
(0.8) (0.6) (0.2) FIG_GEN_1
• NORMAL VOLTAGE RANGE : 95 - 105 %
• INCREASE TERMINAL VOLTAGE TO DELIVER MORE Q ON AB LINE
( ACTS AS CAPACITOR )
• DECREASE TERMINAL VOLTAGE TO ABSORB MORE Q ON CD LINE 9
( ACTS AS REACTOR ) USED DURING HIGH VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

STATOR EARTH
STATOR OVER LOAD [ 51 OL ] FAULT

• GENERALLY WIRED FOR ALARM

• OPERATOR TO TAKE CORRECTIVE ACTION
TYPICAL SETTING : 115% , 30 SEC
• IS CURRENT BASED O/L DETECTION FAIL SAFE !!
• FINAL PROOF OF PUDDING : TEMPERATURE AN IMPORTANT
(DECISIVE) PARAMETER
• RELIABLE OVER LOAD PROTECTION ⇒ RTD

• INSULATION LIFE
• BACKUP TO OVERLOAD PROTECTION !!
??
• DOES U/F RELAY ACTS AS BACK UP TO
OVER LOAD PROTECTION ??
• EXHAUST GAS, HOOD TEMPERATURE
10
HIGH ON OVERLOAD CAN ACT AS BACK UP
POWER-LINKER GROUP
POWER LINKERS

INSULATION LIFE POWER-LINKER

CLASS Y A E B F H C

TEMP 0C 90 105 120 130 155 180 >180

• TEMP VS AVERAGE EXPECTED LIFE ⇒ IEEE STD 117

• APPROXIMATELY LIFE DOUBLES FOR EVERY 10° C DROP

IN TEMPERATURE
LIFE IN HOURS
θ°C ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘F’ ‘H’
130 3,700 19,300 95,000 438,000
120 7,000 37,100 180,00 812,000
110 13,400 71,600 340,00 1,504,000
• AT 130 ° C , MARGIN IN LIFE BETWEEN CLASS ‘F’ & ‘B’
11
95,000 / 19,300 ⇒ 5 TIMES
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

1000000
IEEE STD - 117 POWER-LINKER
, ,
CLASS ‘H’
180°C

CLASS ‘F’
100000
, 155°C

CLASS ‘B’
130°C
20,000
(BASE) CLASS ‘A’
10000
, 105°C
AVERAGE
EXPECTED
LIFE(HOURS) • RECOMMENDED 2000
1300
OPERATING
1000
TEMPERATURE
500
FOR BETTER 1550
INSULATION LIFE
FOR EVERY 10°C DROP, LIFE DOUBLES
100
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
12
TOTAL WINDING TEMPERATURE θ
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

INSULATION LIFE POWER-LINKER

• INSULATION LIFE IS DEFINED WITH BASE OF

20,000 HOURS
• AFTER 20,000 HOURS OF OPERATION,
TENSILE STENGTH REDUCES BY HALF FROM
ORIGINAL VIRGIN VALUE

• FOR EXAMPLE
• IF CLASS ‘F’ INSULATION IS MAINTAINED AT 155°C
FOR 20,000 HOURS, TENSILE STRENGTH WILL
REDUCE BY HALF.
• IF CLASS ‘B’ INSULATION IS MAINTAINED AT 130°C
FOR 20,000 HOURS, TENSILE STRENGTH WILL
REDUCE BY HALF.
13
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
INSULATION LIFE
• IF TEMP IS LIMITED TO 120°
FOR CLASS ‘F’ INSULATION, EXPECTED LIFE = 200,000 HRS

• AT 6500 HRS / YEAR OF OPERATION,

OPERATING LIFE = 200,000 / 6500 = 31 YEARS

• AT 7800 HRS / YEAR OF OPERATION

200,000
________
OPERATING LIFE = = 25 YEARS
7800
RECOMMENDATION (FOR CLASS : F INSULATION)

• WINDING : 1200 ALARM; 1300 TRIP

14
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS
STATOR EARTH FAULT (0-95%) [ 64S]
0 – 95 %
• WHAT DOES IT MEAN BY 0-95 % AND 95 – 100 %

100 % STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

(100 % STATOR E/F
PROTECTION)

• MOST STATOR WINDING FAULTS ⇒ PHASE-GROUND

• WINDING IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH STEEL SLOTS AT

GROUND POTENTIAL

• NOT CLOSE TO OTHER PHASE CONDUCTORS EXCEPT

AT END TURNS 15
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS

STATOR EARTH FAULT (0-95%) [ 64S]

• PHASE - PHASE FAULT INCIDENCE IS CONSIDERED LESS SEVERE,

ALTHOUGH,

• FAULT MAGNITUDE IS HIGH, BUT

DAMAGE IS IN END WINDING, EXTERNAL TO SLOTS

• DAMAGES CAN BE REPAIRED LOCALLY BY TAPPING

THE DAMAGED INSULATION

16
POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

STATOR EARTH FAULT (0-95%) [ 64S]

• PHASE - GROUND FAULTS INCIDENCE CONSIDERED VERY SEVERE,
• ALTHOUGH, FAULT CURRENT IS RESTRICTED BY

GROUNDING THROUGH NGR OR NGT

• FAULT IS WITHIN SLOTS

• CHANCES OF MELTING OF STEEL LAMINATIONS

• REPAIR AT MANUFACTURER’S WORK REQUIRED

• MAY RESULT IN LONG OUTAGE OF MACHINE

• HENCE, EARTH FAULT CURRENT NEEDS TO BE RESTRICTED

AS PER CORE DAMAGE CURVE TO BE SUPPLIED BY
MANUFACTURER
LEROY SOMER ABB 17
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR - CORE DAMAGE CURVE POWER-LINKER

PHASE TO EARTH FAULT

80 SEC AMPS
MIN MAX
70 1 25 - 70
60 4 10 - 22
3 10 7 - 10
50
1 NO DAMAGE
CURRENT
AMPS 40 2 2 ACCEPTABLE (REPAIRABLE)
DAMAGE
30 3 SEVERE DAMAGE
20
1
10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TIME IN SEC 18
SOURCE: LEROY SOMER
POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

STATOR EARTH FAULT (0-95%) [ 64S]
VOLTAGE BASED SCHEME

NEUTRAL
DISPLACEMENT
VS 0.9 Ω 64ND RELAY
VP
(INSENSITIVE
TO THIRD
HARMONICS)
(11,000/√3) V
240

PRIMARY GROUND FAULT CURRENT IS LIMITED TO? 19

POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

STATOR EARTH FAULT (0-95%) [ 64S]

• VOLTAGE BASED

• GROUND FAULT CURRENT LIMITED TO < 15 A

TYPICAL SETTING : 5 to 15V, 0.5 SEC

• VOLTAGE RELAY SHALL BE INSENSITIVE TO THIRD

HARMONIC QUANTITIES

• FOR FAULT VERY NEAR TO NEUTRAL, VOLTAGE

ACROSS RELAY TOO LOW FOR PICK UP HENCE,
100% WINDING NOT PROTECTED

• HENCE THE DESIGNATION (0-95%) E/F PROTECTION

• BACKUP TO STATOR E/F ?? IS IT
46 – UNBALANCE ARMATURE CURRENT PROTECTION (S44) 20
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

SAY 10 VOLTS SETTING

11000
PRIMARY VOLTS = 10 x
√3 x 240

= 264 VOLTS

264
% WINDING UNPROTECTED = = 0.0415 = 4.15 % UNPROTECTED
11000
√3

WINDING PROTECTED = 100 – 4.15 = 95.9 %

21
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
STATOR EARTH FAULT (95 to 100%) [64S]
• WHY IMPORTANT? FIG_GEN_12

• FIRST EARTH FAULT VERY NEAR TO NEUTRAL

⇒ HARMLESS AS VOLTAGE NEAR NEUTRAL IS ZERO
⇒ NEGLIGIBLE CURRENT AS DRIVING VOLTAGE IS ZERO

• SECOND EARTH FAULT AT MACHINE TERMINAL

⇒ LINE TO GROUND FAULT NOT LIMITED BY NGR!
⇒ FAULT CURRENT CAN BE IN kA INSTEAD OF 10 to 15 A

• HENCE, FIRST EARTH FAULT VERY NEAR TO NEUTRAL

HAS TO BE DETECTED EARLY AND ISOLATED

22
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
STATOR EARTH FAULT (95 to 100%) [ 64S]
• BASIS - ALL GENERATORS PRODUCE CERTAIN
AMOUNT OF THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE

• PRESENCE OF THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE UNDER

HEALTHY CONDITIONS
• REDUCTION (SHORTING) OF THIRD HARMONIC VON VOP
VOLTAGE FOR GROUND FAULT NEAR NEUTRAL
VON VOP
• V0N = 3RD HARMONIC VOLTAGE AT
NEUTRAL VN= 3VON VON VOP
V0P = 3RD HARMONIC VOLTAGE AT PHASE

3RD HARMONIC
• MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE
THIRD HARMONIC
VOLTAGE ⇒ FIG_GEN_13

• REMARK 23
SET RELAY (U3 OR R1) BELOW VTH AT NO LOAD.
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS
STATOR EARTH FAULT (95 to 100%) [ 64S] RAGEA
• NORMAL CONDITION ( VT > 90% )
• GENERATOR PRODUCES 1 to 3% THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE
UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
• SUFFICIENT THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE IS AVAILABLE AT
NEUTRAL END OF GENERATOR
• RELAY R1 TUNED FOR THIRD HARMONIC IS ENERGISED AND
NC CONTACT OPENS OUT
• RELAY R2 IS A CHECK RELAY AND BRINGS THE SCHEME INTO
SERVICE ONLY AFTER NORMAL TERMINAL VOLTAGE IS
ESTABLISHED ( Say VT > 90%) .

• RELAY R2 IS ENERGISED AND NO CONTACT CLOSES

24
• TRIP SIGNAL OF SCHEME NOT ISSUED
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

STATOR EARTH FAULT (95 to 100%) [ 64S] RAGEA

64ND = 0 – 95 %
STATOR E/F F
RELAY I
L U3
64ND
T VOLTAGE CHECK
E TUNED UF RELAY
R FOR
150 Hz TUNED FOR 50 Hz

CONTACT CONFIGURATION
HEALTHY CONDITION, U3 HIGH NO TRIP
FAULT NEAR NEUTRAL, U3 LOW TRIP
25
FIG_GEN_13
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

STATOR EARTH FAULT (95 to 100%) [ 64S] RAGEA

• FAULT VERY NEAR NEUTRAL

• THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE AT NEUTRAL SHORTED

• VOLTAGE AVAILABLE TO RELAY R1 FALLS AND
THE RELAY DROPS OUT. NC CONTACT CLOSES BACK
• CHECK RELAY R2 IS STILL ENERGISED AS TERMINAL
VOLTAGE VT DOES NOT FALL AS FAULT IS VERY NEAR TO
NEUTRAL. ITS NO CONTACT REMAINS CLOSED
• TRIP SIGNAL OF SCHEME ISSUED

26
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

STATOR EARTH FAULT (95 to 100%) [ 64S] RAGEA

F
64ND = 0 – 95 %
I
STATOR E/F
L
RELAY 64ND U3
T
E VOLTAGE CHECK
TUNED UF
R FOR
RELAY
150 Hz TUNED FOR 50 Hz

CONTACT CONFIGURATION
HEALTHY CONDITION, U3 HIGH NO TRIP
FAULT NEAR NEUTRAL, U3 LOW TRIP
27
FIG_GEN_13
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
STATOR OPEN
STATOR EARTH FAULT (95 to 100%) [ 64S] CIRCUIT

VOLTAGE COMPARISON SCHEME

• FROM NO LOAD TO FULL LOAD VTH AT EITHER END
(LINE OR NEUTRAL END) VARIES CONSIDERABLY.

• VTH AT FULL LOAD ≅ 2 x VTH AT NO LOAD AT EITHER END ADD MALCO

DATA

VTH AT NEUTRAL END(VON)

-------------------------------------- ≅ CONSTANT @ ALL LOADS
VTH AT LINE END (VOP)
VON VOP
• SCHEME ⇒ FIG_GEN_14
VON VOP
• PRIMARY PROTECTION AGAINST
EARTH FAULT ⇒ STATOR E/F PROTECTION VON VOP
BACKUP PROTECTION ⇒ ?? 28
IS IT 46 NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION
POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION [87]
TURN TO TURN FAULT
• STATOR PHASE to PHASE FAULT
• STATOR PHASE TO GROUND FAULT ?? CHECK
87
• TURN TO TURN FAULT ON SAME PHASE CAN
NOT BE DETECTED BY DIFFERENTIAL
• LOW IMPEDANCE SCHEME ⇒ BIAS SCHEMES ZONE OF
PROTECTION

• MODERN NUMERICAL RELAYS

OFFER STABLE
LOW IMPEDANCE SCHEMES
RC RC
⇒ FIG_GENR_2

•EARLIER NOT TOO POPULAR IN INDIA OC

⇒ NOW, ONLY THIS IS USED
29
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

ABB - REG 316 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY POWER-LINKER

CHARACTRISTICS
Ι1 PROTECTED Ι2
ΙOP OPERATION FOR
OBJECT
---- Ι1
ΙN --- < BP
O ΙN OPERATING CURRENT
P
OR ΙOP = ⎜ Ι1 + Ι2 ⎜
E
R Ι2 CONVENTIONAL BIAS SCHEME
A --- < BP
ΙN ----------------
T ΙRES = √ Ι1 x Ι2 x COS α
I COS α ≥ O ;
O
THROUGH FAULT
N
slope v RESTRAINT
ΙRES = O
pick up g COS α < O ;
ΙRES INTERNAL FAULT
1 1.5 2 3 ----
ΙN FIG_GEN_2
30
BP
POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

VOLTAGE
CONTROLLED
PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION [87]
HIGH IMPEDANCE SCHEME: CURRENT BALANCE PRINCIPLE
• HIGH IMPEDANCE SCHEME ⇒ VERY POPULAR IN INDIA
NOW ⇒ FADDING AWAY?

~
RCT1 RCT2

RSTAB M : METROSIL
M
R

RSTAB: STABILISING RESISTOR: EXTERNAL RESISTOR

31
CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH RELAY COIL .
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER VOLTAGE
RESTRAINED OVER
GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS CURRENT
PROTECTION

• VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT PROTECTION [51V]

• TWO TIME - CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS
• DURING SUSTAINED OVER LOADS OR EXTERNAL
FAULTS IN SYSTEM ⇒ EHV
• VOLTAGE IS NEAR NORMAL
• RELAY - LONG INVERSE TIME CHARACTERISTICS
GT
• DURING CLOSE IN FAULTS ⇒
• VOLTAGE COLLAPSES
• RELAY - STANDARD IDMT CHARACTERISTICS

• TYPICALLY SWITCH OVER FROM ONE CURVE

TO OTHER OCCURS WHEN
32
V < 60% or V < 30%
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT FUNCTION

30
28
26
24
22 OPERATING TIME @ TMS = 1.0
20
18
OPERATING 16
TIME IN 14
SECONDS 12 OV
ER
LO
AD
10 FA CH
UL AR
TC AC
8 HA T ER
RA ITIC
6 CT
ER
IST
4 IC
2
33
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
CURRENT IN MULTIPLES OF PLUG SETTING
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
27/50
GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS
• VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT PROTECTION [51V]
• ONLY ONE CHARACTERISTICS
EHV
• CHARACTERISTICS CONTINUOUSLY MODIFIED AS PER
TERMINAL VOLTAGE
• CONCEPTUALLY AN IMPEDANCE RELAY ( V / I ) GT
• MODERN PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY
• PROVIDE BACK UP IMPEDANCE (DISTANCE)
PROTECTION(21); COVER 50% GT IMPEDANCE
• DO NOT PROVIDE 51V
• CT FOR 51V / 21 ⇒ NEUTRAL SIDE
34
• DMT CHARACTERISTICS OF VAASA - VPG 210
POWER-LINKER GROUP

VAASA: VPG 210 POWER-LINKER

VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT FUNCTION

CUR
ΙY2 = 1.0 X ΙY

ΙY1 = 0.2 X ΙY
VOL
UX1 = 0.2 UX2 = 0.8
• USEFUL WHEN TERMINAL FED STATIC EXCITATION
SYSTEM IS USED
• WHEN TERMINAL VOLTAGE FALLS, PICK UP CURRENT
VALUE ALSO FALLS LINEARLY
35
POWER-LINKER GROUP

VAASA: VPG 210 POWER-LINKER

VOLTAGE RESTRAINED OVER CURRENT FUNCTION

Contd..
CUR
ΙY2 = 1.0 X ΙY

ΙY1 = 0.2 X ΙY
VOL
UX1 = 0.2 UX2 = 0.8
• TYPICALLY ΙY IS SET 1.5 to 2 ΙRAT
• E.g. WHEN VT > 0.8, ΙPICKUP= 1.5 ΙRAT
WHEN VT = 0.2, ΙPICKUP= 0.3 ΙRAT
DMT - TIME DELAY : 1 Sec
36
• ΙY , UX1, UX2 & TIME DELAY ⇒ VARIABLE SETTING
POWER-LINKER GROUP

VAASA: VPG 210 POWER-LINKER

VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OVER CURRENT FUNCTION

CUR
ΙY2 = 1.0 X ΙY

ΙY1 = 0.2 X ΙY
VOL
UX1 = UX2 = 0.4
• TYPICALLY ΙY IS SET 1.5 to 2 ΙRAT,
• E.g. WHEN VT > 0.4, ΙPICKUP= (1) X1.5
ΙRAT
WHEN VT < 0.4, ΙPICKUP= (0.2) X1.5 ΙRAT
DMT - TIME DELAY : 1 Sec
37
• ΙY , UX1= UX2 & TIME DELAY ⇒ VARIABLE SETTING
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
INADVERTENT ENERGISING (27/50)
• TURBINE ON TURNING GEAR & FIELD IS NOT ON
• BREAKER IS CLOSED - REASON : (GOOD OLD) HUMAN ERROR
• MACHINE WILL DRAW LARGE STATOR CURRENT ( 2 to 6 ΙRAT)
AND POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO STATOR
• LARGE CURRENT INDUCED IN ROTOR BODY
• RAPID ROTOR HEATING AND POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO ROTOR

ALTR
PRIME
MOVER 52
50

27
38
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

INADVERTENT ENERGISING (27/50) POWER-LINKER

• HANDLE FOR DETECTION

UNDER VOLTAGE BEFORE BREAKER IS CLOSED
&
OVER CURRENT AFTER BREAKER IS CLOSED
27
62

62 50 52a RECOMMENDED SETTINGS

+ TDDO
27/50X -
VOLTAGE SETTING < 80%
27/50X 86G
86G CURRENT SETTING > 150%
PRIME
MOVER ALTR

52
50
X – DE-ENERGISED 39
27
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
INADVERTENT ENERGISING (27/50)
CAUTION
THIS RELAY & TRIP CIRCUIT SHALL BE IN SERVICE
• EVEN WHEN THE UNIT IS SHUT DOWN FOR ANY
PURPOSE
• WHEN ROTOR IS REMOVED BACK EMF IS NOT
AVAILABLE

PRIME ALTR
MOVER
52
50

27
40
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION [64 R]

• SINGLE EARTH FAULT

• ROTOR – UNGROUNDED SYSTEM
• NO FLOW OF FAULT CURRENT ON OCCURRENCE OF
FIRST EARTH FAULT
• GENERATOR CAN CONTINUE TO RUN NORMALLY

• BUT INDICATION OF PRESENCE OF

FIRST EARTH FAULT ESSENTIAL TO
ALERT THE OPERATOR

• BALANCE THE FIRST ROTOR EARTH

FAULT & SELECT RELAY SCHEME
FOR 2ND ROTOR EARTH FAULT 41
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
GEN. MAIN
FIELD ROTOR
PILOT
EXCITER PMG
ROTOR ROTOR

GEN.
~ STATOR

ROTATING DIODES HIGH

FREQUNECY
PILOT EXCITER
STATOR FIELD HI FREQUENCY
BREAKER 3Ph OR 1Ph
------- / 110V OUTPUT

AVR
AVR VOLTAGE SENSING
P. T.
EXCIT
ER
STAT
OR
SH P
AF M

QDCT
TMAIN EXCIT G
ER
ROTO ROTATING ROTO R
PMG
R OT

VOLTAGE COMPENSATION
R STAT
DIODES O
OR
MAIN

1
EXCIT R
ER
STAT ISOLATION
OR STATO
R TRANSFORME
R
AVR (FOR HI
RATING
AVR POWER GENERATOR)
SUPPLY SOURCE
(IF FITTED)

AVR POWER SUPPLY

AC 3Ph POWER OUTPUT
BLOCK DIAGRAM
52GCB
SOURCE (IF FITTED)
42
POWER SUPPLY BUS FIG_GEN- 5 BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION [64 R]
• SECOND EARTH FAULT
• PART OR WHOLE OF WINDING GETS SHORT CIRCUITED
• FLOW OF LARGE (FIELD) FAULT CURRENT

• UNSYMMETRICAL FLUX DISTRIBUTION

• AIR GAP FLUX GETS DISTORTED

• RESULTS IN UNBALANCING OF MAGNETIC FORCES

• ROTOR DISPLACED ENOUGH TO RUB STATOR

• SEVERE VIBRATION ⇒ DAMAGE TO BEARINGS
• ON DETECTION OF SECOND ROTOR EARTH FAULT,
IMMEDIATELY TRIP THE MACHINE
• IN ABSENCE OF 2ND ROTOR E/F WHAT IS BACK UP 43
PROTECTION ??? IS IT VIBRATION MONITOR ??
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
FIELD OVER HEATING
ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION [64 R]

• DETECTION TECHNIQUES
• VOLTAGE DIVIDER PRINCIPLE

• ALSTOM – VAEM(64F1) & CAEM(64F2)

• SIEMENS - 7UR22

• RECURRNT SURGE TEST

• REMARKS ON BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM

44
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS

FIELD OVER HEATING
• GENERATOR FIELD WINDING DESIGNED TO OPERATE
CONTINUOUSLY AT A CURRENT EQUAL TO THAT
REQUIRED TO PRODUCE RATED KVA AT RATED VOLTAGE
• SHORT TIME DUTY ⇒ TO PERMIT FIELD FORCING DURING
TRANSIENT CONDITIONS(FAULT)

ANSI C50.13-1977
FIELD VOLTAGE / CURRENT
112 125 146 208
(PERCENT OF RATED)
TIME (SEC) 120 60 30 10
45
POWER LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
LOSS OF
GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS EXCITATION

FIELD OVER HEATING

• REASON FOR FIELD OVER CURRENT

• LOSS OF PT SUPPLY TO AVR

• REDUCTION IN GRID VOLTAGE PUSHING HIGHER Q (KVAR POWER)

• RELAYING (OVER VOLTAGE STAGE I, 2/59.1)TO SENSE THIS

CONDITION AND TRANSFER AVR TO MANUAL MODE

• AVRS INCLUDE OEL (OVER EXCITATION LIMITER) IN

EXCITATION CIRCUIT, BUT
• HAVE YOU CALIBRATED OEL AND OTHER LIMITERS ?
• ARE YOU SURE IT IS FUNCTIONING?
• HAVE YOU WIRED PERSISTENT OEL INDICATION TO
ALARM / TRIP?
46
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

• LOSS OF EXCITATION PROTECTION [40] N.Y BLACKOUT 1977

• LOSS OF FIELD
• MAGNETIC COUPLING BETWEEN STATOR MMF &
ROTOR FIELD LOST
• PRIME MOVER STILL DRIVING THE UNIT
• LARGE SLIP FREQUENCY CURRENT INDUCED IN ROTOR
• UNIT BEHAVES LIKE INDUCTION GENERATOR⇒ FIG_GENR_6
• DELIVERING ALMOST SAME ACTIVE POWER
• DRAWING REACTIVE POWER FROM SYSTEM
• VOLTAGE COLLAPSE, IF SYSTEM IS WEAK
• ROTOR OVER HEATING
• PROBLEM MORE SEVERE FOR STEAM UNITS (3000 RPM)
• PROBLEM LESS SEVERE FOR HYDRO & DG SETS 47
SALIENT POLE - PRESENCE OF DAMPER BARS
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION OF AC MACHINES

Q_GENERATION

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
LAGGING REGION
LEADING REGION

P_ABSORPTION P_GENERATION

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

LAGGING REGION LEADING REGION

INDUCTION MOTOR INDUCTION

GENERATOR
48
Q_ABSORPTION FIG_GENR_6
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

What is the difference between

Asynchronous Operation
And
Pole Slipping V

49
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION & POLE SLIPPING

ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE.
CONNECTED TO SYSTEM WITH VDC

FIELD WINDING UNEXCITED FIELD OFF

(INDUCTION GENERATOR OPERATION)

POLE SLIPPING
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
CONNECTED TO SYSTEM WITH
VDC
FIELD WINDING EXCITED
FIELD ON 50
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

INDUCTION GENERATOR OPERATION POWER-LINKER

• IF A GENERATOR DELIVERING RATED POWER & LOOSES

EXCITATION, VERY HIGH BODY CURRENTS WILL FLOW
IN THE ROTOR TO ESTABLISH NECESSARY TORQUE
WITHIN AIR GAP FLUX.
• FOR A 500 MW GENERATOR OPERATING AT RATED LOAD,
ROTOR CURRENT AFTER LOSS OF FIELD COULD BE AS
HIGH AS 300,000A!
• 300,000 AT REQUIRED AT NORMAL CONDITIONS WITH
ABOUT 250 ROTOR TURNS IN SERVICE
• WHEN FIELD IS LOST, ROTOR BODY OFFERS ONLY
ONE TURN AND HENCE CURRENT INCREASES
PROPORTIONATELY
• FOR A 60 MW GENERATOR OPERATING AT RATED LOAD,
ROTOR CURRENT AFTER LOSS OF FIELD COULD BE AS
51
HIGH AS 90,000A!
POWER-LINKER GROUP

INDUCTION GENERATOR OPERATION POWER-LINKER

• THE CURRENT IN ROTOR IS NOT DC BUT AC ( AT SLIP

FREQUENCY)
• THE AC CURRENT IN ROTOR TRIES TO FLOW ON THE
PERIPHERY – TEETH, SLOT WEDGES AND DAMPER BARS
• THE FULL CROSS SECTION OF ROTOR FORGING IS NOT
USED
• RESULTS IN INTENSE ROTOR SURFACE HEATING
• SINCE FIELD IS LOST, VAR REQUIREMENT FOR
MAGNETISING THE CORE MUST COME FROM SYSTEM
• FOR 500 MW UNIT OPERATING AT RATED LOAD,
REACTIVE SUPPORT CAN BE AS HIGH AS 200 MVAR.
• IF SYSTEM CAN NOT SUPPORT THIS MVAR, VOLTAGE WILL
COLLAPSE AND OTHER UNITS CONNECTED TO SYSTEM MAY
52
TRIP
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

INDUCTION GENERATOR OPERATION POWER-LINKER

• SUMMARY OF EFFECTS
• INTENSE HEATING OF ROTOR SURFACE
• SAG IN SYSTEM VOLTAGE AS LARGE MVAR IS DRAWN
FROM SYSTEM
• EFFECT OF PRE - DISTURBANCE LOADING
• IF THE UNIT IS HEAVILY LOADED, THE EFFECT IS MORE
SEVERE
• IF THE UNIT IS LIGHTLY LOADED, THE EFFECT IS LESS
SEVERE
• FOR EXAMPLE, 60 MW UNIT CAN OPERATE SUCCESSFULLY
WITHOUT UNDUE STRESS AT 10 MW WITH FIELD
DISCONNECTED (SUBJECT TO BOILER – TURBINE CONTROL)
53
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

24,V/F

• LOSS OF EXCITATION PROTECTION [40]

• MANIFESTATION AFTER LOSS OF FIELD
• IMPEDANCE MEASURED AT STATOR TERMINALS
• TERMINAL VOLTAGE BEGINS TO DECREASE
• CURRENT TENDS TO INCREASE
• CHANGE IN POWER FACTOR FROM LAG to LEAD
• DROP IN IMPEDANCE
• RELAY CHARACTERISTICS ⇒ MHO ⇒ FIG_GEN_7
• SIMULATION RESULTS ⇒ ANIMATION ⇒ FIG_GEN_8
TYPICAL SETTING : TYPICAL OFF
OFF SET : 0.75 X’d SET MHO
CONTROL CIRCUIT
CIRCLE DIAMETER : 0.50 Xd 54
TIME DELAY : 1 to 5 Sec
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
LOSS OF FIELD RELAY X
(+ MVAR) NORMAL
OPERATING POINT

R
(- MW) (+ MW)
K1 X'd

K1 = 0.5 to 1.0
K2 X d K2 = 0.5 to 1.0

Ι V QUADRANT
(- MVAR)

• GENERATOR DELIVERING REAL POWER AND ABSORBING

REACTIVE POWER ( Ι V QUADRANT ) < LEAD REGION >
55
e.g. INDUCTION GENERATOR FIG_GENR_7
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS

OVER FLUXING PROTECTION [59 V/Hz]
• FUNDAMENTAL VOLTAGE – FLUX RELATION
V = 4.44 x N x ƒ x Φ
V
--- = 4.44 x N x Φ = K x Φ
ƒ
• V/F ⇒ MEASURE OF FLUX IN MACHINE

• OVER FLUXING ⇒
• SERIOUS OVER HEATING OF METALLIC PARTS
• LOCALISED RAPID MELTING OF GENERATOR
CORE LAMINATIONS

56
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS

OVER FLUXING PROTECTION [59 V/Hz]
• CAUSES
• REGULATOR (AVR) FAILURE
• LOAD REJECTION UNDER MANUAL AVR CONTROL
• EXCESSIVE EXCITATION WITH GENERATOR OFF-LINE
• DECREASING SPEED WHILE OPEARATOR TRIES TO
MAINTAIN RATED STATOR VOLTAGE
• DETECTION ⇒ FIG_GEN_4
• V/F SHOULD BE IN CIRCUIT WHEN EVER FIELD
BREAKER IS CLOSED
57
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
OVER VOLTAGE
59
GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS
OVER FLUXING PROTECTION [59 V/Hz]

• OVER FLUXING WITH STAND CAPACITY

OF GENERATORS ⇒ FIG_GEN_3

⇒ PERMISSIBLE SIMULTANEOUS

TYPICAL SETTING : 1.2, 30 SEC

DEVIATION OF VOLTAGE
AND FREQUENCY

58
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR OVER FLUX WITHSTAND POWER-LINKER

Y = - 0.0589 Log(X) + 1.2

130 Y = V / Hz
X = Time in Minutes
125

120
TRIP
115
VOLTS /
HERTZ
IN %
110
NON-TRIP

105

100

0.1 1 7 10 100 1000

TIME IN MINUTES FIG_GEN_3 59
SOURCE: P M ANDERSON
POWER-LINKER GROUP

V/f CHARACTERISTICS V%
POWER-LINKER
105

–f % 95 98 100 102 103 f%

REF: 60 MW TG
95
BIRLA COPPER
– V%
PERMISSIBLE SIMULTANEOUS DEVIATIONS OF VOLTAGE 60

AND FREQUENCY
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS

OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION [59]

• GENERALLY VOLTAGE DOES NOT DEPART

SIGNIFICANTLY FROM PRE-SET VALUE

• IF IT DOES, CAUSE ⇒ VOLTAGE REGULATOR FAILURE

• SPECIFIC OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION - NOT REQUIRED

• PROTECTION USUALLY OFFERED BY AVR LIMITERS /

PROTECTION SCHEME :

• OVER EXCITATION LIMITER ⇒ OEL

• OVER FLUXING PROTECTION ⇒ V/F

61
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER- LINKER
REVERSE
POWER
GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS
OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION [59]

• OVER VOLTAGE STAGE I

• ACTS AS BACKUP TO AVR (OEL LIMITER) FAILURE

• CHANGES OVER CONTROL FROM AVR TO MVR (MANUAL

VOLTAGE REGULAR OR NEXT CHANNEL)

• SOUNDS ANNUNCIATION

• GENERALLY SET TO 110% VN, t = 1.5 TO 2 SEC

• OVER VOLTAGE STAGE II

• TRIPS SYSTEM, IF SET VALUE EXCEEDED

• GENERALLY SET TO 115% TO 120% VN, t = 1 TO 1.5 SEC 62

POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

• REVERSE POWER / MOTORING PROTECTION [32]

• PROTECTION FOR TURBINE;
NOT FOR GENERATOR AS LONG AS FIELD IS ON
• APPLICABLE ONLY IF MORE THAN ONE GENERATOR
ARE OPERATING IN PARALLEL ⇒ FIG_GENE_ 11
• STEAM TURBINES TEND TO OVERHEAT WHEN STEAM
SUPPLY IS CUT OFF AND TURBINE STILL ROTATES
(STEAM IS COOLANT)
• MOTORING FOLLOWING LOSS OF STEAM SUPPLY
DETECTED USING REVERSE POWER RELAY
• EXHAUST HOOD TEMPERATURE DETECTORS ACT AS
BACK UP
• TO AVOID FALSE TRIPS DUE TO POWER SWINGS, 63
TIME DELAY ESSENTIAL
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

REVERSE POWER PROTECTION POWER-LINKER

KW
ALTERNATOR KVAR
FAILED CT
PRIME MOVER
GAS, STEAM, DIESEL ON
ΙF LOAD
32
32 - REVERSE
PT KVAR KW
POWER RELAY

32
ALTERNATOR

HEALTHY CT
PRIME MOVER ON
GAS, STEAM, DIESEL KVAR
KW
ΙF FIG 80 64
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

• REVERSE POWER / MOTORING PROTECTION [32]
• HYDRO UNITS ⇒ LOW WATER FLOW ⇒ CAVITATION
⇒ TURBINE RUNNER DAMAGE
• SITUATION MORE SERIOUS FOR HYDRO AND DG SETS
• NOT AT ALL SERIOUS FOR GAS TURBINES!

• APPROXIMATE REVERSE POWER REQUIRED TO ‘MOTOR’

GENERATOR AT RATED SPEED
STEAM TURBINE ⇒ 1% to 3%
HYDRO TURBINE ⇒ 0.2% to 2%
DIESEL ENGINE ⇒ 5% to 25%
{ 25% ⇒ NO CYLINDERS ARE FIRING }
65
GAS TURBINE ⇒
POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

• REVERSE POWER / MOTORING PROTECTION [32]

• IN CASE OF STEAM & HYDRO UNITS { RP < 3% }
• ACCURACY OF MEASURING REVERSE POWER MORE
STRINGENT
• CONNECT CURRENT COIL OF RELAY TO METERING
CORE OF CT & NOT PROTECTION CORE
• IN CASE OF DIESEL ENGINE { RP < 25% }
• ACCURACY OF MEASURING REVERSE POWER MORE
TOLERANT ⇒ RELAY CAN BE CONNECTED TO
PROTECTION CORE
• MOTORING ⇒ ABNORMAL CONDITION BUT ELECTRICALLY
BALANCED OPERATION
• SINGLE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT ADEQUATE
⇒ { e.g. WCG }
66
• THREE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT PREFERRED ⇒ WCD
POWER-LINKER GROUP

11kV
POWER-LINKER

1000/1
CL : PS
PHASE TO
1000/1 PHASE FAULT
1000/1 51 51N
Gen. Tr.
16MVA 400/1 51NT
11/ 6.6KV
1000/1 64T PHASE - PHASE FAULT
PHASE - GROUND FAULT
400A
1500/1
CL:PS
2000/1, 15VA
CL:0.5
1500/1, 30VA 32G 87G 87GT
40X
CL:1.0 2/32G
F.B 27/40V 2/27 2/59
TG 81.1/ 81.3/ 1.5/1
12.5 MW
6.6KV
~ 2/64F1
64F1 64F2
21 51V 27 59VF 59 81.2 81.4 60 CL:PS

1500/1
78 46G 51O/L 51V 40G 21 86A 86B 86C 86E 86T
30VA
5P10 2/46G
40T1 95/52 95/86A 95/86B 95/86C
40T2
1500/1
CL : PS

1500/1
CL : PS
51N PHASE TO GROUND FAULT 67
100/1
5VA 38 Ω
5PS 100A,For 10 sec.
POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

UNDER FREQUENCY
MOTORING PROTECTION [32]
REVERSE POWER PROTECTION

POWER SETTING
HYDRO : 0.5 to 1% OF PRAT
STEAM, DG, GAS : 3% OF PRAT
TIME DELAY
STEAM, HYDRO, DG : 2 to 5 Sec
GAS : 10 to 30 Sec (TURBINE CAN WITH STAND)
SETTING TO BE DECIDED BASED
ON SYSTEM CRITERIA SAY 1 TO 3 SEC

NOTE : IN ADDITION, PROVIDE LOW FORWARD RELAY FOR

ANTICIPATORY ACTION 68
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

• UNBALANCED ARMATURE CURRENT PROTECTION [46]

• NEGATIVE SEQUENCE BACK UP PROTECTION
• CAUSES
• ONE OPEN PHASE OF A LINE
• ONE OPEN POLE OF A CIRCUIT BREAKER
• ISOLATED GENERATORS FEEDING NON-LINEAR LOADS
• A CLOSE-IN UNBALANCED FAULT NOT CLEARED
PROPERLY
• A STATOR WINDING FAULT
• EXCEPT LAST ONE, OTHER CAUSES - EXTERNAL
TO THE MACHINE
• HENCE, BASICALLY BACK UP PROTECTION FOR
UNCLEARED SYSTEM FAULTS / DISTURBANCE 69
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS POWER-LINKER

UNBALANCED ARMATURE CURRENT PROTECTION [46]

• (-VE) SEQUENCE CURRENT Ι2 CREATES MAGNETIC
FLUX IN AIR GAP WHICH ROTATES IN OPPOSITION TO
THE ROTOR
• THIS FLUX INDUCES CURRENTS AT 2 x FREQUENCY IN
• ROTOR IRON BODY
• WEDGES, RETAINING RINGS
• AMORTISSEUR WINDINGS
• INTENSE ROTOR HEATING
• Ι2 = RATED CURRENT, CAN MELT THE ROTOR!
• THOUGH Ι2 FLOWS IN STATOR, DAMAGE IS IN ROTOR
• GENERATOR WITHSTAND Ι22 t = K 70
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
UNBALANCED ARMATURE CURRENT PROTECTION
• UNBALANCED ARMATURE CURRENT INDUCES DOUBLE
FREQUENCY CURRENT ON ROTOR SURFACE
• DUE TO SKIN EFFECT, CURRENT IS FORCED TO FLOW
ON THE PERIPHERY OF ROTOR:
TEETH, DAMPER BARS AND SLOT WEDGES
• VERY LITTLE CURRENT FLOWS IN THE MAIN CROSS
SECTION OF ROTOR FORGING
• ROTOR SURFACE TEMPERATURE RISES VERY RAPIDLY

• IF POOR CONTACT EXISTS BETWEEN DAMPER BARS

AND SHORTING RING, INTENSE LOCAL HOT SPOTS CAN
OCCUR
71
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

-VE
10
SEQUENCE WITHSTAND CAPABILITY OF GENERATOR

Ι22 t = 20
1

-VE SEQUENCE
CURRENT PU

0.1
0.1 1 TIME IN SEC 10 100 72 1000
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER OUT OF STEP

PROTECTION
GENERATOR PROTECTION ELEMENTS
• UNBALANCED ARMATURE CURRENT PROTECTION [46]
CONTINUOUS CURRENT WITHSTAND:
AIR COOLED : 30% to 40%
HYDROGEN / WATER COOLED : 10%to 15%
SHORT TIME WITHSTAND : Ι22 t = K
AIR COOLED : K = 40 to 60
HYDROGEN / WATER COOLED : K = 10 to 20

NOTE : SET THE RELAY SLIGHTLY BELOW THE ABOVE

WITHSTAND VALUES FOR ALARM (5 to 10 Sec DELAY)
73
AND TRIP
46
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POLE SLIP PROTECTION POWER-LINKER

• RELATED TO SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE STABILITY

• ANALOGY WITH MOVING TRAIN

• FAULT CLEARED WITHIN A SHORT TIME

STABLE CASE
• FAULT CLEARED IN A LONG TIME
UNSTABLE CASE
• CRITICAL CLEARING TIME (CCT)

• PROTECTION
• OVERCURRENT FAULT DETECTOR PROVIDED TO
SUPERVISE MHO UNIT
• USUALLY THIS PROTECTION DOES NOT TRIP TURBINE 74
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
STABILITY : ANALOGY WITH MOVING TRAINS

100 KM / HOUR
δ IJ = 0 STABLE

100 KM / HOUR

100 KM / HOUR
δ IJ = 30° STABLE
110 KM / HOUR

100 KM / HOUR
δ IJ > 30° UNSTABLE
110 KM / HOUR
75
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

SWING CURVE - STABLE CASE

140
FAULT CLEARED WITHIN A SHORT TIME
(LESS THAN CCT)
120

100

80

RELATIVE
ROTOR OTOR 60
ANGLE IN DEG

40

20

0
0 3 6 9 12 15
76
FIG_ISL_2 TIME IN SEC
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
SWING CURVE - UNSTABLE CASE
180

120

60

TIME IN SEC
0
RELATIVE
ROTOR OTOR
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
ANGLE IN DEG-60

-120

POLE SLIP
-180

FAULT CLEARED IN LONG TIME

77
FIG_ISL_3 (MORE THAN CCT)
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
CRITICAL CLEARING TIME : CCT

• MINIMUM TIME BEFORE WHICH FAULT IS TO BE

CLEARED ⇒ FIG_ISL_4
• TYPICALLY VARIES BETWEEN 200 msec (10 )
to 1 SECOND
• DEPENDS ON LOACTION OF FAULT : 415 V, 6.6 kV, 132 kV

• CCT : GO / NOGO REGION

• CCT - 300 m SECONDS
WHETHER FAULT IS CLEARED IN 320 msec OR
•
820 msec ⇒ IMMATERIAL
• SYSTEM UNSTABLE ONCE FAULT CLEARING TIME > CCT
78
 POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER
CRITICAL CLEARING TIME
180
MARGINALLY
UNSTABLE 11 CYC STABLE
10 CYC
120

STABLE
5 CYC
60

TIME IN SEC
0
ROTOR 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
ANGLE-DEG
-60

-120

-180 79
FIG_ISL_4
MASTER IN GENERATOR
PROTECTION

80
POWER-LINKER GROUP

POWER-LINKER

GROUP

POWER-LINKER
POWER SYSTEM CONSULTANTS
122, NAHAR & SETH ESTATE,
CHAKALA, ANDHERI ( EAST ),
MUMBAI : 400 099 , INDIA.
E-MAIL : powersys@vsnl.com
WEBSITE : www.powersystemconsultant.com 81