Terrestrial Microwave Link Design - Region 4a

1
Page
Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
DHVSU Main Campus, Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
TERRESTRIAL
MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN
A Project Presented to the
Department of Electronics Engineering
In Partial Fulfillment of the ECE ELECTIVE 1 Course Requirement for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
by
BACANI, Ian Piolo G.
CASTRO, Alan Christian R.
CARI, Amity T.
MANUYAG, Joshua Clark D.
MALLARI, Gennsie S.
Paras, Mark Wayne S.
JANUARY 2023
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Page

ANTIPOLO,
RIZAL
TERMINAL
STATION
to
BACOOR, CAVITE
TERMINAL
STATION
3
Page

I. Technical Considerations
I.1 Selecting Tower Location
Type: Terminal Station
Address of the Tower Location: 154 Marikina-Infanta Hwy,
Antipolo, 1870 Rizal
Coordinates:
Latitude: 14°37'22.00"N
Longitude: 121°10'30.00"E
Figure1:
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Page

Figure 2:
Antipolo is in the northern half of Rizal Province, close to its meridional
center. It is located on the slopes of the Sierra
Madre Mountain Range. Much of the city sits on a plateau averaging 200 meters.
It has the second-largest city area in the province, with an area of 156.68
km2. The northern and southern sections of the city are in the dense forest
areas of the Sierra Madre.
Antipolo's population in the 2015 census was enumerated at 776,386
inhabitants. It grew at an annual rate of 4.19 percent from the 2000 figure.
The annual population growth rate has slowed relatively and remains above the
annual national average of 2.04 percent.
Antipolo is landlocked; it is bounded to the north by San
Mateo and Rodriguez, to the east by Tanay, to the south by Angono, Taytay, and
Teresa, and to the west by Cainta and Marikina in Metro Manila. With its
topography, the city has a land area of 46.17 square kilometers or 17.83 square
miles which constitutes 3.03% of Cavite's total area. It is bordered to the

5
east by Las Piñas and

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Muntinlupa, to the south by Dasmariñas, to the west by Kawit and Imus, and the
north by Bacoor Bay an inlet of Manila Bay. Bacoor is separated from Las Piñas
by the Zapote River and Imus and Kawit by the Bacoor River.
The population of Antipolo grew from 3,286 in 1903 to 887,399 in 2020, an
increase of 884,113 people over 117 years. The latest census figures in 2020
denote a positive growth rate of 2.85%, or an increase of 111,013 people, from
the previous population of 776,386 in 2015.
Antipolo's climate is classified as tropical. There is significant
rainfall in most months of the year. The short dry season has little effect on
the overall climate. According to Köppen and Geiger, this climate is classified
as Am. The temperature here averages 25.8 °C | 78.4 °F. In a year, the rainfall
is 2043 mm | 80.4 inches.
The power corporation that is based in Antipolo, Rizal is Power Pro

Enercon Corporation.
I.2 SELECTING REPEATER LOCATIONS
TYPE: REPEATER STATION
ADDRESS OF THE TOWER LOCATION:
General Roxas Ave, Cubao, Quezon City, 1109 Metro Manila
COORDINATES:
LATITUDE: 14°37'16.28"N
LONGITUDE: 121° 3'5.50"E
FIGURE 3: QUEZON CITY TERMINAL STATION

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Page

I.3 SELECTION OF MICROWAVE EQUIPMENT AND OPERATING FREQUENCY
BAND
The frequency planning objective is to assign frequencies to a network
using as few frequencies as possible and in a manner such that the quality
and availability of the radio-link path are minimally affected by
interference.
Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out manually but, for
larger networks, it is highly recommended to employ a software transmission
design tool. This tool may include ITU standards, different diversity
schemes, diffraction and reflection (multipath) analysis, rain effects,
interference analysis, rain effects, interference analysis, etc.

7
Page

The right selection of a frequency band allows the required transmission
capacity while efficiently utilizing the available radio spectrum. The figure
below gives an idea of which frequency may be used for a path length.
TABLE 1: OPERATING FREQUENCY BAND AND FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT
CHANNEL FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT
QUEZON CITY REPEATER

ANTIPOLO CITY TERMINAL STATION TO BACOOR
STATION TO QUEZON CITY CAVITE TERMINAL
REPEATER STATION STATION
PATH LENGTH in 23 KM
13 KM
KM
FREQUENCY BAND in 7.725 - 8.275
GHz
LOWER BAND 7725 - 8000 MHz
FREQUENCY RANGE
UPPER BAND 8000 – 8275 MHz
FREQUENCY RANGE
DUPLEX SPACING IN 311.32 MHz
MHz
CHANNEL BANDWIDTH 29.65 MHz
TRANSMIT 8,059.02
7,747.7
FREQUENCY (F’ 1)
(F 1)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)
RECEIVE 7,777.35
8,059.02
FREQUENCY (F 1)
(F’ 1)
(CHANNEL NUMBER) 8
Page

TABLE 2: XMC-2 ODU TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
FREQUENCY BAND 7.731 - 8.497 GHz

TRANSMIT POWER (256-QAM) 23 dBm
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (256-QAM) -20 dBm
SYSTEM GAIN 43 dB
SYSTEM CAPACITY 75 E1
I.4 SELECTION OF PARABOLIC ANTENNA
Antennas used for microwaves (1GHz-300GHz) must be highly directive. An
antenna has an apparent gain because it concentrates the radiated power in a
narrow beam rather than sending it uniformly in all directions, and the beam
width decreases with increases in antenna gain.
Microwave antennas ordinarily have power beam widths on the order of 1 degree
or less. A narrow beam width minimizes the effects of interference from outside
sources and adjacent antennas. However, line of sight transmissions, such as
microwave radio, a narrow beamwidth imposes several limitations such as
mechanical stability and fading, which can lead to problems in the antenna
lineup. Highly directional antennas are used with point-to-point microwave
systems by focusing the radio frequency into a narrow beam that can be directed
forward the receiving antenna, the transmitting antenna can increase the
effective radiated power by several orders of magnitude over that of a non-
directional antenna.
The most common type of antenna used for microwave transmission and
reception is the parabolic reflector antenna. A parabolic antenna consists of
a parabolic reflector illuminated with microwave energy radiated by a fed system
located at the focus point. The microwave system selects a parabolic antenna
9
Page

with a model name TYA18U07WS from TONGYU COMMUNICATION which is a 1.8m 6ft
parabolic antenna.
TABLE 3: PARABOLIC ANTENNA TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
OPERATING FREQUENCY BAND 7.125 – 8.500 GHz

GAIN, TOP BAND 41.1dBi
GAIN, MID-BAND 40.8dBi
GAIN, LOW BAND 40.1dBi
FRONT-TO-BACK RATIO 67dB
BEAMWIDTH, HORIZONTAL 1.5°
BEAMWIDTH, VERTICAL 1.5°
II. PATH PROFILING
II.1 PATH PROFILE FOR ANTIPOLO RIZAL TERMINAL STATION TO QUEZON

CITY REPEATER STATION
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Page

FIGURE 4: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR ANTIPOLO RIZAL
TERMINAL STATION TO QUEZON CITY REPEATER STATION
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Page

TABLE 4: PATH PROFILE FOR ANTIPOLO RIZAL TERMINAL STATION
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Page

II.1.2 PATH PROFILE FOR QUEZON CITY REPEATER STATION TO BACOOR CAVITE
TERMINAL STATION
FIGURE 5: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH QUEZON CITY REPEATER STATION
TO BACOOR CAVITE TERMINAL STATION
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Page

TABLE 5: PATH PROFILE FOR QUEZON CITY REPEATER STATION
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Page

II.2 PATH SURVEY
The microwave system is designed to operate with two
hops consisting of two terminal stations place in the
Antipolo, Rizal City and Bacoor, Cavite and a baseband
repeater in Quezon City. The three tower stations are
constructed within a built-up area. The first hop is a
microwave link between Antipolo, Rizal and Quezon City at a
distance of 13km and the second hop between Quezon City and
Bacoor, Cavite at a distance of 33km. The microwave beam
passes urban and field land areas.
The path elevation, earth curvature, ground elevation,
trees and buildings, and obstruction height are considered to
determine the antenna height.
II.3 PATH REFLECTION AND MITIGATION
Multi-path reflections occur when there are reflection
points for a given path has a reflection surface that can be
“seen” by both antennas. Multi-path reflected signals
frequently cause problems in wireless systems that have been
implemented without proper path engineering. When people
don’t understand path engineering, they often believe that
providing a “line- of- sight” path between the two antennas

15
is the only requirement.

Page

To avoid path obstructions, they simply install the
antennas as high as possible, hoping to overcome any
obstacles, while avoiding the cost of system engineering, it
produces system with unpredictable multi-path outages and
susceptibility to interference from other systems in the
area.
For the system design, path reflection in mitigated
by considering the possible reflection points in each hop.
Reflective surfaces covered by obstructions along the path
are not considered, since the reflected signal will not affect
the normal received signal. Most of the reflective points
considered, are the peaks of obstructions, as seen in the
graphs below.
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Page

FIGURE 6: PATH REFLECTION FOR ANTIPOLO RIZAL TERMINAL STATION TO QUEZON CITY
REPEATER STATION
FIGURE 7: PATH REFLECTION FOR QUEZON CITY REPEATER STATION TO BACOOR CAVITE
TERMINAL STATION
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Page

II.4 BEAM ALIGNMENT
II.4.1 LOOK ANGLES FOR ANTIPOLO RIZAL TERMINAL STATION TO BACOOR

CAVITE TERMINAL STATION
TABLE 4: LOOK ANGLES FOR ANTIPOLO RIZAL TERMINAL STATION TO BACOOR
LOOK ANGLES
ANTIPOLO RIZAL TERMINAL STATION TO QUEZON CITY REPEATER

QUEZON CITY REPEATER STATION STATION TO BACOOR CAVITE
TERMINAL STATION
ANGLE OF ± 0° 8' 55.47744" ± 0° 4' 28.54185"

ELEVATION
AZIMUTH SITE A: W 1°13'12" S SITE A: W 67°37'55" S

ANGLE SITE B: E 1°11'20" N SITE B: E 67°36'37" N
FIGURE 8: LOOK ANGLES FOR ANTIPOLO RIZAL TERMINAL STATION TO

BACOOR CAVITE TERMINAL STATION
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Page

III. LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS
TABLE 5: POWER BUDGET FOR ANTIPOLO RIZAL TERMINAL STATION TO

QUEZON CITY REPEATER STATION
PARAMETERS VALUE UNIT
Microwave Radio Output Power 23 dBm
Antenna Gain 40.8 dB
Effective Isotropic Radiated dBm
Power 63.8
Free Space Loss 132.5030542 dB
Isotropic Receive Level -68.70305418 dBm
Net Path Loss 50.90305418 dB
Receive Signal Level -27.90305418 dBm
Cmin/Receiver Threshold (@ BER -20 dBm

10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
System Operating Margin (Thermal -7.903054179 dB

Fade Margin)
TABLE 6: POWER BUDGET FOR QUEZON CITY REPEATER STATION TO BACOOR

Power 63.8

10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
19

Fade Margin)
Page

IV. PATH RELIABILITY
ANTIPOLO RIZAL QUEZON CITY
TERMINAL STATION REPEATER STATION
TO QUEZON CITY TO BACOOR CAVITE
REPEATER STATION TERMINAL STATION
PATH RELIABILITY (NON- 0.021914921 1.288348538

DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY (NON- 97.80850794 -28.8348538
DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME (NON-DIVERSITY) 1888.275778 111009.179
-28.2029403
SYSTEM RELIABILITY (NON-
DIVERSITY)
PATH RELIABILITY
(FREQUENCY 0.005109444 0.000549332
DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY
(FREQUENCY 99.48905562 99.94506683
DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME
(FREQUENCY 440.2497764 47.33258208
DIVERSITY))
SYSTEM RELIABILITY 99.43440313
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY))
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Page

BACOOR, CAVITE
TERMINAL
STATION
to
DASMARIÑAS,
CAVITE
TERMINAL
STATION 21
Page

Address of the Tower Location: Bayanan, Bacoor, Cavite
Coordinates:
Latitude: 14°25’47”N
Longitude: 121°57’54”E
Figure1:
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Page

Figure 2:
Bacoor is strategically located at the gateway to Metro
Manila. A sub-urban area, the city is located 5 kilometers
(3.1mi) from Imus and 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) southwest of
Manila, on the southeastern shore of Manila Bay, at the
northwest portion of the province with an area of 52.4
square kilometers. With its topography, the city has a land
area of 46.17 square kilometers or 17.83 square miles which
constitutes 3.03% of Cavite's total area. It is bordered to
the east by Las Piñas and Muntinlupa, to the south by
Dasmariñas, to the west by Kawit and Imus, and to the north

23
by Bacoor Bay an inlet of Manila Bay.

Page

Bacoor is separated from Las Piñas by the Zapote River
and from Imus and Kawit by Bacoor River. Bacoor climate is
warm temperatures year round ranging between 29°C (85°F) and
33°C (92°F). The best time to visit is during the drier months:
January, February, March and April. The wet season / rainy
season takes place in the following months: June, July,
August, September and October. This is the time of year where
the majority of Bacoor's annual precipitation occurs. The
power corporation that is based in Bacoor Cavite is Meralco.
Its population as determined by the 2020 Census was
664,625. This represented 15.30% of the total population of
Cavite province or 4.10% of the overall population of the
CALABARZON region. Based on these figures, the population
density is computed at 14,395 inhabitants per square kilometer
or 37,276 inhabitants per square mile.
* There is no repeater needed in this design. 24

Page

BAND
The frequency planning objective is to assign frequencies to
a network using as few frequencies as possible and in a manner
such that the quality and availability of the radio-link path
are minimally affected by interference.
Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out
manually but, for larger networks, it is highly recommended to
employ a software transmission design tool. This tool may
include ITU standards, different diversity schemes, diffraction
and reflection (multipath) analysis, rain effects, interference
analysis, rain effects, interference analysis, etc.
The right selection of a frequency band allows the required
transmission capacity while efficiently utilizing the available
radio spectrum. The figure below gives an idea of which
frequency may be used for a path length.
25
Page

DASMARINAS, CAVITE TERMINAL
STATION TO BACOOR
PATH LENGTH in KM 15 KM
FREQUENCY BAND in GHz 7.725 - 8.275
LOWER BAND FREQUENCY RANGE 7725 - 8000
UPPER BAND FREQUENCY RANGE 8000 – 8275
DUPLEX SPACING IN MHz 311.32
CHANNEL BANDWIDTH 29.65
TRANSMIT FREQUENCY
7,777.35 (F 2)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)

SYSTEM GAIN 43 dB
26
Page

Antennas used for microwaves (1GHz-300GHz) must be highly
directive. An antenna has an apparent gain because it concentrates
the radiated power in a narrow beam rather than sending it
uniformly in all directions, and the beam width decreases with
increases in antenna gain.
Microwave antennas ordinarily have power beam widths on the
order of 1 degree or less. A narrow beam width minimizes the
effects of interference from outside sources and adjacent
antennas. However, line of sight transmissions, such as microwave
radio, a narrow beamwidth imposes several limitations such as
mechanical stability and fading, which can lead to problems in the
antenna lineup. Highly directional antennas are used with point-
to-point microwave systems by focusing the radio frequency into a
narrow beam that can be directed forward the receiving antenna,
the transmitting antenna can increase the effective radiated power
by several orders of magnitude over that of a non-directional
antenna.
The most common type of antenna used for microwave
transmission and reception is the parabolic reflector antenna. A

27
parabolic antenna consists of a parabolic reflector illuminated

Page

with microwave energy radiated by a fed system located at the
focus point. The microwave system selects a parabolic antenna with
a model name TYA18U07WS from TONGYU COMMUNICATION which is a 1.8m
6ft parabolic antenna.

28
Page

II. PATH PROFILING
II.1 PATH PROFILE FOR BACOOR CAVITE TERMINAL STATION TO
DASMARIÑAS CAVITE TERMINAL STATION.
FIGURE 3: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR BACOOR,
CAVITE TERMINAL STATION TO DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE TERMINAL STATION.
29
Page

TABLE 4: PATH PROFILE FOR BACOOR, CAVITE TERMINAL STATION TO
DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE TERMINAL STATION.
30
Page

II.2 PATH SURVEY
Without a baseband repeater, the microwave system may
function with just one hop. The microwave link between the two
terminal stations is at a distance of approximately 15
kilometers, and the terminal stations are situated in Bacoor
Cavite connected to the terminal station of DASMARIAS CAVITE.
The majority of the urban area the microwave beam travels
through is obstructed by trees and buildings. The Cavite region
has a dry season from November to April and a rainy season from
May to October.
Multi-path reflections occur when there are reflection points
for a given path has a reflection surface that can be “seen”
by both antennas. Multi-path reflected signals frequently
cause problems in wireless systems that have been implemented
without proper path engineering. When people don’t understand
path engineering, they often believe that providing a “line- of-
sight” path between the two antennas is the only requirement.
To avoid path obstructions, they simply install the antennas
as high as possible, hoping to overcome any obstacles, while
avoiding the cost of system engineering, it produces system with

31
unpredictable multi-path outages and susceptibility to

Page
interference from other systems in the area.

Reflective surfaces covered by obstructions along the path are not
considered, since the reflected signal will not affect the normal
received signal. Most of the reflective points considered, are the
peaks of obstructions, as seen in the graphs below.
FIGURE 4: PATH REFLECTION FOR BACOOR, CAVITE TERMINAL STATION TO
DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE.
Chart Title
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Line of Sight Ground Elevation Path Elevation
Obstruction Height REFLECTION Earth Curvature
32
Page

II.4 BEAM ALIGNMENT
II.4.1 LOOK ANGLES FOR BACOOR, CAVITE TERMINAL STATION TO
TABLE 5: LOOK ANGLES FOR BACOOR CAVITE TERMINAL STATION TO
DASMARIÑAS CAVITE TERMINAL STATION.
LOOK ANGLES
BACOOR, CAVITE TERMINAL STATION
TO
DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE TERMINAL
STATION
ANGLE OF ELEVATION ± 0° 0' 9.42"
SITE A: W 53°28'42" S
AZIMUTH ANGLE
SITE B: E 52°27'9" N
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Page

FIGURE 5: LOOK ANGLE FOR BACOOR, CAVITE TERMINAL STATION TO
34
Page

TABLE 6: POWER BUDGET FOR BACOOR, CAVITE TERMINAL STATION
TO DASMARIÑAS, CAVITE TERMINAL STATION.

63.8
Power
Cmin/Receiver Threshold (@ BER -69.5 dBm
10-6)
System Gain 92 dB
System Operating Margin 40.32041683 dB

35
(Thermal Fade Margin)

Page

BACOOR, CAVITE TERMINAL
STATION TO DASMARIÑAS,
PATH RELIABILITY (NON- 0.090869728
DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY (NON- 90.91302723
DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME (NON-DIVERSITY) 7829.693255
SYSTEM RELIABILITY (NON- 90.9130272
DIVERSITY)
PATH RELIABILITY(FREQUENCY 0.003312658
DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY(FREQUENCY 99.6687342
DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME(FREQUENCY 285.4316468
DIVERSITY))
SYSTEM 99.6687342
RELIABILITY(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY))
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Page

DASMARIÑAS,
CAVITE
TERMINAL
STATION
to
CALAMBA,
LAGUNA
TERMINAL
STATION
37
Page

Address of the Tower Location: Governor's Dr, Dasmariñas, 4114
Cavite
Coordinates:
Latitude: 14° 17' 37.896"
Longitude: 120° 56' 12.8934"
Figure1:
Figure 2:
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Page

Dasmariñas is about 8,234 hectares (20,350 acres) and is located
28 kilometers (17 mi) south of the center of the City of Manila.
It is bounded by Imus and Bacoor to the north, Silang to the
south, San Pedro and General Mariano Alvarez to the east, and
General Trias to the west.
Topography Dasmariñas is partly lowland and partly hill. The
Poblacion itself is elevated. From an elevation of 80 meters
(260 ft) at the Poblacion, the land rises to 250 meters (820 ft)
towards
Silang. Generally, land near rivers and creeks are rugged.
Dasmariñas is outside the typhoon belt and has no fault line
constraints. Further, it is served by natural drainage system
since it is traversed by several rivers and water tributaries

39
Page

draining to the Manila Bay. The city has yet to experience
floods.
In Dasmariñas, the wet season is overcast, the dry season is
partly cloudy, and it is hot and oppressive year round. Over the
course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 74°F
to 92°F and is rarely below 71°F or above 95°F. The hot season
lasts for 1.5 months, from April 7 to May 24, with an average
daily high temperature above 90°F. The hottest month of the year
in Dasmariñas is May, with an average high of 91°F and low of
80°F.
Dasmariñas is a landlocked component city in the coastal
province of Cavite. The city has a land area of 90.13 square
kilometers or 34.80 square miles which constitutes 5.91% of
Cavite's total area. Its population as determined by the 2020
Census was 703,141.
The power corporation that is based in Power Circuits
Dasmariñas, Cavite Construction Corporation
40
Page

L1221-A BALAGTAS ST., COR. STA. CATALINA ST. BRGY. SAN

ANTONIO BINAN, LAGUNA
COORDINATES:
LATITUDE: 14°37'16.28"N
FIGURE 3: Biñan Laguna REPEATER STATION
41
Page

BAND
such that the quality and availability of the radio-link path
are minimally affected by interference.
Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out
manually but, for larger networks, it is highly recommended to
employ a software transmission design tool. This tool may
include ITU standards, different diversity schemes, diffraction
and reflection (multipath) analysis, rain effects, interference
The right selection of a frequency band allows the required
transmission capacity while efficiently utilizing the available
radio spectrum. The figure below gives an idea of which
frequency may be used for a path length.
42
Page

DASMARIÑAS CAVITE TO BINAN LAGUNA

BINAN LAGUNA REPEATER REPEATER STATION TO
STATION CALAMBA LAGUNA
TERMINAL STATION
PATH LENGTH 14 KM 18 KM
in KM
FREQUENCY BAND 7.725 - 8.275
in GHz
LOWER BAND 7725 - 8000 MHz
FREQUENCY RANGE
UPPER BAND 8000 – 8275 MHz
FREQUENCY RANGE
DUPLEX SPACING 311.32 MHz
IN MHz
CHANNEL 29.65 MHz
BANDWIDTH
TRANSMIT 7,807.00 8,118.32
FREQUENCY (F 3) (F’ 3)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)
RECEIVE 8,118.32 7,836.65
FREQUENCY (F’ 3) (F 3)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)

SYSTEM GAIN 43 dB
43
Page

Antennas used for microwaves (1GHz-300GHz) must be highly
directive. An antenna has an apparent gain because it
concentrates the radiated power in a narrow beam rather than
sending it uniformly in all directions, and the beam width
decreases with increases in antenna gain.
Microwave antennas ordinarily have power beam widths on the
order of 1 degree or less. A narrow beam width minimizes the
effects of interference from outside sources and adjacent
antennas. However, line of sight transmissions, such as
microwave radio, a narrow beamwidth imposes several limitations
such as mechanical stability and fading, which can lead to
problems in the antenna lineup. Highly directional antennas are
used with point-to-point microwave systems by focusing the radio
frequency into a narrow beam that can be directed forward the
receiving antenna, the transmitting antenna can increase the
effective radiated power by several orders of magnitude over
that of a non-directional antenna.
The most common type of antenna used for microwave
transmission and reception is the parabolic reflector antenna. A
parabolic antenna consists of a parabolic reflector illuminated

44
focus point. The microwave system selects a parabolic antenna

Page

with a model name TYA18U07WS from TONGYU COMMUNICATION which is
a 1.8m 6ft parabolic antenna.

45
Page

II. PATH PROFILING
II.1 PATH PROFILE FOR Governor's Dr, Dasmariñas to

BINAN, LAGUNA Terminal station.
FIGURE 4: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR

Dasmariñas Cavite to BINAN, LAGUNA Repeater Station.
46
Page

TABLE 4: PATH PROFILE FOR Dasmariñas Cavite to BINAN, LAGUNA
Repeater Station.
47
Page

II.1.2 PATH PROFILE FOR LAGUNA Repeater Station to
Calamba, Laguna Terminal Station.
FIGURE 5: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR BINAN,

LAGUNA Repeater Station to Calamba, Laguna Terminal Station.
48
Page

TABLE 5: PATH Profile Binan LAGUNA Repeater Station to Calamba,
Laguna Terminal Station.
49
Page

II.2 PATH SURVEY
The microwave system is designed to operate with two hops
consisting of two terminal stations place in the Dasmariñas Cavite,
Biñan Laguna and Calamba Laguna, and a baseband repeater in Biñan
Laguna. The three tower stations are constructed within a built up
area. The first hop is a microwave link between Dasmariñas Cavite
City, Biñan Laguna at a distance of 14.1km and the second hop
between Biñan Laguna and Calamba Laguna at a distance of 171.6km.
The microwave beam passes rural, field, and urban areas. In
Dasmariñas Cavite City, the wet season is overcast, the dry season
is partly cloudy, and it is hot and oppressive year round. While
in Biñan Laguna and Calamba the summers are short, hot, and
overcast; the winters are short, warm, wet, and partly cloudy; and
it is oppressive year round.
The path elevation, earth curvature, ground elevation, trees
and buildings, and obstruction height are considered to determine
the antenna height.

50
Page

Multi-path reflections occur when there are reflection
points for a given path has a reflection surface that can be
“seen” by both antennas. Multi-path reflected signals
frequently cause problems in wireless systems that have been
implemented without proper path engineering. When people
don’t understand path engineering, they often believe that
providing a “line- of- sight” path between the two antennas
is the only requirement.
To avoid path obstructions, they simply install the
antennas as high as possible, hoping to overcome any
obstacles, while avoiding the cost of system engineering, it
produces system with unpredictable multi-path outages and
susceptibility to interference from other systems in the
area.
Reflective surfaces covered by obstructions along the path
are not considered, since the reflected signal will not
affect the normal received signal. Most of the reflective
points considered, are the peaks of obstructions, as seen in
the graphs below.

51
Page

FIGURE 6: PATH Reflection Dasmariñas Cavite Terminal station to
BINAN, LAGUNA Repeater Station.
FIGURE 7: PATH Reflection BINAN, LAGUNA Repeater Station to

Calamba, Laguna Terminal Station.
II.4 BEAM ALIGNMENT
II.4.1 LOOK ANGLES FOR Dasmariñas Cavite Terminal station to

TABLE 4: LOOK ANGLES FOR Dasmariñas Cavite Terminal station to

52

Page

LOOK ANGLES
Dasmariñas Cavite Terminal BINAN, LAGUNA Repeater

station to BINAN, LAGUNA Station to Calamba,
Repeater Station. Laguna Terminal
Station.
ANGLE OF ± 0° 0' 25.2" ± 0° 0' 23.3994"

ELEVATION
AZIMUTH SITE A: W 1°13'12" S SITE A: W 67°37'55" S

ANGLE SITE B: E 1°11'20" N SITE B: E 67°36'37" N
Figure 10: Look Angle for Dasmariñas Cavite Terminal station
(Site A) to BINAN, LAGUNA Repeater Station (Site B).
53
Page

TABLE 5: Dasmariñas Cavite Terminal station to BINAN,

LAGUNA Repeater Station
63.8
Power

10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
System Operating Margin -8.613760314 dB
TABLE 6: POWER BUDGET BINAN, LAGUNA Repeater Station

. TO Calamba, Laguna Terminal Station.
63.8
Power

10-6)
System Gain 43 dB

Fade Margin)
54
Page

Dasmariñas
LAGUNA
Cavite
Repeater
Terminal
Station .
station to
TO Calamba,
BINAN,
Laguna
LAGUNA
Terminal
Repeater
Station.
Station
PATH RELIABILITY (NON- -131.8954399 -320.183031

DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY (NON- 2.318954399 4.20183031

DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME (NON- 199810.2348 362046.2313
DIVERSITY)
SYSTEM RELIABILITY (NON- -28.2029403

DIVERSITY)
PATH RELIABILITY
99.59878427 99.83110968
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY
0.004012157 0.001688903
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME
345.7032574 145.5225404
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY))
SYSTEM RELIABILITY
99.43440313
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY))
55
Page

I.
CALAMBA,
LAGUNA
TERMINAL
STATION
to
BATANGAS CITY
TERMINAL
STATION
56
Page

Technical Considerations
CALAMBA, 4027 LAGUNA
COORDINATES:
LATITUDE: 14°09’33”N
LONGITUDE: 121°08’12”E
FIGURE 1. CALAMBA CITY TERMINAL STATION

57
Page

FIGURE 2. CALAMBA CITY TERMINAL STATION
Calamba is bounded in the east by Laguna de Bay, in the north
by Cabuyao, in the south by Los Baños and in the west by Sto. Tomas
and Tanauan in Batangas. Calamba covers a total land area of 14,950
hectares (36,900 acres), making it is the 2nd largest city in
Laguna province in terms of land area after San Pablo City. The
city is a refuge for industries and is only 54 kilometers from
Metro Manila, which accounts for the influx of migrants. Calamba,
the leading industrial hub outside of Metro Manila, is known as
the heart of CALABARZON (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and
Quezon) due to the large number of businesses based there. It has
a population of 389,377 as of 2010.
The terrain of Calamba is generally rugged. The relief ranges

58
from level to hilly and mountainous. The major portion of the

Page

eastern, southern, and western parts of the town is a belt of hills
and mountains. The slope of the different barangays in the
municipality ranges from level to steeply sloping. Clastic rocks
is dominant in the areas of San Cristobal, Mapagong, Lawa, Batino,
Mayapa, Prinza, Barandal, Tulo, Palo-Alto, Punta, Makiling,
Ulango, Kay-Anlog, Bubuyan, Laguerta, Burol, Hornalan, Bunggo,
Sirang-Lupa, Majada-Labas, Canlubang, and Mabato.Clastic rocks is
dominant in the areas of San Cristobal, Mapagong, Lawa, Batino,
Mayapa, Prinza, Barandal, Tulo, Palo-Alto, Punta, Makiling,
Ulango, Kay-Anlog, Bubuyan, Laguerta, Burol, Hornalan, Bunggo,
Sirang-Lupa, Majada-Labas, Canlubang, and Mabato. Alluvium is
commonly present in the poblacion areas and nearby barangays.
The basis of climate classification is the type of rainfall.
Calamba falls under the forest type of rainfall. There are two
pronounced seasons: dry from December to June and wet from June to
December. Heavy rains usually fall on June, July, August and
September. Dry season is more pronounced in the northwestern part
of the municipality.
The temperature does not show much variation from year to
year. It is generally warm in April to June and cool from December
to February. The highest and lowest temperatures were 29.5 °C in
April 1990 and 25.7° C in January. The relative humidity (RH)
during 1986-1990 has an average of 79.3% at a range of 78.88%.

59
Page
Relative humidity and seasonal variations in temperature are

similar in Manila, though the temperature especially in the
elevated areas is generally lower than the temperature in Manila.
The coldest months are on October, December, and January.
The city is a favorite getaway of many people from Metro
Manila. It has numerous resorts fed by hot springs. Moreover, its
historical significance in addition to its booming economy
attracts many visitors both local and foreign. The rapid
industrialization of the city coupled with the influx of tourists
has made the city a haven of real estate investors. The conversion
of the former Canlubang sugar plantation into mixed used locality
presents opportunity for further growth of the city. Its former
rice fields have been turned into residential and commercial areas.
New shopping centers such as the Calamba Trade Center, Calamba
Shopping Mall, WalterMart in addition to the Calamba Wet and Dry
Market were established.
ADDRESS OF THE TOWER LOCATON:
BALINTAWAK, LIPA, BATANGAS
COORDINATES:
LATITUDE: 13°56'58.24"N

60
Page

FIGURE 3: LIPA REPEATER STATION

BAND
such that the quality and availability of the radio link path is
minimally affected by interference.
Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out manually
but, for larger networks, it is highly recommended to employ
a software transmission design tool. This tool may include ITU
standards, different diversity schemes, diffraction, and
reflection (multipath) analysis, rain effects, interference

61
Page

Right selection of a frequency band allows the required band
allows the required transmission capacity while efficiently
utilizing the available radio spectrum.
The figure below gives an idea of which frequency may be used for
a path length.

CALAMBA TERMINAL LIPA REPEATER

STATION TO LIPA STATION TO BATANGAS
REPEATER STATION REPEATER STATION
PATH LENGTH 23 23
in KM
FREQUENCY 7.725 – 8.275

BAND in GHz
LOWERBAND 7725 – 8000

FREQUENCY RANGE
UPPER BAND 8000 - 8275

FREQUENCY RANGE
DUPLEX 311.32
SPACING IN
MHz
CHANNEL 29.65 MHz

BANDWIDTH
TRANSMIT 7836.65 8147.97

FREQUENCY (F4) (F’4)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)
RECEIVE 8147.97 7836.65

FREQUENCY (F’4) (F4)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)
62
Page

FREQUENCY BAND 7.731 – 8.497 GHz
SYSTEM GAIN 23 dBm – (-20dBm) = 43
SYSTEM CAPACITY 75E1
Antennas use for microwaves (1GHz-300GHz) must be highly
the radiated power in a narrow beam rather than sending it
uniformly in all directions, and the beamwidth decreases with
increases in antenna gain.
Microwave antennas ordinarily have power beamwidths on the
order of 1 degree or less. A narrow beamwidth minimizes the
effects interference from outside sources and adjacent
antennas. However, line of sight transmissions, such as with
microwave radio, a narrow beamwidth imposes several limitations
such as mechanical stability and fading, which can lead to
problems in antenna line up. Highly directional antennas are use

63
Page
with point to

point microwave system that by focusing the radio frequency into
a narrow beam that can be directed forward the receiving antenna,
the transmitting antenna can increase the effective radiated power
by several orders of magnitude over that of non-directional
antenna.
The most common type of antenna use for microwave
transmission and reception is the parabolic reflector antennas.
A parabolic antenna consists of parabolic reflector illuminated
focus point. The microwave system selects a parabolic antenna with
a model name TYA18U07WS from TONGYU COMMUNICATION which is 1.8m
6ft parabolic antenna.
GAIN, MID BAND 40.8dBi
FRONT TO BACK RATIO 67dB

64
Page

II. PATH PROFILING
II.1 PATH PROFILE FOR CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL STATION TO
LIPA, BATANGAS TERMINAL STATION
FIGURE NUMBER 4: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR
CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL STATION TO BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION
65
Page

TABLE 4.1: PATH PROFILE FOR CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL STATION
TO LIPA REPEATER STATION
66
Page

FIGURE 5: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR CITY OF
CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL STATION TO LIPA REPEATER STATION
67
Page

TABLE 5.1: PATH PROFILE FOR LIPA REPEATER STATION TO BATANGAS CITY
TERMINAL STATION
68
Page

FIGURE 6: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR LIPA REPEATER
STATION TO BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION
II.2 PATH SURVEY
The microwave system is designed to operate with two hops
consisting of two terminal stations place in the Calamba City,
Laguna and Batangas City, and a baseband repeater in Lipa,
Batangas. The three tower stations are constructed within a built-
up area. The first hop is a microwave link between Calamba City,
Laguna and Lipa at a distance of 23km and the second hop between
Lipa and Batangas City at a distance of 23km. The microwave beam
passes rural, field, and urban areas. In Lipa City, or generally
in Batangas, the summers are short, hot, and overcast; the winters
69
are short, warm, wet, and partly cloudy; and it is oppressive year-
Page
round.

The path elevation, earth curvature, ground elevation, trees and
buildings, and obstruction height are considered to determine the
antenna height.
for a given path has a reflection surface that can be “seen” by
both antennas. Multi-path reflected signals frequently cause
problems in wireless systems that have been implemented without
proper path engineering. When people don’t understand path
engineering, they often believe that providing a “line- of- sight”
path between the two antennas is the only requirement. To avoid
path obstructions, they simply install the antennas as high as
possible, hoping to overcome any obstacles, while avoiding the
cost of system engineering, it produces system with unpredictable
multi-path outages and susceptibility to interference from other
systems in the area.
For the system design, path reflection in mitigated by
considering the possible reflection points in each hop. Reflective
surfaces covered by obstructions along the path are not considered,
since the reflected signal will not affect the normal received
signal. Most of the reflective points considered, are the peaks of
obstructions, as seen in the graphs below.

70
Page

FIGURE 7: PATH REFLECTION FOR CITY OF CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL
STATION TO LIPA REPEATER STATION
FIGURE 8: PATH REFLECTION FOR LIPA REPEATER STATION TO BATANGAS

CITY TERMINAL STATION
71
Page

II.4 BEAM ALIGNMENT
II.4.1 LOOK ANGLES FOR CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL STATION TO
BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION
TABLE 6: LOOK ANGLES FOR CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL STATION TO
LOOK ANGLES
CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL LIPA REPEATER STATION TO
STATION TO LIPA REPEATER BATANGAS TERMINAL
STATION STATION
ANGLE OF
± 0° 31' 23" ± 0° 32' 8"
ELEVATION
AZIMUTH AT A: AZIMUTH AT A:
AZIMUTH E 83° 3' 42" S W 62° 45' 22" S
ANGLE AZIMUTH AT B: AZIMUTH AT B:
W 83° 3' 19" N E 62° 43' 53" N
72
Page

E 83° 3’ 42’’ S
W 83° 3’ 19’’ N
W 63° 45’ 22’’ S
E 62° 43’ 53’’ N
FIGURE 9: LOOK ANGLES FOR CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL STATION TO
73
Page

TABLE 7: POWER BUDGET FOR CALAMBA, LAGUNA TERMINAL STATION

TO LIPA REPEATER STATION

Effective Isotropic Radiated 63.5 dBm
Power
10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
Fade Margin)
TABLE 8: POWER BUDGET FOR LIPA REPEATER STATION TO BATANGAS

TERMINAL STATION

Effective Isotropic Radiated 63.5 dBm
Power
10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
74
Fade Margin)
Page

CALAMBA, LAGUNA LIPA REPEATER STATION

TERMINAL STATION TO TO BATANGAS TERMINAL
LIPA REPEATER STATION
STATION
PATH RELIABILITY 60.45725508 54.66695527
(NON-DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY 0.395427449 0.453330447
(NON-DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME (NON- 34071.5848 39060.73493
DIVERSITY)
(NON-DIVERSITY)
PATH RELIABILITY 99.91084667 99.92373747
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY 0.000891533 0.000762625
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME 76.81801468 65.71079278
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY)
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY)
75
Page

BATANGAS CITY
TERMINAL
STATION
to
LUCENA CITY
TERMINAL
STATION 76
Page

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
I.1 SELECTING TOWER LOCATIONS
TYPE: TERMINAL STATION
IBABANG DUPAY, LUCENA, 4301 QUEZON
COORDINATES:
LATITUDE: 13°56'41.34"N
LONGITUDE: 121°37'44.78"E
FIGURE 1: LUCENA TERMINAL STATION
77
Page

Lucena City is the capital of Quezon Province. It is classified as
a highly urbanized city and sustains a population of 278,924 as of
2020 census, divided into 33 barangays. Although geographically a
part of Quezon Province, it is politically independent from the
latter.
Lucena City is located 137 kilometers south of Manila, accessible
via the Southern Luzon Superhighway. It is considered to gateway
city to the Bicol Region, as public transportation routes from
Manila the rest of Luzon converges on Lucena City on the way to
Bicol. It covers a total area of 8,402.66 hectares, with an average
elevation of 22 meters above sea level. It is bounded on the north

78
and northeast by the Municipality of Pagbilao, on the south and

Page

southeast by the Tayabas Bay, on the southwest by the Municipality
of Sariaya, and on the northwest by the City of Tayabas.
Lucena is classified as a highly urbanized city, a status it has
been holding since 1991. As per DTI records of 2019, there are
over 6,000 registered business establishments, 80% of which are
micro-businesses and SMEs. In that same year, said businesses
generated around P1 billion in revenue for the local government.
The city’s core is dominated by merchandising and service
establishments, while manufacturing concerns are located in
designated areas in the outskirts of the city. Being a coastal
city, fishing and other marine-related businesses are still a
staple for a considerable portion of the population, as well as
farming.
ROSARIO, BATANGAS
COORDINATES:
LATITUDE: 13°49'57.44"N
79
Page

FIGURE 1: ROSARIO REPEATER STATION
WCHF+GRQ, PAN PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY, CANDELARIA, PUBLIC MARKET, LUCENA
CITY, 4323 QUEZON
COORDINATES:
LATITUDE: 13°55'44.58"N
80
Page

FIGURE 2: CANDELARIA REPEATER STATION
SARIAYA, 4322 QUEZON
COORDINATES:
LATITUDE: 13°57'45.77"N
81
Page

FIGURE 3: SARIAYA REPEATER STATION
BAND
The frequency planning objective is to assign frequencies to a network
using as few frequencies as possible and in a manner such that the
quality and availability of the radiolink path is minimally affected by
interference.
Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out manually but, for
larger networks, it is highly recommended to employ a software

82
transmission design tool. This tool may include ITU standards,

Page

different diversity schemes, diffraction and reflection (multipath)
analysis, rain effects, interference analysis, rain effects,
interference analysis, etc.
Right selection of a frequency band allows the required band allows the
required transmission capacity while efficiently utilizing the
available radio spectrum.
The figure below gives an idea of which frequency may be used for a
path length.
83
Page

BATANGAS CANDELARIA SARIAYA ROSARIO

ROSARIO REPEATER
TERMINAL REPEATER REPEATER REPEATER
STATION TO
STATION TO STATION TO STATION TO STATION TO
CANDELARIA
ROSARIO SARIAYA LUCENA CITY LUCENA CITY
REPEATER
REPEATER REPEATER TERMINAL TERMINAL
STATION
STATION STATION STATION STATION
PATH LENGTH in
22 km 21 km 11 km 12 km 42 km
KM
FREQUENCY BAND in
7.725 – 8.275
GHz
LOWER BAND
7725 – 8000 MHz
FREQUENCY RANGE
UPPER BAND
8000 – 8275 MHz
FREQUENCY RANGE
DUPLEX SPACING IN

311.32 MHz
MHz
CHANNEL BANDWIDTH 29.65 MHz
TRANSMIT
7866.30 MHz 8177.62 MHz 7866.30 MHz 8177.62 MHz 8177.62 MHz
FREQUENCY
(F5) (F’5) (F5) (F’5) (F’5)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)
RECEIVE
8177.62 MHz 7866.30 MHz 8177.62 MHz 7866.30 MHz 7866.30 MHz
FREQUENCY
(F’5) (F5) (F’5) (F5) (F5)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)
Page 84
FREQUENCY BAND 7.731 to 8.497 GHz

SYSTEM GAIN 43 dB
SYSTEM CAPACITY 75E1
Antennas use for microwaves (1GHz-300GHz) must be highly directive. An antenna
has an apparent gain because it concentrates the radiated power in a narrow
beam rather than sending it uniformly in all directions, and the beamwidth
decreases with increases in antenna gain.
Microwave antennas ordinarily have power beamwidths on the order of 1 degree
or less. A narrow beamwidth minimizes the effects interference from outside
sources and adjacent antennas. However, line of sight transmissions,
such as with microwave radio, a narrow beamwidth imposes several limitations
such as mechanical stability and fading, which can lead to problems in antenna
line up. Highly directional antennas are use with point-to-point microwave
system that by focusing the radio frequency into a narrow beam that can be
directed forward the receiving antenna, the transmitting antenna can increase
the effective radiated power by several orders of magnitude over that of non-
directional antenna.
85
The most common type of antenna use for microwave transmission and reception
Page
is the parabolic reflector antennas. A parabolic antenna consists of parabolic

reflector illuminated with microwave energy radiated by a fed system located
at the focus point. The microwave system selects a parabolic antenna with a
model name TYA18U07WS from TONGYU COMMUNICATION which is 1.8m 6ft parabolic
antenna.
OPERATING FREQUENCY BAND 7.125 - 8.500 GHz

GAIN, MID BAND 40.8dBi
FRONT TO BACK RATIO 67dB
86
Page

I. PATH PROFILING
I.1 PATH PROFILE FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO LUCENA
FIGURE 4: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR BATANGAS CITY
TERMINAL STATION TO LUCENA CITY TERMINAL STATION
87
Page

TABLE 4: PATH PROFILE FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO ROSARIO REPEATER STATION

Page 88
TABLE 4: PATH PROFILE FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO ROSARIO REPEATER STATION

Page 89
TABLE 5: PATH PROFILE FOR ROSARIO REPEATER STATION TO CANDELARIA REPEATER STATION

Page 90
FIGURE 6: TOWER LOCATION AND LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR ROSARIO REPEATER STATION TO
CANDELARIA REPEATER STATION

Page 91
I
TABLE 6: PATH PROFILE FOR CANDELARIA REPEATER STATION TO SARIAYA REPEATER STATION

Page 92
FIGURE 7: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR CANDELARIA REPEATER STATION TO
SARIAYA REPEATER STATION

Page 93
TABLE 7: PATH PROFILE FOR SARIAYA REPEATER STATION TO LUCENA CITY TERMINAL STATION

Page 94
FIGURE 8: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR SARIAYA REPEATER STATION TO LUCENA

Page 95
TABLE 8: PATH PROFILE FOR ROSARIO REPEATER STATION TO LUCENA CITY TERMINAL STATION

Page 96
FIGURE 9: TOWER LOCATION and LINE OF SIGHT PATH FOR ROSARIO REPEATER STATION TO LUCENA

Page 97
I.2 PATH SURVEY
The microwave system is designed to operate with five hops
consisting of two terminal stations place in the Batangas City
and Lucena City, and three baseband repeaters in Rosario,
Candelaria, and Sariaya. The five tower stations are constructed
within a built-up area. The first hop is a microwave link between
Batangas City and Rosario at a distance of 22km and the second hop
between Rosario and Candelaria at a distance of 21km. The third
hop is between Candelaria and Sariaya with a distance of 11km and
the fourth hop between Sariaya and Lucena City with a distance of
12km. Lastly, another hop connecting Rosario to Lucena City with
a distance of 42 km. The microwave beam passes rural and urban
areas.
The path elevation, earth curvature, ground elevation, treesand
buildings, and obstruction height are considered to determinethe
antenna height.
I.3 PATH REFLECTION AND MITIGATION

98

Page

FIGURE 10: PATH REFLECTION FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION
TO ROSARIO REPEATER STATION
99
Page

FIGURE 11: PATH REFLECTION FOR ROSARIO REPEATER STATION TO
CANDELARIA REPEATER STATION
FIGURE 12: PATH REFLECTION FOR CANDELARIA REPEATER STATION TO
SARIAYA REPEATER STATION
100
Page

FIGURE 13: PATH REFLECTION FOR SARIAYA REPEATER STATION TO LUCENA
FIGURE 14: PATH REFLECTION FOR ROSARIO REPEATER STATION TO LUCENA
101
Page

II.4 BEAM ALIGNMENT
II.4.1 LOOK ANGLES FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO LUCENA CITY TERMINAL STATION
TABLE 9: LOOK ANGLES FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO LUCENA CITY TERMINAL STATION
LOOK ANGLES
BATANGAS ROSARIO CANDELARIA SARIAYA ROSARIO

TERMINAL REPEATER REPEATER REPEATER REPEATER
STATION TO STATION TO STATION TO STATION TO STATION TO
ROSARIO CANDELARIA SARIAYA LUCENA CITY LUCENA CITY
REPEATER REPEATER REPEATER TERMINAL TERMINAL
STATION STATION STATION STATION STATION
ANGLE
±0°15'19" ±0°37'49" ±0°53'34" ±0°9'0.216"
OFELEVATION ±0°11'47"
Site A: Site A: Site A: Site A:

Site A:
E 19°48'10" N W 19°24'25" N E 10°8'3" S N 72°38'20" E
AZIMUTH E 30°9'56" N
ANGLE
Site B: Site B: Site B: Site B:
Site B:

W 19°45'25" S E 19°22'59" S W 10°6'31" N S 72°33'10" W
W 30°7'28" S
Page 102
FIGURE 15: LOOK ANGLES FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO LUCENA
103
Page

II.LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS
TABLE 10: POWER BUDGET FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO
ROSARIO REPEATER STATION

Effective Isotropic RadiatedPower dBm
63.8
Cmin/Receiver Threshold (@ BER -12.60504847
dBm
10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
System Operating Margin dB
-20
TABLE 11: POWER BUDGET FOR ROSARIO REPEATER STATION TO CANDELARIA
REPEATER STATION

63.8
dBm
10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
System Operating Margin dB
104
-20
Page

TABLE 12: POWER BUDGET FOR CANDELARIA REPEATER STATION TO SARIAYA
REPEATER STATION

63.8
dBm
10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
System Operating Margin -20
dB
TABLE 13: POWER BUDGET FOR SARIAYA REPEATER STATION TO LUCENA CITY
TERMINAL STATION

63.8
dBm
10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
dB
105
Page

TABLE 14: POWER BUDGET FOR ROSARIO REPEATER STATION TO LUCENA CITY
TERMINAL STATION

63.8
dBm
10-6)
System Gain 43 dB
dB
106
Page

BATANGAS ROSARIO CANDELARIA SARIAYA ROSARIO

TERMINAL REPEATER REPEATER REPEATER REPEATER
STATION TO STATION TO STATION TO STATION TO STATION TO
ROSARIO CANDELARIA SARIAYA LUCENA CITY LUCENA CITY
REPEATER REPEATER REPEATER TERMINAL TERMINAL
STATION STATION STATION STATION STATION
PATH RELIABILITY
(NON-DIVERSITY) 67.91438357 70.86488019 98.99733329 98.22488981 -832.323834
UNAVAILABILITY
(NON-DIVERSITY) 0.320856164 0.291351198 0.010026667 0.017751102 9.32323834
OUTAGE TIME
(NON-DIVERSITY) 27646.2295 25103.96553 863.9370881 1529.504779 803326.897
SYSTEM RELIABILITY
(NON-DIVERSITY) -389.5203912
PATH RELIABILITY
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY) 99.89967366 99.90126924 99.19738929 99.47086485 99.98765866
UNAVAILABILITY
(FREQUENCY
DIVERSITY) 0.001003263 0.000987308 0.008026107 0.005291351 0.000123413
OUTAGE TIME
(FREQUENCY

DIVERSITY)) 86.44512079 86.48814288 703.0869824 463.5223907 10.81101786
SYSTEM RELIABILITY
(FREQUENCY 98.46403087
DIVERSITY))
Page 107
BATANGAS CITY
TERMINAL
STATION
TO
REGION 4B
TERMINAL
STATION 108
Page

I. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
I.1 SELECTING TOWER LOCATIONS
TYPE: TERMINAL STATION
Herrera St., Barangay Hilltop, City of Batangas , Batangas
COORDINATES:
LATITUDE: 13°45'55.84"N
FIGURE 1: BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION
109
Page

FIGURE 1.1: OTHER OPTIONS FOR THE TERMINAL STATION
The City of Batangas is a coastal city lying in a cove like
shape at the southeastern portion of Batangas Province, which
belongs to the CALABARZON or Region 4a. The City of Batangas is
geographically situated at coordinates 13 degrees, 45 minutes and
25.96 seconds north latitude and 121 degrees, 3 minutes and 29.2
seconds east longitude (13°45'18.91", 120°3'32.76"). Batangas
City, the capital of Batangas Province has a total land area of
more or less 28,541.44 hectares. It is about 108.00 kilometers
away from Manila.

110
The City’s northern area is predominantly flat with slopes

Page
ranging from 0% to 8%. The westernmost boundary of the city has

slopes of over 50%. On the other hand, southern area’s terrains
are characterized as very steep.
The city is generally coolest during the months of December
to January with temperature ranging from 22ºC to 26ºC. The mean
temperature rises and attains a maximum of 36 degrees Celsius
(36ºC) in April and May.
The driest months are from January to April, with the average
monthly rainfall of less than 50 mm per month. The amihan prevails
starting the months of November up to April. Although originally
moist, it becomes comparatively drier after crossing the Sierra
Madre Range to the north and east of Batangas, thus attributing
for predominantly dry weather during this period. By the latter
part of May or June to the later part of October. The habagat
prevails bringing with it considerable rain. A pronounced maximum
rain period occurs in the city during the months of June, July,
August and September when southwest monsoon flow is steadiest and
the average monthly rainfall is 275 mm per month. By the latter
part of October, the northeast monsoon starts to set again.
However, the months from October to December are not characterized
by dry weather as compared to the months from January to April.
This is partly due to the fact that typhoons and depressions most
frequently affect the city during the months of July to December.

111
According to psa.gov.ph. The City of Batangas has population

Page
of 351,437 in 2020. It is known as the “Industrial Port City of

CALABARZON” and is currently classified as one of the fastest
urbanizing cities of the Philippines. It is also known for their
meat products especially beef. They also take pride of their Kapeng
Barako of its world-class quality of strong aroma.
Batangas city gears up activities on trade, finance,
education and medical services for most part of the province. As
a center for trade and commerce, it hosts one of the largest oil
refineries in the country, Pilipinas Shell, and three natural gas
power plants. Other major industries include: San Miguel Food
Corporation, Universal Robina Corp. and others. It is the center
for education, with three of the largest universities in the
province and recently, more International Schools have chosen the
city as their campus sites.
Out of the total 105 barangays in the city, ninety-nine (99)
barangays are being provided by the Manila Electric Company
(MERALCO) with electricity. But some portions of barangays San
Jose Sico, Talumpok Silangan and Talahib Pandayan are being served
by the Batangas Electric Cooperative II (BATELEC II). Lastly, City
of Batangas has some of the most popular tourist spots like Taal
Lake and Volcano, Submarine Garden and others.
References:
112
[1] The Offical Website of City of Batangas

Page
https://www.batangascity.gov.ph/web/
* There is no repeater needed in this design.

BAND
such that the quality and availability of the radio link path is
minimally affected by interference.
Frequency planning of a few paths can be carried out manually
but, for larger networks, it is highly recommended to employ a
software transmission design tool. This tool may include ITU
standards, different diversity schemes, diffraction and
reflection (multipath) analysis, rain effects, interference
Right selection of a frequency band allows the required band
allows the required transmission capacity while efficiently
utilizing the available radio spectrum.
The figure below gives an idea of which frequency may be used for
a path length.
113
Page

BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO REGION

(4b) TERMINAL STATION
PATH LENGTH 29
in KM
FREQUENCY BAND
in GHz 7.725 – 8.275
LOWER BAND
7725 – 8000 MHz
FREQUENCY RANGE
UPPER BAND
7725 – 8000 MHz
FREQUENCY RANGE
DUPLEX SPACING
311.32
IN MHz
CHANNEL
29.65
BANDWIDTH
TRANSMIT
FREQUENCY 7895.95 (F6)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)
RECEIVE
FREQUENCY 8207.27 (F’6)
(CHANNEL NUMBER)
TABLE 2: ODU (XMC-2 ODU) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
FREQUENCY BAND 7.731 – 8.497 GHz
TRANSMIT POWER (256 QAM) 23 dBm
RECEIVER SENSITIVITY (256 -20 dBm

QAM)
SYSTEM GAIN 23 dbm – (-20dbm) = 43dB

114
Page

Antennas use for microwaves (1GHz-300GHz) must be highly
the radiated power in a narrow beam rather than sending it uniformly
in all directions, and the beamwidth decreases with increases in
antenna gain.
Microwave antennas ordinarily have power beamwidths on the
order of 1 degree or less. A narrow beamwidth minimizes the effects
interference from outside sources and adjacent antennas. However,
line of sight transmissions, such as with microwave radio, a narrow
beamwidth imposes several limitations such as mechanical stability
and fading, which can lead to problems in antenna line up. Highly
directional antennas are use with point to
point microwave system that by focusing the radio frequency into a
narrow beam that can be directed forward the receiving antenna, the
transmitting antenna can increase the effective radiated power by
several orders of magnitude over that of non-directional antenna.
The most common type of antenna use for microwave transmission
and reception is the parabolic reflector antennas. A parabolic
antenna consists of parabolic reflector illuminated with microwave
energy radiated by a fed system located at the focus point. The

115
microwave system selects a parabolic antenna with a model name
TYA18U07WS from TONGYU COMMUNICATION which is 1.8m, 6ft parabolic

Page

antenna.

OPERATING FREQUENCY BAND 7.125 ~ 8.500 GHz
GAIN, TOP BAND 41.1 dBi
GAIN, MID BAND 40.8 dBi
GAIN, LOW BAND 40.1 dBi
FRONT TO BACK RATIO 67 dB
II. PATH PROFILING
II.1. PATH PROFILE FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO REGION
4B TERMINAL STATION.
TERMINAL STATION TO REGION 4B TERMINAL STATION.
116
Page

Distance from Distance from Path Terrain Tower Tree and Obstruction Line of Large 1st 60% 1st Clearance 1st Clearance 60% 1st
Site A Site B Elevation Earth Curvature Type Ground Elevation Height Building Height Sight Fresnel Fresnel Fresnel Fresnel
0 29 31 0 Urban 31 30 0 31 61 0 0 30 30
1 28 30 1.647058824 Urban 31.64705882 20 51.64705882 61 6.049925862 3.629955517 3.303015315 5.722985659
2 27 13 3.176470588 Urban 16.17647059 20 36.17647059 61 8.401714448 5.041028669 16.42181496 19.78250074
3 26 8 4.588235294 Rural 12.58823529 20 32.58823529 61 10.09760408 6.058562449 18.31416062 22.35320226
4 25 6 5.882352941 Seas 11.88235294 20 31.88235294 61 11.4332852 6.85997112 17.68436186 22.25767594
5 24 0 7.058823529 Seas 7.058823529 7.058823529 61 12.52453642 7.514721853 41.41664005 46.42645462
6 23 0 8.117647059 Seas 8.117647059 8.117647059 61 13.431069 8.0586414 39.45128394 44.82371154
4B TERMINAL STATION.
7 22 0 9.058823529 Seas 9.058823529 9.058823529 61 14.1883338 8.513000283 37.75284267 43.42817619

8 21 0 9.882352941 Seas 9.882352941 9.882352941 61 14.81923134 8.891538806 36.29841572 42.22610825
9 20 0 10.58823529 Seas 10.58823529 10.58823529 61 15.33936175 9.203617049 35.07240296 41.20814766
10 19 0 11.17647059 Seas 11.17647059 11.17647059 61 15.75969606 9.455817636 34.06383335 40.36771178
11 18 0 11.64705882 Seas 11.64705882 11.64705882 61 16.08805833 9.652834997 33.26488285 39.70010618
12 17 0 12 Seas 12 12 61 16.32999759 9.797998556 32.67000241 39.20200144
13 16 0 12.23529412 Seas 12.23529412 12.23529412 61 16.48931842 9.893591049 32.27538747 38.87111483
14 15 0 12.35294118 Seas 12.35294118 12.35294118 61 16.56840433 9.941042597 32.07865449 38.70601623
15 14 0 12.35294118 Seas 12.35294118 12.35294118 61 16.56840433 9.941042597 32.07865449 38.70601623
16 13 0 12.23529412 Seas 12.23529412 12.23529412 61 16.48931842 9.893591049 32.27538747 38.87111483
17 12 0 12 Seas 12 12 61 16.32999759 9.797998556 32.67000241 39.20200144
18 11 0 11.64705882 Seas 11.64705882 11.64705882 61 16.08805833 9.652834997 33.26488285 39.70010618
19 10 0 11.17647059 Seas 11.17647059 11.17647059 61 15.75969606 9.455817636 34.06383335 40.36771178
20 9 0 10.58823529 Seas 10.58823529 10.58823529 61 15.33936175 9.203617049 35.07240296 41.20814766

21 8 0 9.882352941 Seas 9.882352941 9.882352941 61 14.81923134 8.891538806 36.29841572 42.22610825
22 7 0 9.058823529 Seas 9.058823529 9.058823529 61 14.1883338 8.513000283 37.75284267 43.42817619
23 6 0 8.117647059 Seas 8.117647059 8.117647059 61 13.431069 8.0586414 39.45128394 44.82371154
24 5 0 7.058823529 Seas 7.058823529 7.058823529 61 12.52453642 7.514721853 41.41664005 46.42645462
25 4 0 5.882352941 Seas 5.882352941 5.882352941 61 11.4332852 6.85997112 43.68436186 48.25767594
26 3 0 4.588235294 Seas 4.588235294 4.588235294 61 10.09760408 6.058562449 46.31416062 50.35320226
27 2 0 3.176470588 Seas 3.176470588 3.176470588 61 8.401714448 5.041028669 49.42181496 52.78250074
28 1 30 1.647058824 Seas 31.64705882 31.64705882 61 6.049925862 3.629955517 23.30301531 25.72298566
29 0 41 0 Rural 41 20 0 41 61 0 0 20 20
TABLE 4: PATH PROFILE FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO REGION
Page 117
TERMINAL STATION TO REGION 4B TERMINAL STATION.
II.2 PATH SURVEY
The microwave system is designed to operate with one hop
without the need of baseband repeater. The terminal stations are
located in Batangas City, Batangas and for the assumed terminal
station in region 4B; it is located in Puerto Galera. The microwave
link between the two terminal stations is at the distance of 29km.
The microwave beam passes urban and rural areas in the first 3km,
with trees and buildings as obstruction, while the rest are mostly
ocean areas across the Batangas bay to Puerto Galera. The climate
in this location is dry from November to April and wet for the
118
rest of the year.

Page

The path elevation, earth curvature, ground elevation, trees
and buildings, and obstruction height are considered to determine
the antenna height.

119

Page

FIGURE 4: PATH REFLECTION FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO
REGION 4B TERMINAL STATION.
II.4 BEAM ALIGNMENT
II.4.1. LOOK ANGLES FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO
TABLE 5. LOOK ANGLES FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO
LOOK ANGLES
BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO REGION

4B TERMINAL STATION
ANGLE OF ELEVATION 0° 0’ 0”
120
SITE A = W 72° 54' 12" S

AZIMUTH ANGLE
SITE B = E 72° 52' 58" N
Page

FIGURE 5: LOOK ANGLES FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION (Site A)
TO REGION 4B TERMINAL STATION (Site B).
TABLE 8: POWER BUDGET FOR BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power 63.8 dBm
Cmin/Receiver Threshold (@ BER 10-6) -20 dBm
System Gain 43 dB
121
System Operating Margin -15.03651866 dB

Page

IV. PATH RELIABILTY
BATANGAS CITY TERMINAL STATION TO

REGION 4B TERMINAL STATION
PATH RELIABILITY
1.09348323
(NON DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY
-9.348322991
(NON-DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME
891652.2236
(NON-DIVERSITY)
SYSTEM RELIABILITY
-9.348322991
(NON DIVERSITY)
PATH RELIABILITY
0.990004316
(FREQUENCY DIVERSITY)
UNAVAILABILITY
(FREQUENCY 0.999568385
DIVERSITY)
OUTAGE TIME
37.18962209
SYSTEM RELIABILITY
0.999568385
122
Page

V. APPENDICES
✓NTC MICROWAVE PLAN
123
Page

✓ITU-R REC.
124
Page

125
Page

126
Page

✓ODU DATASHEET
127
Page

128
Page

129
Page

130
Page

✓PARABOLIC ANTENNA DATASHEET
131
Page

✓LOOK ANGLE SCREENSHOTS
Antipolo Rizal to Quezon City Repeater Station of Hop 1
Quezon City to Bacoor Cavite Terminal Station of Hop 2
132
Page

Bacoor Cavite to Dasmariñas Cavite Terminal Station of Hop 1
Dasmariñas Cavite to Binan Laguna Repeater Station of Hop 1
133
Page

Binan Laguna to Calamba Laguna Terminal Station of Hop 2
CALAMBA, LAGUNA TO LIPA REPEATER STATION of Hop 1
LIPA TO BATANGAS TERMINAL STATION of Hop 2
134
Page

Batangas City Terminal to Rosario Repeater of Hop 1
Rosario Repeater to Candelaria Repeater of Hop 2
Candelaria Repeater to Sariaya Repeater of Hop 3
✓PORTFOLIO (DOCUMENTATION PICS)
135
Page

Sariaya Repeater to Lucena City Terminal of Hop 4
Rosario Repeater to Lucena City Terminal of Hop 5
Batangas Terminal to Region 4B Terminal of Hop 1
136
Page

✓PORTFOLIO (DOCUMENTATION PICS)
137
Page

138
Page

Terrestrial Microwave Link Design - Region 4a

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1

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

In Partial Fulfillment of the ECE ELECTIVE 1 Course Requirement for the

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

I.1 Selecting Tower Location

Type: Terminal Station

Address of the Tower Location: 154 Marikina-Infanta Hwy,

Antipolo, 1870 Rizal

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

Antipolo is in the northern half of Rizal Province, close to its meridional

center. It is located on the slopes of the Sierra

areas of the Sierra Madre.

Antipolo's population in the 2015 census was enumerated at 776,386

annual national average of 2.04 percent.

Antipolo is landlocked; it is bounded to the north by San

miles which constitutes 3.03% of Cavite's total area. It is bordered to the

east by Las Piñas and

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

The population of Antipolo grew from 3,286 in 1903 to 887,399 in 2020, an

denote a positive growth rate of 2.85%, or an increase of 111,013 people, from

the previous population of 776,386 in 2015.

Antipolo's climate is classified as tropical. There is significant

is 2043 mm | 80.4 inches.

The power corporation that is based in Antipolo, Rizal is Power Pro

I.2 SELECTING REPEATER LOCATIONS

TYPE: REPEATER STATION

ADDRESS OF THE TOWER LOCATION:

General Roxas Ave, Cubao, Quezon City, 1109 Metro Manila

LONGITUDE: 121° 3'5.50"E

FIGURE 3: QUEZON CITY TERMINAL STATION

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

The frequency planning objective is to assign frequencies to a network

and availability of the radio-link path are minimally affected by

larger networks, it is highly recommended to employ a software transmission

schemes, diffraction and reflection (multipath) analysis, rain effects,

interference analysis, rain effects, interference analysis, etc.

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

TABLE 1: OPERATING FREQUENCY BAND AND FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT

CHANNEL FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT

QUEZON CITY REPEATER

CHANNEL BANDWIDTH 29.65 MHz

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

FREQUENCY BAND 7.731 - 8.497 GHz

I.4 SELECTION OF PARABOLIC ANTENNA

Antennas used for microwaves (1GHz-300GHz) must be highly directive. An

antenna has an apparent gain because it concentrates the radiated power in a

width decreases with increases in antenna gain.

sources and adjacent antennas. However, line of sight transmissions, such as

microwave radio, a narrow beamwidth imposes several limitations such as

lineup. Highly directional antennas are used with point-to-point microwave

effective radiated power by several orders of magnitude over that of a non-

reception is the parabolic reflector antenna. A parabolic antenna consists of

a parabolic reflector illuminated with microwave energy radiated by a fed system

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

TABLE 3: PARABOLIC ANTENNA TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

OPERATING FREQUENCY BAND 7.125 – 8.500 GHz

II. PATH PROFILING

II.1 PATH PROFILE FOR ANTIPOLO RIZAL TERMINAL STATION TO QUEZON

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras

Bacani, Cariño, Castro, Mallari, Manuyag, Paras