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MICS
CER
Alqueza, Joelah Z.
Arce, Gemma Lyn G.
BSME 2B
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CLAY
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GLASS
What is ceramics?
A ceramic is any of the various
hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and
corrosion-resistant materials
made by shaping and then firing
an inorganic, nonmetallic
material, such as clay, at a high
temperature.
Ceramics can be divided into two classes:
Traditional Ceramics
use natural materials
include clay products, silicate
glass and cement
used in applications such as
pottery, bricks, tiles, and sanitary
ware. Common products include
dinnerware, bathroom fixtures, and
construction materials
Advanced Ceramics
use synthetic and refined materials
consist of carbides (SiC), pure
oxides (Al2O3), nitrides (Si3N4),
non-silicate glasses and many
others
used in high-performance and
specialized applications, such as:
electronics, aerospace, biomedical,
automotive and industrial
General Properties
hard
wear-resistant
brittle
refractory
thermal insulators
electrical insulators
nonmagnetic
oxidation resistant
prone to thermal shock
chemically stable
HISTO RY O F
CER AM ICS
26,000 B.C.
Early man discovers that
clay, consisting of mammoth fat
and bone mixed with bone ash and
local loess, can be molded and
dried in the sun to form a brittle,
heat-resistant material. Thus begins
ceramic art.
 6,000 B.C.
Ceramic firing is first used in
Ancient Greece. The Greek
pottery Pithoi is developed and
used for storage, burial, and
art.
 4,000 B.C.
Glass is discovered in ancient
Egypt. This primitive glass consisted
of a silicate glaze over a sintered
quartz body and was primarily used
for jewelry. The use of ceramic
coating continues today in many
aircraft.
50 B.C. - 50 A.D.
Optic glass (lenses and mirrors),
window glass and glass blowing
production begins in Rome and
spreads around the world with the
Roman empire.
 600 A.D.
Porcelain, the first ceramic
composite is created by Chinese.
this durable material is made by
firing clay along with the field-spar
and quartz. Porcelain is used in
everything from electrical insulators,
to dinnerware.
 1870's
Refractory materials (able to
withstand extremely high
temperatures) are introduced
during the Industrial revolution.
Materials made from lime and MgO
are used for everything from bricks
for buildings to lining the inside of
steel making furnaces.
 1877
The first example of hightech
materials research is directed by
inventor Thomas Edison. Edison tests
a plethora of ceramics for resistivity,
for use in his newly discovered
carbon microphone.
 1889
The American Ceramic Society as
founded by Elmer E. Gorton, Samuel
Geijsbeek and Colonel Edward
Orton Jr.. The primary goal of this
society continues to be unlocking
the mysteries of high-tech ceramics.
 1960
With the discovery of the laser and
the observation that its light will
travel through glass, a new field
called fiber optics opens. Fiber
optic cable allows light pulses to
carry large amounts of information
with extremely low energy loss.
 1965
The development of photovoltaic
cells which convert light into
electricity opens a new way to
access solar energy.
 1987
Scientists discover a superconducting
ceramic oxide with a critical
temperature of 92K, surpassing the
old metallic superconductor’s critical
temperature by over 60K. A potential
application of ceramic
superconductors is in integrated
circuits in new high speed computers.
 1992
Certain ceramics known as “smart”
materials are widely publicized. These
materials can sense and react to
variable surface conditions, much like a
living organism. For example, air bags
in cars triggered by a “smart” sensor
which intercepts a pressure signal
when the car is hit and transforms it
into an electrical impulse that inflates
the bag.
 Summary
26,000 B.C. 6,000 B.C. 4,000 B.C. 50 B.C. - 50 A.D. 600 A.D. 1870's

Ceramic Ceramic Optic Glass Refractory

Glass Porcelain
Art Firing and Window Materials
Glass

1877 1889 1960 1965 1987 1992

Carbon American Fiber Superconducting “Smart”

Photovoltaic
Microphone Ceramic Optics Ceramic Materials
Cells Oxide
Society
 w er e mo st ly
the pa st
Future Ceramics of lue .
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Trends Ceramic
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 Imagine
Hand-held interactive videos that fit in
your pocket

The Future with Ceramics

The electronic industry is progressing
towards microminiaturization, as ceramic
engineers repurpose nonfunctional
packaging parts into functional
components, driving the need for the
creation of novel ceramic materials and
inventive processing techniques.
 Imagine
Phones that won’t ring; rings that will be
phones with no dial pad

The Future with Ceramics

The communication industry was
revolutionized by fiber optics, and the
future will see the integration of opto-
electronic circuits alongside the
microminiaturization of components.
 Imagine
A 300 mph train ride into Fantasy Land

The Future with Ceramics

High-temperature superconductors will
enable magnetic levitation vehicles,
affordable electricity, and enhanced
MRI technology. Their use in thin film
tapes for sensors and memory storage
devices will further expand their
applications.
 Imagine
A high speed electric car powered with
a fuel cell and full of high tech sensors
that practically drive the car for you

The Future with Ceramics

The automobile industry is leveraging
ceramics for improved sensors, high-
strength and high-temperature
components, and sustainable energy
solutions like fuel cells and photovoltaic
cells.
 Imagine
A best friend that‘s bionic/andromic with
microscopic hearing and seeing devices
and a skeletal system all made from
ceramics

The Future with Ceramics

Besides their use in medical diagnostic
instruments, bioceramics are now used for
bone replacement and chemotherapy
release, with their applications expanding
as their strength, nonreactivity,
compatibility, longevity, porosity, and cost
improve.
SCIEN T IF IC
PRIN CIP LE S
Introduction • high heat capacity and low heat
conductance

Ceramics have • corrosion resistance

characteristics that
enable them to be used in • electrically insulating, semiconducting, or
a wide variety of superconducting
applications
• nonmagnetic and magnetic
including:
• hard and strong, but brittle
Atomic Bonding Ionic bonds is the
result from the
attraction between
Two types of bonding oppositely charged
mechanisms occur in ions.
ceramic materials, ionic
and covalent.
Covalent bonds is
the interatomic
linkage that results
from the sharing of
an electron pair
between two atoms.
 Crystalline
Classification In crystalline materials, a lattice point is
occupied either by atoms or ions depending
on the bonding mechanism. These atoms (or
Ceramic materials can be ions) are arranged in a regularly repeating
divided into two classes: pattern in three dimensions (i.e., they have
long-range order).
crystalline and
amorphous
(noncrystalline). Amorphous (Noncrystalline)
In amorphous materials, the atoms exhibit only
short-range order. Some ceramic materials,
like silicon dioxide (SiO2), can exist in either
form.
Regular Pattern Random Pattern
 Thermal Heat Capacity: The ability to absorb heat, related
to atomic vibrations within the solid. Atoms vibrate

Properties more intensely at higher temperatures, increasing

the material's ability to store thermal energy.

Thermal Expansion: As temperature rises, the

The most important vibrational amplitude of atomic bonds increases,
causing the material to expand. Ceramics, with
thermal properties of strong bonds, exhibit low thermal expansion due to
ceramic materials are their deep and narrow potential energy curves.
heat capacity, thermal Thermal Conductivity: Heat conduction in
expansion coefficient, ceramics involves energy transfer through atomic
vibrations, primarily via phonons at lower
and thermal
temperatures. Phonon conductivity decreases with
conductivity. increasing temperature due to increased
scattering from phonon-phonon interactions and
lattice imperfections.

Electrical
Properties
The electrical properties of
ceramic materials vary
greatly, with characteristic
measures spanning over
many orders of magnitude .
Ceramics are probably best known
as electrical insulators.
Insulators: Most ceramics are excellent electrical insulators,
preventing the flow of electrical current. Examples include
BaTiO3, used in capacitors, and fire-clay brick.
Semiconductors: Some ceramics, like SiC, can conduct
electrons once a threshold energy is reached, making them
semiconductors.
Superconductors: Discovered in 1986, high-temperature
ceramic superconductors like YBa2Cu3O7 conduct electricity
with virtually zero resistance below their critical temperature
(Tc), making practical applications feasible due to the use of
more accessible and affordable liquid nitrogen for cooling.

Electrical
Properties
The electrical properties of
ceramic materials vary
greatly, with characteristic
measures spanning over
many orders of magnitude .
Ceramics are probably best known
as electrical insulators.
Dielectrics: Ceramics are used in dielectric materials, which
can be polarized to store electrical charge in capacitors.
High dielectric constants allow for the miniaturization of
electronic devices.
Piezoelectrics: Certain ceramics generate electrical
responses to mechanical forces, useful in sensors and
transducers.
Ionic Conductors: Ceramics like stabilized zirconia (ZrO2
with CaO) can transport ions, important for applications like
fuel cells and sensors.
 Ceramic
Processing
Processing of ceramic
materials describes the way
in which ceramic objects
(e.g., glass windows,
turbocharger rotor blades,
optical fibers, capacitors)
are produced.
Processing begins with the raw
materials needed to produce the
finished components, and includes
many individual steps that differ
significantly depending on the type of
ceramic material, crystalline versus
glass.
 Processing of Crystalline Ceramics

Raw Material
1
Selection 3 Consolidation

2 Preparation 4 Sintering
 Glass Processing

Raw Material
1
Selection 3 Pouring

2 Melting 4 Annealing
 Techniques used to fabricate glass

1 Pressing 3 Drawing

2 Blowing 4 Fiber forming

THANK YOU!