Lecture Note On Chapter 13

Chapter 13.
Vector Analysis
Le Cong Nhan
Faculty of Applied Sciences

HCMC University of Technology and Education
January 8, 2021
Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Chapter 13. of Technology
Vector and Education)
Analysis January 8, 2021 1 / 83
Content
1 Properties of a Vector Field: Divergence and Curl
2 Line Integrals
Line Integrals in R2 and R3
Line Integrals of Vector Fields
Applications of Line Integrals
3 The Fundamental Theorem and and Path Independence
4 Green’s Theorem
5 Surface Integrals
Applications of Surface Integrals
Flux Integral
6 Stokes’ Theorem and Applications
7 Divergence Theorem and Applications

13.1 Properties of a Vector Field: Divergence and Curl
Definition 1 (Vector field)

Let D be a set in R2 (a plane region). A vector field on D is a function
that assigns to each point (x, y ) in D a two-dimensional vector F(x, y ).
F(x, y ) can be written in terms of its

component functions P and Q as follows:
F(x, y ) =P(x, y )i + Q(x, y )j

= hP(x, y ), Q(x, y )i ,
where P(x, y ) and Q(x, y ) are scalar

Figure: Vector filed on R2 functions of two variables.

Figure: Velocity vector fields showing San Francisco Bay wind patterns. Source:
James Stewart’s book

Figure: Map of global surface currents. Source: NOC

Definition 2 (Vector field on R3 )
Let E be a set in R3 . A vector field on E is a function that assigns to each
point (x, y , z) in E a three-dimensional vector F(x, y , z)
F(x, y , z) = P(x, y , z)i + Q(x, y , z)j + R(x, y , z)k,
where P, Q and R are component functions of F.
Figure: Vector filed on R3

Example 3
Sketch the graph of the vector field F(x, y ) = y i − xj

Divergence
Definition 4 (Divergence)
The divergence of a differentiable vector field
F(x, y , z) = P(x, y , z)i + Q(x, y , z)j + R(x, y , z)k
is denoted by div F and is given by

∂P ∂Q ∂R
div F = + + (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
Denote the del operator ∇ by

∂ ∂ ∂
∇= i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
then
div F = ∇ · F (2)
Example 5
Find the divergence for each of the following vector field
a. F(x, y ) = x 2 y i + xy 3 j b. F(x, y , z) = xi + y 3 z 2 j + xz 3 k

Curl
Definition 6 (Curl)
The curl of a differentiable vector field
F(x, y , z) = P(x, y , z)i + Q(x, y , z)j + R(x, y , z)k
is denoted by curl F and is given by

∂R ∂Q ∂R ∂P ∂Q ∂P
curl F = − i− − j+ − k (3)
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F = (4)
∂x ∂y ∂z
P Q R
Example 7
Find the curl of each of the following vector fields
F = x 2 yzi + xy 2 zj + xyz 2 k and G = (x cos y )i + xy 2 j

Divergence and Curl in the Context of Fluid Flow
Let V be the velocity field of a fluid with constant density ρ. Then the flux
density
F = ρV
is the rate of flow per unit area and used to measure the tendency of the
fluid to diverge from the point P.
If div F(P) > 0, the net flow is outward

near P and P is called a source.
If div F(P) < 0, the net flow is inward
near P and P is called a sink.
If div F(P) = 0, then fluid is said to be
incompressible.
Figure: The vector field

F = x 2i + y 2j
Assume that F represents the velocity field
of a fluid flow.
If curl F = 0 at a point P, then the fluid
is free from rotations at P and F is called
irrotational at P
If curl F(P) 6= 0, then particles near
P(x, y , z) in the fluid tend to rotate
Figure: Curl vector is associated
with rotations about the axis that points in the direc-
tion of curl F, and the length of this curl
vector is a measure of how quickly the
particles move around the axis.

Definition 8 (Laplacian operator)
Let f (x, y , z) define a function with continuous first and second partial
derivatives. Then the Laplacian of f is
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f

∇2 f = ∇ · ∇f = + +
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
Example 9
Show that f (x, y ) = e x cos y is harmonic, that is,
∇2 f (x, y ) = 0.

13.2 Line Integrals
A plane curve C given by the parametric

equations
x = x(t) y = y (t), a≤t≤b
or by the vector function
R(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j.
Then the line integral of f along C is given by

s
dx 2
Z Z b 2
dy
f (x, y )ds = f (x(t), y (t)) + dt
C a dt dt
| {z }
ds
Z b
= f (R(t)) R0 (t) dt (5)
a

In particular case where C is the line segment that joins (a, 0) to (b, 0)
using x as the parameter x = x, y = 0 for a ≤ x ≤ b, then
Z Z b
f (x, y )ds = f (x, 0)dx (6)
C a
Example 10
Evaluate C (2 + x 2 y )ds, where C is the upper half of the unit circle
R
x 2 + y 2 = 1.

Properties of line integrals
Let f , f1 , and f2 be a scalar functions defined on a smooth curve, orientable

curve. Then for any constant k
Z Z
kfds = k fds
Z C C Z Z
(f1 + f2 )ds = f1 ds + f2 ds
Z C Z C C
fds = fds
−C C
where −C denotes the curve C traversed in the opposite site
direction.

Properties of line integrals
Suppose now that C is a piecewise-smooth curve; that is, C is a
union of a finite number of smooth curves C1 , C2 , ..., Cn . Then the
line integral of f along C is
Z Z Z Z
f (x, y )ds = f (x, y )ds + f (x, y )ds + · · · + f (x, y )ds
C C1 C2 Cn
(7)
Figure: A piecewise-smooth curve

Example 11
Evaluate C 2xds, where C consists of the arc C1 of the parabola y = x 2
R
from (0, 0) to (1, 1) followed by the vertical line segment from (1, 1) to
(1, 2).

Line Integrals of f along C with respect to x and y
A plane curve C given by the parametric equations
x = x(t) y = y (t), a≤t≤b
or by the vector function R(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j. The line integrals of f along
C with respect to x and y are given by
Z Z b
f (x, y )dx = f (x(t), y (t))x 0 (t)dt (8)
C a
Z Z b
f (x, y )dy = f (x(t), y (t))y 0 (t)dt (9)
C a
It frequently happens that line integrals with respect to x and y occur

together, we obtain
Z Z Z
P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy = [P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy ] (10)
C C C

Example 12
y 2 dx + xdy , where
R
Evaluate C
(a) C = C1 is the line segment from (−5, −3) to (0, 2);
(b) C = C2 is the arc of the parabola x = 4 − y 2 from (−5, −3) to (0, 2).

Remark
Given parametrization
x = x(t) y = y (t) a ≤ t ≤ b
determines an orientation of a curve C , with the positive direction corre-

sponding to increasing values of the parameter t and denote −C the curve
C traversed in the opposite site direction. Then
Z Z Z Z
f (x, y )dx = − f (x, y )dx, f (x, y )dy = − f (x, y )dy
−C C −C C
But if we integrate with respect to arc length

Z Z
f (x, y )ds = f (x, y )ds
−C C

Line Integrals in Space
Suppose that C is a smooth space curve given by the parametric equations
x = x(t) y = y (t) z = z(t), a≤t≤b
or by the vector function R(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j + z(t)k.
Line integral with respect to arc length

Then the line integral of f along C
s 2 2 2
Z Z b
dx dy dz
f (x, y , z)ds = f (x(t), y (t), z(t)) + + dt
C a dt dt dt
which can be written in the more compact vector notation

Z Z b
f (x, y , z)ds = f (R(t)) R0 (t) dt (11)
C a

Line integrals along C with respect to x, y , and z
Line integrals along C with respect to x is defined by
Z Z b
f (x, y , z)dx = f (x(t), y (t), z(t)) x 0 (t)dt (12)
C a
Similarly, line integrals with respect to x, y , and z occur together

Z
[P(x, y , z)dx + Q(x, y , z)dy + R(x, y , z)dz] (13)
C
can be evaluated by expressing everything (x, y , z, dx, dy , dz) in terms of

the parameter t.

Example 13
R
Evaluate C y sin zds, where C is the circular helix given by the equations
x = sin t y = cos t z = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

Example 14
R
Evaluate C ydx + zdy + xdz, where C is the straight line segment from
(2, 0, 0) to (3, 4, 5)

Line Integrals of Vector Fields
Let F(x, y , z) = P(x, y , z)i + Q(x, y , z)j + R(x, y , z)k be a vector field, and
let C be a piecewise smooth orientable curve with parametric representation
R(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j + z(t)k a ≤ t ≤ b
Denote dR = dxi + dy j + dzk, we can define the line integral of F along

C by
Z Z b
F · dR = F (R(t)) · R0 (t)dt (14)
C a

Example 15
Let F(x, y ) = xy 2 i + x 2 y j and evaluate
R
C F · dR between the point (0, 0)
and (2, 4) along the following paths:
a. the line segment connecting the points
b. the parabolic arc y = x 2 connecting the points.

Example 16
R
Evaluate C F · dR, where F(x, y , z) = xy i + yzj + zxk and C is the
twisted cubic given by
x =t y = t2 z = t 3, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Applications of Line Integrals: Mass
Consider a thin wire with the shape of a curve C and let ρ (x, y , z) be the
density at each point P(x, y , z) on the wire. Suppose the curve is
described by the parametric equation
x = x(t), y = y (t), z = z(t), a ≤ t ≤ b.
The mass of the wire is given by

Z
m= ρ (x, y , z) ds (15)
C
The center of mass of the wire is then the point (x̄, ȳ , z̄), where
Z Z
1 1
x̄ = xρ (x, y , z) ds, ȳ = y ρ (x, y , z) ds,
m C m C
Z
1
z̄ = zρ (x, y , z) ds
m C
Example 17
A wire has a shape of the curve
√
x = 2 sin t, y = cos t, z = cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
If the wire has density ρ(x, y , z) = xyz at each point (x, y , z), what is its
mass?

Applications of Line Integrals: Work
Suppose that F = Pi + Qj + Rk is a continuous force field on R3 . Then
the work done by this force in moving a particle along a smooth curve C is
Z Z
W = F (x, y , z) · T (x, y , z) ds = F · Tds (16)
C C
where T (x, y , z) is the unit tangent vector at the point (x, y , z) on C .

If the curve C is represented by arc length parameter R(s), then
Z
dR
T= and W = F · dR. (17)
ds C
If the curve C is parameterized by vector function R(t) for a ≤ t ≤ b,

then
R0 (t)
T(t) = and ds = R0 (t) dt
R0 (t)
and the work W
Z Z b
W = F · dR = F (R(t)) · R0 (t)dt (18)
C a

Example 18
Find the work done by the force field F(x, y ) = x 2 i − xy j in moving a
particle along the quarter-circle
π
R(t) = cos ti + sin tj, 0≤t≤ .
2

Example 19
An object moving in the force field F(x, y ) = y 2 i + 2xy j. How much work
is performed as the object moves from the point (2, 0) counterclockwise
along the elliptical path x 2 + 4y 2 = 1 to (0, 1), then back to (2, 0) along
the line segment joining the two points, as shown in the figure.
Figure: The curve C

13.3 The Fundamental Theorem and Path Independence
Theorem 20 (Fundamental Theorem for line integrals)

Let C be a smooth curve given by the vector function R(t), a ≤ t ≤ b.
Let f be a differentiable function of two or three variables whose gradient
vector is continuous on C . Then
Z
∇f · dR = f (R(b)) − f (R(a)) (19)
C

Example 21
R
Evaluate the line integral C F · dR, where
F = ∇ 3x − x 2 y − y 3

and C is the path described by R(t) = (sin t) i + (cos t) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.

Conservative Vector Fields
Definition 22 (Conservative Vector Fields)

A vector field F is said to be conservative in a region D if F = ∇f for
some scalar function f in D. The function f is called a scalar potential of
F in D.
Test for Consevative vector fields:

Cross-partials test for a conservative vector field in R2
The curl criterion for a conservative vector field in R3

Conservative Vector Fields
Test for Conservative Vector Fields
Theorem 23 (Cross-partials test for a conservative vector field in R2 )

Let F(x, y ) = P(x, y )i + Q(x, y )j be a vector field on an open simply con-
nected region D. Then F is conservative in D if and only if
∂P ∂Q
= throughout D. (20)
∂y ∂x
Example 24
a. If F(x, y ) = (3 + 2xy ) i + x 2 − 3y 2 j, find a function f such that

F = ∇f .
R
b. Evaluate the line integral C F · dR, where C is the curve given by
R(t) = e t sin ti + e t cos tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.

Theorem 25 (The curl criterion for a conservative vector field in R3 )
Suppose the vector field F and curl F are continuous in the simply
connected region D of R3 . Then F is conservative in D if and only if
curl F = 0.
Example 26
Show that the vector field
F = 20x 3 z + 2y 2 , 4xy , 5x 4 + 3z 2
is conservative in R3 and find a scalar potential function of F.

Independence of Path
Definition 27
R
If F is a continuous vector field with domain D. The line integral C F · dR
is independent of path if
Z Z
F · dR = F · dR
C1 C2
for any two paths C1 and C2 in D that have

the same initial and terminal points.
Figure: Independence of Path

Theorem 28 (Equivalent conditions for path independence)
If F is a continuous vector field on the open connected set D, then the
following three conditions are either all true or false:
a. F is conservative on D.
H
b. C F · dR = 0 for every piecewise smooth closed curve C in D.
R
c. C F · dR is independent of path within D.

Example 29
R
Evaluate the line integral C F · dR, where
F(x, y ) = (3 + 2xy ) i + x 2 − 3y 2 j

for each of following curves:

x2 y2
a. the ellipse + = 1.
4 9
b. the curve with parametric equations
x = t 2 cos πt y = e −t sin πt, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

13.4 Green’s Theorem
Theorem 30 (Green’s Theorem)
Let D be a simply connected region that is bounded by a positively oriented,
piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve C . Then if the vector field F(x, y ) =
P(x, y )i + Q(x, y )j is continuous differentiable on D, we have
Z I ZZ
∂Q ∂P
F · dR = (Pdx + Qdy ) = − dA (21)
C C D ∂x ∂y
Figure: A simply connected region D

Example 31
A closed path C in the plane is defined by figure below. Find the work
done on an object moving along C in the force field
F(x, y ) = x + xy 2 i + 2 x 2 y − y 2 sin y j

Figure: Closed path C

Applications of Green’s Theorem
In the Green’s Theorem, choose P and Q such that
∂Q ∂P
− =1
∂x ∂y
we can use the line integral to compute the area A of the region D.
ZZ I
∂Q ∂P
A= − dA = (Pdx + Qdy ) . (22)
D ∂x ∂y C
Theorem 32 (Area as line integral)

Let D be a simply connected region in the plane with piecewise smooth,
positively oriented closed boundary C . Then the area A of the region D is
given by
I I I
1
A= xdy = − ydx = (xdy − ydx) (23)
C C 2 C
Example 33
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse
x2 y2
+ 2 = 1.
a2 b

Theorem 34 (Green’s Theorem for Multiply-Connected Regions)
Assume that the boundary C of the region D (as in figure) consists of two
simple closed curves C1 and C2 . We assume that these boundary curves
are oriented so that the region D is always on the left as the curve C is
traversed. Then if the vector field F(x, y ) = P(x, y )i+Q(x, y )j is continuous
differentiable on D, we have
I I ZZ
Green’s theorem ∂Q ∂P
F · dR = (Pdx + Qdy ) = − dA (24)
C C D ∂x ∂y
Figure: A doubly-connected region with Figure: D = D 0 ∪ D 00

oriented boundary curve
Example 35
R
Show that C F · dR = 2π, where
−y i + xj
F(x, y ) =
x2 + y2
and C is any positively oriented simple closed path that encloses the origin.
Figure: The region D for doubly connected regions

Alternative Form of Green’s Theorem
Let D be a simply connected region with a positive oriented boundary C .
Then if vector field F(x, y ) = P(x, y )i+Q(x, y )j is continuous differentiable
on D, we have
I I
F · dR = (Pdx + Qdy )
C C
ZZ ZZ
Green’s theorem ∂Q ∂P
= − dA = (curl F · k) dA (25)
D ∂x ∂y D
and
I I I
dR
F · dR = F· ds = F · Tds (26)
C C ds C
And therefore, we obtain
I ZZ
F · Tds = (curl F · k) dA (27)
C D

Theorem 36 (Divergence theorem)
Suppose that F(x, y ) = P(x, y )i + Q(x, y )j is continuous differentiable on
D with a piecewise smooth boundary C . Then
I ZZ
F · Nds = div FdA (28)
C D
Figure: The outward unit normal and tangential vector to a point on C

Normal Derivative
Definition 37 (Normal Derivative)

The normal derivative of f , denoted by ∂f /∂n, is the directional
derivative of f in the direction of the normal vector pointing to the
exterior of the domain of f . In other words
∂f
= ∇f · N (29)
∂n
where N is the outward unit normal vector.

Example 38 (Green’s formula for the integral of the Laplacian)
Suppose f is a scalar function with continuous first and second partial
derivatives in the simply connected region D. If the piece-wise smooth
positively oriented closed curve C bounds D, then we have
ZZ I
2 ∂f
∇ fdA = ds
D C ∂n

13.5 Surface Integrals
Definition 39 (Surface integral)
The surface integral of g over the surface S is defined by
ZZ m X
X n
g Pij∗ ∆Sij

g (x, y , z)dS = lim
S m,n→∞
i=1 j=1
Figure: Projection D of the surface S Figure: Surface S

Compute Surface Integral
If a surface S is defined by z = f (x, y ), then the surface integral of g

over S is given by
ZZ ZZ q
g (x, y , z)dS = g (x, y , f (x, y )) fx2 + fy2 + 1dA (30)
S D
where D is the projection of the surface S onto the xy -plane.

If a surface S is defined parametrically by vector field
R(u, v ) = x(u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k
over a region D in the uv -plane, then the surface integral of g over S

is given by
ZZ ZZ
g (x, y , z)dS = g (R(u, v )) kRu × Rv k dudv (31)
S D

Example 40
RR
Evaluate S ydS, where S is the surface
z = x + y 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2.

Example 41
x 2 dS, where S is the unit sphere
RR
Compute the surface integral S
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

Example 42
Evaluate the surface integral
ZZ
g (x, y , z)dS
S
where g (x, y , z) = xz + 2x 2 − 3xy and the surface S is the portion of the

plane 2x − 3y + z = 6 that lies over the unit square R: 2 ≤ x ≤ 3,
2 ≤ y ≤ 3.

Applications of Surface Integrals: Surface Area Formula
If S is a piecewise smooth surface, its area is given by

ZZ
A= dS (32)
S
If a surface S is given by the function z = f (x, y ) then we have

ZZ q
A= fx2 + fy2 + 1dA (33)
D
where D is the projection of S onto the xy -plane.

If S is given by a vector function R(u, v ), then we have
ZZ
A= kRu × Rv k dA (34)
D
where D is the parameter domain.

Applications of Surface Integrals: Mass
Consider a thin curved lamina whose shape is part of a surface S and let
ρ (x, y , z) be the density at each point P(x, y , z) on the lamina.
The total mass of the lamina is given by
ZZ
m= ρ (x, y , z) dS (35)
S
The center of mass of the lamina is then the point (x̄, ȳ , z̄), where
ZZ ZZ
1 1
x̄ = xρ (x, y , z) dS, ȳ = y ρ (x, y , z) dS,
m S m S
ZZ
1
z̄ = zρ (x, y , z) dS
m S

Example 43
Find the mass of a lamina
p of density ρ(x, y , z) = z in the shape of the
upper hemisphere z = a2 − x 2 − y 2 .

Flux Integral
Oriented Surfaces
Suppose a surface S has a tangent plane at every point (x, y , z) on S (except

at any boundary point).
Figure: Two unit normal vector N1 and N2 = −N1

Definition 44 (Oriented Surfaces)
If it is possible to choose a unit normal vector n at every such point
(x, y , z) so that n varies continuously over S, then is called an oriented
surface and the given choice of n provides S with an orientation.
Figure: The two orientations of an orientable surface

For a surface z = f (x, y ) given as the graph
of f , by setting F (x, y , z) = z − f (x, y ) the
unit normal vector is
∇F −fx i − fy j + k
N1 = =q (36)
k∇F k fx2 + fy2 + 1
where ∇F = h−fx , −fy , 1i. Since the

k-component is positive, this gives the
Figure: Upward and downward upward orientation of the surface.
unit normal vectors
If S is a smooth orientable surface given in parametric form by a vector

function R(u, v ), then it is automatically supplied with the orientation of
the unit normal vector
Ru × Rv
N1 = (37)
kRu × Rv k

For a closed surface, that is, a surface that is the boundary of a solid
region E , the convention is that the positive orientation is the one for
which the normal vectors point outward from E , and inward-pointing
normals give the negative orientation.

Flux Integral
Definition 45 (Flux Integral)

If F is a continuous vector field defined on an oriented surface S with unit
normal vector N, then the flux of F across S is given by the surface
integral
ZZ
Flux = F · NdS (38)
S

Flux Integral
Compute the flux of F across S
If a surface S is given by the function z = f (x, y ) then we have

ZZ ZZ
F · NdS = F (x, y , f (x, y )) · h−fx , −fy , 1i dA (39)
S D
where D is the projection of S onto the xy -plane.

If S is given by a vector function R(u, v ), then we have
ZZ ZZ
F · NdS = F · (Ru × Rv ) dA (40)
S D
where D is the parameter domain.

Example 46
RR
Compute the flux integral S F · NdS, where F = y i + xj + zk and S is
the triangular surface cut off from the plane x + y + z = 1 by the
coordinate planes.

Example 47
Find the flux of the vector field F = y i + xj + zk through the surface S
parameterized by
R(u, v ) = (uv )i + (u − v )j + (u + v )k
over the triangular region D in the uv -plane that is bounded by u = 0,

v = 0, and u + v = 1.

Example 48
Let R be the region that is bounded above by paraboloid z = 9 − x 2 − y 2
and below by the xy -plane. Experiments indicate that the velocity of heat
flow is given by the vector field H = −K ∇T , where
T (x, y , z) = 2x + 3y − 3z 2
is the temperature at each point P(x, y , z) in the region R and K is a

constant (the heat conductivity, which is obtained
RR experimentally for each
different substance). Find the total heat flow R H · NdS out of the
region (that is, N is the outward unit normal).

13.6 Stokes’ Theorem and Applications
Definition 49 (Compatible orientation)

The orientation of the closed path C on the surface S is compatible with
the orientation on S if you walk in the positive direction around C with
your head pointing in the direction of N, then the surface will be on your
left.
Figure: Compatible orientation

Theorem 50 (Stokes’ Theorem)
Let S be an oriented surface with unit normal vector field N, and assume
that S is bounded by a a simple, closed, piecewise smooth boundary curve
C whose orientation is compatible with that of S. If F is a vector field that
is continuously differentiable on S, then
I ZZ
F · dR = (curl F · N) dS (41)
C S

Example 51
Evaluate C F · R, where F(x, y , z) = −y 2 i + xj + z 2 k and C is the curve
H
of intersection of the plane y + z = 2 and the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1.

(Orient C to be counterclockwise when viewed from above.)

Example 52
RR
Use Stokes’ Theorem to compute the integral S curl F · NdS, where
F(x, y , z) = xzi + yzj + zxk and S is the part of the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 that lies inside the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1 and above the
xy -plane.

Physical Interpretation of Stokes’ Theorem
Assume that the fluid flows across the

surface S with velocity field V. Then the
cumulative rotational tendency over the
surface S is
ZZ
(curl V · N) dS (42)
S
Figure: The tendency of a fluid

to swirl across the surface S is
measured by curl V · N

Notice that the line integral
Z Z
V · dR = V · Tds (43)
C C
where V·T is the component of V in the direction of the unit tangent vector
R
T. Thus C V · dR is a measure of the tendency of the fluid to move around
C and is called the circulation of V around C .
R
Figure: C V · dR > 0: positive
R
Figure: C V · dR < 0: negative
circulation circulation

The Stokes’ Theorem
ZZ I
(curl V · N) dS = V · Tds
S C
| {z } | {z }
(44)
The cumulative tendency The circulation of
of a fluid to swirl across fluid around the
the surface S boundary curve C

13.7 Divergence Theorem and Applications
Theorem 53 (The Divergence Theorem)

Let S be a smooth, orientable surface that encloses a solid region E in R3 .
If F is a continuous vector field whose components have continuous partial
derivatives in an open set containing E , then
ZZ ZZZ
F · NdS = div FdV (45)
S E
where N is the outward unit normal filed for the surface.

Example 54
Find the flux of the vector field F(x, y , z) = zi + y j + xk over the unit
sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.

Example 55
Evaluate S F · NdS, where F(x, y , z) = x 2 i + xy j + x 3 y 3 k and S is the
RR
surface of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane x + y + z = 1 and the

coordinate planes, with outward unit normal vector N.

Example 56
RR
Find S F · NdS, where F(x, y , z) = 2xi − 3y j + 5xk and S is the
p
hemisphere z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 together with the disk x 2 + y 2 ≤ 9 in the
xy -plane.

Example 57
Find S F · NdS, where F(x, y , z) = xy i − z 2 k and S is the surface of the
RR
upper five faces of the unit cube 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.

Physical Interpretation of Divergence
Let F = ρV be the flux density associated with a fluid of density ρ flowing

with velocity V and let P0 be a point inside a solid region where the condi-
tions of the divergence theorem are satisfied. Then we have
ZZ
1
div F(P0 ) = lim F · NdS (46)
r →0 V (Br ) Sr
where Sr is a sphere of the ball Br with center at P0 and radius r .


Lecture Note On Chapter 13

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Chapter 13.

Faculty of Applied Sciences

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Definition 1 (Vector field)

F(x, y ) can be written in terms of its

F(x, y ) =P(x, y )i + Q(x, y )j

where P(x, y ) and Q(x, y ) are scalar

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

F(x, y , z) = P(x, y , z)i + Q(x, y , z)j + R(x, y , z)k,

where P, Q and R are component functions of F.

Figure: Vector filed on R3

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

F(x, y , z) = P(x, y , z)i + Q(x, y , z)j + R(x, y , z)k

is denoted by div F and is given by

Denote the del operator ∇ by

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

F(x, y , z) = P(x, y , z)i + Q(x, y , z)j + R(x, y , z)k

is denoted by curl F and is given by

F = x 2 yzi + xy 2 zj + xyz 2 k and G = (x cos y )i + xy 2 j

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

If div F(P) > 0, the net flow is outward

Figure: The vector field

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

∂2f ∂2f ∂2f

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

A plane curve C given by the parametric

x = x(t) y = y (t), a≤t≤b

or by the vector function

R(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j.

Then the line integral of f along C is given by

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Let f , f1 , and f2 be a scalar functions defined on a smooth curve, orientable

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Figure: A piecewise-smooth curve

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

x = x(t) y = y (t), a≤t≤b

It frequently happens that line integrals with respect to x and y occur

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

determines an orientation of a curve C , with the positive direction corre-

But if we integrate with respect to arc length

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

x = x(t) y = y (t) z = z(t), a≤t≤b

or by the vector function R(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j + z(t)k.

Line integral with respect to arc length

which can be written in the more compact vector notation

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Similarly, line integrals with respect to x, y , and z occur together

can be evaluated by expressing everything (x, y , z, dx, dy , dz) in terms of

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

x = sin t y = cos t z = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

R(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j + z(t)k a ≤ t ≤ b

Denote dR = dxi + dy j + dzk, we can define the line integral of F along

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

Le Cong Nhan (Faculty of Applied Sciences HCMC University

If the curve C is parameterized by vector function R(t) for a ≤ t ≤ b,