### Answers based on Grade 10 NCERT Science Book:

#### Q1. No matter how far you stand from a spherical mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror
may be

(a) plane

(b) concave

(c) convex

(d) either plane or convex

**Answer: (d) either plane or convex**

#### Q2. The power of a lens of focal length 25 cm in diopter is

(a) +0.25 D

(b) 2.5 D

(c) -4.0 D

(d) + 0.4 D

**Answer: (b) 2.5 D**

#### Q3. An object is placed at the centre of curvature of a concave mirror. The distance between
the image and the pole is

(a) equal to f

(b) greater than f but less than 2f

(c) equal to 2f

(d) greater than 2f

**Answer: (c) equal to 2f**

#### Q4. Focal length of a plane mirror is

(a) zero

(b) infinite

(c) 25 cm
(d) -25 cm

**Answer: (b) infinite**

#### Q5. The image of an object placed in front of a convex mirror is formed at

(a) the object itself.

(b) twice the distance of the object in front of the mirror.

(c) half the distance of the object in front of the mirror.

(d) behind the mirror

**Answer: (d) behind the mirror**

#### Q6. The radius of curvature of concave mirror is 12 cm. Then, the focal length will be

(a) 12 cm

(b) 6 cm

(c) -24 cm

(d) -6 cm

**Answer: (b) 6 cm**

#### Q7. An object is placed 20 cm from the concave mirror of focal length 10 cm, the image is
formed at

(a) behind the mirror

(b) between the mirror and focus

(c) at focus

(d) centre of curvature of mirror

**Answer: (d) centre of curvature of mirror**

#### Q8. A 10 mm long awl pin is placed vertically in front of a concave mirror. A 5 mm long image
of the awl pin is formed at 30 cm in front of the mirror. The focal length of this mirror is

(a) -30 cm
(b) -20 cm

(c) -40 cm

(d) -60 cm

**Answer: (b) -20 cm**

#### Q9. An object is placed at a distance of 30 cm from a convex mirror of focal length 15 cm. The
image formed is

(a) 20 cm from the pole

(b) -10 cm from the pole

(c) +10 cm from the pole

(d) +60 cm from the pole

**Answer: (c) +10 cm from the pole**

#### Q10. The image of the distance object on a screen by using a concave mirror. The focal length
of the mirror can be determined by measuring the distance between

(a) the object and the mirror

(b) the object and the screen

(c) the mirror and the screen

(d) the mirror and the screen as well as that between the object and the screen

**Answer: (c) the mirror and the screen**

#### Assertion-Reason Questions:

#### Q11. Assertion: The mirrors used in search lights are concave spherical. Reason: In concave
spherical mirror the image formed is always virtual.

**Answer: (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.**

#### Q12. Assertion: For observing traffic at back, the driver mirror is convex mirror. Reason: A
convex mirror has much larger field of view than a plane mirror.

**Answer: (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.**

#### Q13. Assertion: Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat by
solar cookers. Reason: Concave mirror converges the light rays falling on it to a point.

**Answer: (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.**

#### Q14. Assertion: A ray incident along normal of the mirror retraces its path. Reason: In
reflection, angle of incidence is always equal to angle of reflection.

**Answer: (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.**

#### Q15. Assertion: When a concave mirror is held under water, its focal length will increase.
Reason: The focal length of a concave mirror is independent of the medium in which it is placed.

**Answer: (d) Assertion is false but Reason is true.**

#### Q16. Assertion: A convex mirror is used as a driver’s mirror. Reason: Convex mirrors have a
wider field of view as they are curved outwards. They also give an erect, though diminished image.

**Answer: (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.**

#### Q17. Assertion: Refractive index has no units. Reason: The refractive index is a ratio of two
similar quantities.

**Answer: (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.**
#### Short Answer Questions:

#### Q18. Define the term principal axis of a spherical mirror.

**Answer**: The principal axis of a spherical mirror is the straight line passing through the center of
curvature and the pole of the mirror.

#### Q19. Write two different uses of concave mirrors.

**Answer**:

1. **Shaving mirrors**: Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors to see a larger and magnified
image of the face.

2. **Reflectors in headlights**: They are used as reflectors in the headlights of vehicles, searchlights,
and torches to produce a parallel beam of light.

#### Q20. What is the significance of +ve sign of magnification?

**Answer**: The positive sign of magnification indicates that the image formed is erect and virtual.

#### Q21. Explain why a ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror gets
reflected along the same path after reflection.

**Answer**: A ray of light passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror is incident
normally to the mirror's surface. Hence, it retraces its path after reflection because the angle of
incidence and the angle of reflection are both zero.

#### Q22. Define the term principal axis of a spherical mirror.

**Answer**: (Repeated question - same as Q18) The principal axis of a spherical mirror is the
straight line passing through the center of curvature and the pole of the mirror.

#### Q23. “The magnification produced by a spherical mirror is -3.” List four pieces of information
you obtain from this statement about the mirror/image.

**Answer**:

1. The image is inverted (negative magnification).

2. The image is real (negative magnification).

3. The image is three times the size of the object (magnitude of magnification is 3).

4. The mirror used is a concave mirror (since only concave mirrors can produce real, inverted, and
magnified images).
#### Q24. Rohit wants to have an erect image of an object using a converging mirror of focal length
40 cm.

(a) Specify the range of distance where the object can be placed in front of the mirror. Give reason
for your answer.

**Answer**: The object should be placed between the pole and the focal point of the mirror (0 to
40 cm). This range will produce an erect, virtual, and magnified image.

(b) Will the image be bigger or smaller than the object?

**Answer**: The image will be bigger than the object.

(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation in this case.

**Answer**:


(Diagram: object between pole and focus, image formed behind the mirror, erect and magnified)

#### Q25. When a plane mirror is placed horizontally on levelled ground at a distance of 40 m from
the foot of a tower, the top of the tower and its image in the mirror subtend an angle of 90° at the
eye. What is the height of the tower?

**Answer**: The height of the tower is 40 meters. (Using the concept of similar triangles, the height
of the tower equals the distance from the mirror).

#### Q26. If p, q, and r denote the object distance, image distance, and the radius of curvature
respectively, of a spherical mirror, write out the relation between them.

**Answer**: The mirror formula is \(\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}\), where \(f\) is the focal
length. For spherical mirrors, \(f = \frac{r}{2}\). Hence, the relation is \(\frac{2}{r} = \frac{1}{v} + \
frac{1}{u}\).

#### Q27. “A concave mirror of focal length f can form a magnified, erect as well as an inverted
image of an object placed in front of it.” Justify this statement stating the position of the object with
respect to the mirror in each case for obtaining these images.

**Answer**:

- Magnified, erect image: When the object is placed between the pole and the focus (0 to f).

- Magnified, inverted image: When the object is placed between the focus and the center of
curvature (f to 2f).
#### Q28. An object of height 8.0 cm is placed at 50 cm in front of a concave mirror

of focal length 30 cm. At what distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain
a sharp image? Also find the nature and size of image.

**Answer**:

Using the mirror formula:

\(\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}\)

\(\frac{1}{-30} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{-50}\)

\(\frac{1}{v} = \frac{1}{-30} + \frac{1}{50}\)

\(\frac{1}{v} = \frac{-(50 - 30)}{1500} = \frac{-20}{1500} = \frac{-2}{150}\)

\[ v = -37.5 \text{ cm} \]

The image is real, inverted, and smaller. Using magnification:

\[ m = \frac{v}{u} = \frac{-37.5}{-50} = 0.75 \]

\[ h' = m \times h = 0.75 \times 8 = 6 \text{ cm} \]

#### Q29. When an object is kept beyond the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, what is the
nature of image formed?

**Answer**: The image formed is real, inverted, and diminished, and it is located between the
center of curvature and the focus.

#### Q30. An object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex lens of focal length 15 cm. Find
the position, size, and nature of image formed.

**Answer**:

Using the lens formula:

\(\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u}\)

\(\frac{1}{15} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{-10}\)

\(\frac{1}{v} = \frac{1}{15} + \frac{1}{10} = \frac{2}{30} + \frac{3}{30} = \frac{5}{30}\)

\[ v = 6 \text{ cm} \]

The image is virtual, erect, and diminished. Using magnification:

\[ m = \frac{v}{u} = \frac{6}{-10} = -0.6 \]

#### Q31. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power +1.2 D. Find the focal length of the lens
to be used. Is the lens converging or diverging? What would be the defect of the eye?

**Answer**:

\[ P = \frac{1}{f} \]

\[ f = \frac{1}{P} = \frac{1}{1.2} = \frac{100}{120} = 0.833 \text{ m} \]

The lens is converging. The defect is hypermetropia (far-sightedness).

#### Q32. An object 50 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens. Its 20 cm tall image is
formed on the screen placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal length of the
lens.

**Answer**:

Using magnification:

\[ m = \frac{h'}{h} = \frac{20}{50} = 0.4 \]

\[ m = \frac{v}{u} \]

\[ 0.4 = \frac{10}{u} \]

\[ u = \frac{10}{0.4} = 25 \text{ cm} \]

Using the lens formula:

\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{10} - \frac{1}{-25} \]

\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{25} = \frac{5 + 2}{50} = \frac{7}{50} \]

\[ f = \frac{50}{7} \approx 7.14 \text{ cm} \]

#### Q33. A concave lens has focal length 20 cm. At what distance from the lens should a 5 cm tall
object be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also, calculate the size of the
image formed.

**Answer**:

Using the lens formula:

\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} \]

\[ \frac{1}{-20} = \frac{1}{-15} - \frac{1}{u} \]

\[ \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{-15} - \frac{1}{-20} = \frac{-4 + 3}{60} = \frac{-1}{60} \]

\[ u = -60 \text{ cm} \]

Using magnification:

\[ m = \frac{v}{u} = \frac{-15}{-60} = \frac{1}{4} \]

\[ h' = m \times h = \frac{1}{4} \times 5 = 1.25 \text{ cm} \]

#### Q34. An object 2.0 cm in size is placed 20.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10
cm. Find the distance from the mirror at which a screen should be placed in order to obtain a sharp
image. What will be the size and nature of the image formed?

**Answer**:

Using the mirror formula:

\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u} \]

\[ \frac{1}{-10} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{-20} \]

\[ \frac{1}{v} = \frac{1}{-10} + \frac{1}{20} = \frac{-2 + 1}{20} = \frac{-1}{20} \]

\[ v = -20 \text{ cm} \]

The image is real, inverted, and the same size as the object (m = -1).

#### Q35. A convex lens has a focal length of 30 cm. Calculate at what distance should the object be
placed from the lens so that it forms an image at 60 cm on the other side of the lens. Find the
magnification produced by the lens in this case.

**Answer**:

Using the lens formula:

\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} \]

\[ \frac{1}{30} = \frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{u} \]

\[ \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{60} - \frac{1}{30} = \frac{1 - 2}{60} = \frac{-1}{60} \]

\[ u = -60 \text{ cm} \]

Using magnification:

\[ m = \frac{v}{u} = \frac{60}{-60} = -1 \]

#### Q36 & Q37. How is the refractive index of a medium related to the speed of light? Obtain an
expression for refractive index of a medium with respect to another in terms of speed of light in
these two media?

**Answer**:

The refractive index \( n \) of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum \( c \) to the
speed of light in the medium \( v \):

\[ n = \frac{c}{v} \]

For two media, if the speed of light in the first medium is \( v_1 \) and in the second medium is \
( v_2 \), the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium is:

\[ n_{21} = \frac{v_1}{v_2} \]
#### Q38. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. How far is the
object placed from the lens?

**Answer**:

Using the lens formula:

\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} \]

\[ \frac{1}{-15} = \frac{1}{-10} - \frac{1}{u} \]

\[ \frac{1}{u} = \frac{1}{-10} + \frac{1}{15} = \frac{-3 + 2}{30} = \frac{-1}{30} \]

\[ u = -30 \text{ cm} \]

### Case Study Questions:

#### Q40. A student focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a convex lens. He
noted down the position of the candle, screen, and the lens as under:

- Position of candle = 12.0 cm

- Position of convex lens = 50.0 cm

- Position of the screen = 88.0 cm

(i) What is the focal length of the convex lens?

**Answer**:

\[ u = 12 \text{ cm} - 50 \text{ cm} = -38 \text{ cm} \]

\[ v = 88 \text{ cm} - 50 \text{ cm} = 38 \text{ cm} \]

Using the lens formula:

\[ \frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u} \]

\[ \frac{

1}{f} = \frac{1}{38} - \frac{1}{-38} = \frac{2}{38} = \frac{1}{19} \]

\[ f = 19 \text{ cm} \]

(ii) Where will the image be formed if he shifts the candle towards the lens at a position of 31.0 cm?

**Answer**:

\[ u = 31 \text{ cm} - 50 \text{ cm} = -19 \text{ cm} \]

\[ \frac{1}{19} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{-19} \]

\[ \frac{1}{v} = \frac{1}{19} + \frac{1}{19} = \frac{2}{19} \]

\[ v = 9.5 \text{ cm} \]

(iii) What will be the nature of the image formed if he further shifts the candle towards the lens?

**Answer**: The image will be virtual, erect, and magnified because the object is now within the
focal length of the lens.

(iv) Draw a ray diagram for case (iii).

**Answer**:

To draw the ray diagram, follow these steps:

1. Draw the principal axis and the convex lens.

2. Mark the focal points on both sides of the lens.

3. Place the object closer to the lens than the focal point.

4. Draw the ray passing through the center of the lens without bending.

5. Draw the ray parallel to the principal axis, which will refract through the focal point.

6. The rays diverge, so extend them backward to find the virtual image.

#### Q41. The curved surface of a spoon can be considered as a spherical mirror. A highly smooth
polished surface is called a mirror. The mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards or
outwards is called a spherical mirror. The inner part works as a concave mirror and the outer bulging
part acts as a convex mirror. The center of the reflecting surface of a mirror is called the pole and the
radius of the sphere of which the mirror is formed is called the radius of curvature.

(i) When a concave mirror is held towards the sun and its sharp image is formed on a piece of carbon
paper for some time, a hole is burnt in the carbon paper. What is the name given to the distance
between the mirror and carbon paper?

**Answer**: (b) Focal length

(ii) The distance between pole and focal point of a spherical mirror is equal to the distance between:

**Answer**: (a) Pole and center of curvature

(iii) The focal length of a mirror is 15 cm. The radius of curvature is:
**Answer**: (b) 30 cm

(iv) The normal at any point on the mirror passes through:

**Answer**: (c) Center of curvature