Jasmine Production

technology
 Jasmine (Jasminum spp.) is one of the oldest fragrant
flowers. Jasmine being one of the important commercial
flower crops is cultivated in India.

It belongs to the family Oleaceae.

As many as forty species of their genus are known to be in

India.
Important Species are
1. Jasminum auriculatum : Vasantha Mallige
2. Jasminum grandiflorum : Jajimallige/Jathimalli (or) Pitchi
(or) Spanish Jasmine
3. Jasminum sambac : Gundu mallige /Malligai / Arabian
jasmine / Tuscan jasmine
4. Jasminum pubescens (multiflorum) - Kakada
Uses
 They are mainly grown as climbers, shrubs and rarely as pot plants.
 Jasmine flowers, known for their fragrance are used for making garland.
 Garlands are being used for personal adorning by women and in
religious offerings.
 Flowers and buds used, bouquets, vent/veni preparation.
 Production of perfumed oils and attars.
 There is tremendous scope for the development of jasmine essential oil
industry for export.
 Some portions of the flowers are also used for the production of
perfumed hair oil and ‘attar’.
 The world famous jasmine oil is extracted from the flowers of the
Spanish jasmine (J. grandiflorum). Nearly 50% of world’s famous
jasmine oil is produced from France and the rest is contributed by
Belgium, Netherlands, Italy, Turkey, Morocco and Tunisia.
 The jasmine oil is considered unique as it blends well with other floral
extracts to make high grade perfumes and cosmetics
ORIGIN N HISTORY
 Among the large number of species existing only three species have
attained importance in commercial cultivation.
 The Arabian or Tuscan jasmine (J. sambac) -native of the East Indies.
 The Royal jasmine or common white jasmine or Poet's jasmine (J.
officinale) -Persian origin.
 The Spanish jasmine or Catalonion jasmine (J. grandiflorum)
 Cooke (1905) stated that J officinale is a native of Kashmir.
 Adorn in central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Nepal etc.
 In India it is being grown in 12000 hectare area.
 India exports – to Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia and Gulf countries
 Historic evidences show that even 200-500 years ago, the jasmines
were extensively used for hair ornamentation by the women in
China.
DISTRIBUTION
• Though jasmines are distributed in tropical and subtropical
countries of the world,
• No. of species are centered around India, China and
Malaysia
• Among these, about 40 species are reported to occur in
India. Some of the important are as follows,
• J. auriculatum : India
• J. calophyllum : India
• J.. flexile : India
• J. grandiflorm : Subtropical Himalayan region
• J. humile : Tropical Asia
• J. officinale : Iran, India, China
• J. parkeri : India
• J. sambac : India
• J. mulfiflorum : India
 Commercially important species are
1. Jasminum auriculatum (Vasantha mallige)
• Shrubby
• Leaves are shiny, with auricles
• Flowers white, sweet scented
• Corolla lobes elliptic, carpels solitary and globose
• Fruits black. Flowers -perfumes.
• Cultivars- Parimullai, CO 1 and CO 2
2. Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine)
• Woody bush
• Leaves : Pinnate with 3-5 leaflets of equal size
• Flower : White, pinkish at the base, very much fragrant and
commercially
• Used for essential oil extraction.
• Cultivars- CO 1, CO 2 and Arka surabhi.
3. Jasminum sambac (Gundu mallige)
• Evergreen twine. Leaves cordite to oblong, acute or obtuse, waved,
almost sessile, rather thin;
• Flowers white, fragrant usually in small, 3-forked cymes.
• Almost continuous.
• Variety florepleno: shows a double-flowered form.
• Cvs : Ramanathapuram, Gundumalli, Khoya and Arka Aradhana,
Ramabanam madanban, Single mogra, Double mogra, Soojimalli,
Kasthurimalli
4. J. multiflorum
• Straggly, downy shrub, leaves-corodate, mucronate, hairy
beneath;
• Flowers white, large, fragrant, petal 6-9, lanceolate.
• Round the year flowering
J. officinale
SOIL AND CLIMATE:
 Jasmine prefers mild tropical climate.
 Loamy (or) Red loamy and well drained garden soil is the
best suited.
 Since jasmine is commercially grown in India under open
field conditions, the ideal requirements for successful
cultivation of these plants are mild winter, warm summer,
moderate rainfall and sunny days.
 Varieties
1. J. auriculatum
1. Parimullai - Selection from a local type. Medium
round bud. Resistant to gall mite. Yield 8 t/ha with
flowering duration about 9 months/year.

2. CO 1 - Selection from a Long Round type.

Flowers have long corolla tube; easy for harvesting
and marketing. Yield 8.8 t/ha.

3. CO2 - Induced mutant from a Long point type.

- Longer corolla tube; flower buds bolder; field
tolerant to phyllody; Yield 11.1 t/ha.
2. Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine)

1. CO 1 - Clonal selection from germplasm

- Suitable for both loose flower production and
oil extraction. Pink streaks are found on external
surface of petal. Average yield 10 t/ha
- The concrete recovery is 0.29 per cent.
2. CO2 - Induced mutant from CO1 Pitchi.
- Bolder pink buds with long corolla tube yield
11.68 t/ha.
3. Jasminum sambac (Gundu mallige)
• J. sambac
1) Ramanathapuram Gundumalli - Round flowers
with good fragrance; yields 7 to 8 t/ha.
2) Khoya - Flowers familiar to J.sambac, but bolder
buds with less fragrance.
3) Others - Ramabanam, Madanbanam, Single
Mogra, Double , Mogra, Iruvatchi, Kasthurimalli,
Oosimalli, Soojimalli & Madurai Malli
PROPAGATION AND PLANTING MATERIAL
Jasmines are commercially propagated by cuttings
and layering.
1.J. auriculatum - Semi-hard wood
2.J. grandiflorum - Terminal cutting
3.J. sambac - Terminal and Semi-hardwood cuttings.
 Growth regulators. IAA (or) IBA treated at 1000
ppm for terminal cuttings and 2500 ppm for semi-
hard wood cuttings.
 The treatment is quick dip method of the basal
cut end before planting in the medium.
 Best rooting medium is sand: Vermiculate: moss
at 1:1:1 ratio.
PLANT SPACING, DENSITY AND SEASON:

Species Spacing Density Season

(Plants/ha)

J. auriculatum 1.5 x 1.5 m 4400 June to November

J.grandiflorum 2.0 x 1.5 m 3350 June to November
J.sambac 1.25 x 1.25 m 6400 June to November
 PLANTING
 Land with proper drainage, irrigation facilities and
sunny location are essential.
 Pits of 45 cm3 are dug at least one month before
planting and exposed to sunlight.
 A few days before planting, pits are filled with 2
parts of FYM and one part each of fresh earth and
coarse sand.
 Pits are to be watered to settle the mixture.
 Well rooted, healthy and strong plants are planted
one in each pit.
 NUTRITION

FOLIAR NUTRITION:
 Spraying of zinc 0.25% and magnesium 0.5% before
flowering increases the yield of flowers.

 Spray Feso4 at 5g/lit. at monthly intervals until the

chlorotic symptoms disappear
IRRIGATION

 Plants are irrigated by flooding once in a week.

 Sufficient amount of moisture in the soil is

necessary for proper growth and
 flowering.

 Jasmines can be irrigated once in ten days

depending on the soil and climatic conditions.
 PRUNING
NEED FOR PRUNING:
 In jasmine, flowering habit is terminal and axillary.
 So increasing the number of shoots is the main criterion
to increase the yield, for this pruning is an essential
operation.
 It also influences growth, flower bud initiation,
differentiation and ultimately the flower production.

PRUNING PERIOD:
J. Sambac - Last week of November
J. Grandiflorum - Last week of December
J. Auriculatum - Last week of January
Pruning is done at a height of 45-50 cm from the
ground level.
WEEDING:
 Commonly done manually but is expensive.
 Chemical weed control is effective and
economical.
 Spraying with Oryzalin 1 or 2 application is
effective.
 Mulching also reduce weed population
 HARVESTING
 Jasmine gives economic yield only from the third year and
upto 12-15 years and then starts declining in their yield.
 For fresh flowers, fully developed unopened flower buds
are picked in the early morning, while for extraction of
concrete only fully opened fresh picked flowers are
required.
 Picking of flowers after 11am will considerably reduce the
yield and quality of the concrete.
 Pluckers collect the flowers in a bag.
 Care should be taken to see that the flowers are not
badly handled.
 Wrinkled and damaged during harvest and transit will
affect fresh flowers and concrete recovery will be affected
and the entire product may be unmarketable.
GRADING:
 There are no standard grades available for jasmine.
 The flowers may be graded according to the corolla tube length, bud
size, shape and freshness.
PACKING:
 Packing should be functional, economical and attractive besides
being acceptable in markets.
 Harvested flower should be given cold treatment before packing.
 Corrugated cardboard boxes are the proper packing materials for
distant market.
 The growers also use small bags made out of fertilizer bag material to
bring flowers of jasmine to the market.
 They are packed so as to maintain some moisture and air circulation
in the baskets.
 Water is sprinkled on the newspapers covering the inside of the
basket.
 The top is covered with paper again and closed with a bamboo basket
cover or gunny stack which is stitched at the edges.
Yield