LECTURE 1 – THEORY OF STRUCTURES  American institute for Steel

Construction AISC-05 with

THEORY OF STRUCTURES Supplementary Seismic Provisions
Introduction to Structural Analysis  American Iron and Steel Institute
AIS1 S 1 00-2007
 Role of Structural Analysis in Structural Engineering  Reinforced Masonry Engineering
Projects Handbook of America
o Prediction of the performance of a given structure  Concrete Masonry Handbook, 6th
under prescribed loads and/or other external Edition
effects, such as support movements and  American National Standard Institute
temperature changes. ANSI E1A/TIA-222-G-I-2007
o Quantities that are determined under given loading  American Society for Testing and
condition to help analyze the structure: Materials (ASTM) Standards
 Axial Forces
 Classification of Structures
 Shear forces
o It is stated on SECTION 103 of National Structural
 Bending moments
Code of the Philippines, 7th Edition (NSCP 2015)
 Deflections
that the way structures are classified is based on the
 Support Reactions
nature of occupancy
o A structure refers to a system of connected parts
o Occupancy Category
used to support a load. Important examples related
 Essential Facility
to civil engineering include buildings, bridges, and
 Occupancies having surgery and
towers;
emergency treatment areas,
 In designing structures, structural engineer
 Fire and police stations,
must account the:
 Garages and shelters for emergency
 Safety
vehicles and emergency aircraft,
 Serviceability
 Structures and shelters in emergency
o Structural Engineer must also provide:
preparedness centers.
 Description of what is to be manufactured or
 Aviation control towers,
built
 Specifications of materials to be used  Structures and equipment in
 Construction techniques to be employed communication centers and other
 Rational justification or explanation of the facilities required for emergency
design proposal developed based on either response,
full-scale tests, experiments on small  Facilities for standby power-
physical models, or the mathematical generating equipment fr category 1
solution of detailed analytical models structures,
representing the behavior of real structures.  Tanks or other structures containing
o Licensed Civil engineer/s must abide the codes and housing or supporting water or other
local specifications through structural analysis. fire-suppression material, or
o National Structural Code of the Philippines equipment required for the protection
 Establishes minimum requirements for of Category I, II, III, IV, and V
structural systems using prescriptive and structures,
performance-based provisions.  Public school buildings, hospitals,
 Design codes provide detailed technical Designated centers and Power and
standards and are used to establish the Communication transmission lines.
requirements for the actual structural design.  Hazardous Facility
 This NSCP 7th edition is referenced from  Occupancies and structures housing or
the following design codes: supporting toxic or explosive
 Uniform Building Code UBC-1997 chemicals or substances,
 International Building Code IBC-  Non-building structures storing,
2009 supporting or containing quantities of
 American Society of Civil Engineers toxic or explosive substances.
ASCE/SEI 7-10  Special Occupancy Structures
 American Concrete Institute ACI3 1  Buildings with an assembly room with
8-14M an occupant capacity of 1, 000 or
more,
  Educational buildings such as
museums, libraries, auditorium with a
capacity of 300 or more occupants,
 Buildings used for college or adult
education with a capacity of 500 or
more occupants,  Frames
 Institutional buildings with a 50 or  Often used in buildings and are
more incapacitated patients, but not composed of beams and columns that
included in Category I, are either pin or fixed connected.
 Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails,
prisons, and other buildings where
personal liberties of inmates are
similarly restrained,
 Churches, Mosques, and other
Religion Facilities,
 All structures with an occupancy of 5,
000 or more persons,
 Structures and equipment in power-
 Shear Structures
generating stations, and other public
 Bending Structures
utility facilities not included in
 Loads on Structures
Category I or II and required for
o In designing a structure, the designer should
conditioned operation.
consider all the loads that can realistically be
 Standard Occupancy Structures
expected to act on the structure during its planned
 All structures housing occupancies or
life span.
having functions not listed in Category
o The loads that act on common structures can be
I, II or III and IV.
grouped according to their nature and
 Miscellaneous Structures
source into three classes:
 Private garages, carports, sheds and
 Dead loads due to the weight of the
fences over 1.5m high.
structural system itself and any other
o Structure Based on Member Types
material permanently attached to it;
 Tension Structures
 Live loads, which are movable or moving
 Subjected to pure tension under the loads due to the use of the structure; and
action of external loads  Environmental loads, which are caused by
environmental effects, such as wind, snow,
and earthquakes.
o Dead Loads (NSCP 2015)
 Consists of the weight of all materials of
construction incorporated into the building
or other structure, including but not limited
to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways,
built-in partitions, finishes, cladding and
their similarly incorporated architectural
 Compression Structures and structural items, and fixed service
 Develops mainly compressive stresses equipment, including the width of cranes.
under the action of external loads.  The values for dead loads are shown in
NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2
for common material densities and
minimum design dead loads for common
components.

 Trusses
 A type of structures wherein the loads
are applied at the joints, its members
either elongate or shorten.

o Live Loads (NSCP 2015)
 Varies both in their magnitude and location.
They may be caused by the weights of
objects temporarily placed on a structure,
moving vehicles, or natural forces.
 NSCP Section 204, Table 205-1 provides
recommended design live loads depending
on the use of the space
o Impact
 When live loads are applied rapidly to a
structure, they cause larger stresses than
those that would be produced if the same
loads would have been applied gradually.
The dynamic effect of the load that causes
this increase in stress in the structure is
referred to as impact.
o Lateral Loads
 Wind Load
 When structures block the flow of
wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of
pressure, which causes a wind loading.
The effect of wind on a structure
depends upon the density and velocity
of the air, the angle of incidence of the
wind, the shape and stiffness of the
structure, and the roughness of its
surface.
 Earthquake Loads
 Loadings on a structure through its
interaction with the ground and its
response characteristics. These
loadings result from the structure’s
distortion caused by the ground’s
motion and the lateral resistance of the
structure.
 Earthquake provisions are primarily to
design seismic -resistant structures to
safeguard against major structural
damage that may lead to loss of life
and property.
o Load Combinations
 Buildings, towers, and other vertical
structures and all portions thereof shall be
designed to resist load combinations
specified in NSCP.
Working Stress Design (WSD): Traditional
method of a structural design not only for
reinforced concrete structures, but also for
steel and timber. Method assumes that
materials behave in a linear elastic manner
and so no load combinations or factors re
used.
Ultimate Strength Design (USD): Due to the
shortcomings of WSD, USD serves as an
alternative and commonly used in board
exam related design problems and practice
of the civil engineering profession.
 Analysis
 Material parameters and specifications
are given such as:
o Maximum compressive strength
of concrete (fć),
o Steel yield strength (fy)
o Reinforcement size (db)
o Cross-section of structural
member.
Maximum capacity is then
computed based on the
parameters
 Design
 Factored load effect is given,
Material parameters, specifications
and structural member dimension is
then computed.
o Equilibrium and Support Reactions
 Equilibrium of Structures
 External and Internal Forces
 Types of Supports for Plane Structures
 Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy, and
Instability
LECTURE 1 - RCD and to improve overall structural integrity. (Sec. 404.10,
NSCP 2015)
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 6. Economical - Determination of optimal design to
Design Philosophies and Materials Properties efficiently minimize the cost of the structure.
7. Structural System Load Paths - The Structural System
Concrete shall include (a) through (g) as applicable;
 a construction material formed by concretion or a. Floor construction and roof construction, including
coalescence of particles such cementing materials, one-way and two-way slabs;
mineral aggregates (Sand and Gravel) and adequate b. Beams and joists;
amount of water to cause the cementing material to bind c. Columns;
the entire mass. d. Walls;
 Good in Compression, Weak in Tension e. Diaphragms;
 Types of Concrete: f. Foundation;
o Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) – without g. Joints, connections, and anchors as required to
reinforcement or with reinforcement less than the transmit forces from one component to another.
minimum specified for reinforced concrete.
Rebar Equivalent - Diameter of a single bar equivalent to
o Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) - which steel
bundles bars to be used for spacing limitation and concrete
is embedded in such a manner that the two
cover.
materials act together in resisting forces.
o Pre-stressed Concrete - structural concrete in
which internal stresses have been introduced to
reduce potential tensile stresses.
Steel
 An alloy of iron with various amounts of carbon; widely
used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied
over a wide range.
 Weak in Compression, Good in Tension Concrete Protection for Reinforcement (Concrete Cover) -
Non-prestressed cast-in-place concrete members shall have
Structural System Requirements specified concrete cover for reinforcement. (Sec 420.6.1.3.1,
NSCP 2015)
1. Structural Analysis - Analytical procedure shall satisfy
compatibility of deformation and equilibrium of forces,
(Sec. 404.5.1, NSCP 2015)
2. Strength - Design Strength of a member and its joints
and connections, in terms of moment, axial force, shear,
torsion, and bearing, shall be taken as the nominal
strength, multiplied by the applicable strength reduction
factor ϕ, and Structures and structural members shall
have design strength at all sections, greater than or equal
to the required strength U calculated for the factored
loads and forces in such combinations as required by this
Section or the general building code. (Sec. 404.6.1, and
Sec. 404.6.2. NSCP 2015)
Design Strength ≥ Required Strength
3. Serviceability - Evaluation of performance at service
load conditions shall consider reactions, moments,
torsions, shears, and axial forces induced by pre-
stressing, creep, shrinkage, temperature change, axial
deformation, restraint of attached structural members,
and foundation settlement. (Sec. 404.7.1, NSCP 2015)
4. Durability - Concrete mixtures shall be designed in
accordance with the Concrete Materials and Mixture
Requirements and Reinforcement shall be protected
from corrosion in accordance with the Specified
Concrete Cover, (Sec. 404.8.1 and 404.8.2, NSCP 2015)
5. Structural Integrity - Reinforcement and connections
shall be detailed to tie the structure together effectively
Strength Reduction Factors, Φ - The design strength provided
by a concrete member, its connection to other members, and its
cross sections, in terms of flexure, axial force, shear, and torsion
shall be taken as the nominal strength multiplied by a strength
reduction factor, Φ having the following values;

Course References

 W. MacGregor, “Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and

Design”, 6th Ed
 H.J. Shah and S.K. Jain, “IITK-GSDMA Project on
Building Codes”
 McCormar and Brown. “Design of Reinforced
Concrete”, 9th Ed
 ACI 318M-11 and NSCP 2010
 National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015