BONE

FEW WORDS REGARDING BONE

 Bone constitute almost 15% of the weight
of dressed carcass
 In bone organic and inorganic mater remain
in 1:2 ratio
 Bone collagen (ossein) is main organic
constituent of it
 Major inorganic matter contains:
calcium-33%
phosphorus-15%
 TYPES OF BONE

Green bone:
 Freshly acquired bone from slaughter house
 Heavy and contains high moisture, fat and protein
Composition
Moisture: 50%
Bone marrow: 15%
Organic mater: 12%
Inorganic mater: 23%
Desert bone:
 Decomposed bone
 Exposed to bacterial and other atmospheric action for long time
 Devoid of meat, fat and tendon
 Light in weight and contains dried ossein, and lesser minerals
 PRODUCES FROM BONE
Gelatin and glue (Chemically no difference, lower grade gelatine
called glue)

 It is derived from albuminoid class of protein

 Pure form is amorphous and transparent
 It can absorb water(5-10 times)
 Brittle when dry, soften when heated then
decomposes
 hide , skin trimming, ear pieces, tendon use for glue
preparation, called glue stock
Use
 Gelatin used in ice-cream jellies, chocolate as
foaming agent, capsule coating, binders in tablets,
blood extender etc.
 Sizing agent in leather and textile industry
 Glue is used as adhesive for plywood, furniture etc.
 PREPARATION OF GELATINE AND GLUE
1. Collection of bone
2. Washing and cutting
3. Degreasing (heat treatment)
4. Crushing
5. Demineralization (4-10% HCL, 1-2 days)
6. Through washing
7. Extraction by controlled hydrolysis
(60°C, best)
65-70°C: medium quality
80°C: low quality
100°C: glue
8. Filtration under pressure
9. Concentration (vacuum evaporation, 30-40% )
10. Drying (Drum Drying 8-12% moisture)
11. Packaging
 BONE MEAL

 Contains bone pieces less than 2 mm diameter

 Good source of phosphorus supplement to livestock
 Conversion of desert bone to bone meal is
economically viable

Steps:

Collection & cleaning

Sterilization
(steam, 60 lb, 2 hrs)
Draining
Drying under sun
Milling
Packaging
Contd..

 Yield of bone meal is 1:3

 Quality depends upon the Ca:P ratio, it should be 2:1

Composition
Calcium: 30.5%
Phosphorus: 15.5%
Protein: 7.0%
Fat: 1.0%
Cattle lick
 Used as feed supplements, prepared from bone meal
Bone meal 66%
Red oxide salt 33%
Copper sulphate, potassium/sodium iodide, cobalt nitrate
etc.
 UTILIZATION OF HOOF (SHIN BONE)

 Shin bone separated from hoof can be used for neat foot
oil(NFO)preparation
 Pure NFO is pale yellow liquid substance
 Does not solidify and dry at freezing temperature
Steps
Collection and cleaning of hoof
Scalding
Cooking(water, 85°C, 8 hrs)
Purification
Dehydration (100°C, 2 hrs)
Packaging
Use
Lubricant fro delicate machinery in aeroplane, ship, watch
etc.
 Utilization of horn

 Good source of gelatine

 Production of meal mixing with bone
 Articles like buttons, comb, handles, decorative pieces

Hoof and horn meal

 In rendering unit it is prepared

 Excellent nitrogenous fertilizer
(never used as animal feed, its digestibility is very less)