ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND LETTER

PHYSICS ENGINEERING DESIGN 2 PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION OF MAGNETO-OPTIC KERR MICROSCOPE AND ITS

VALIDATION ON FERRITE MICROPOWDERS

Ersin Erel

Department: Physics Engineering

FALL 2022

i
 CONSTRUCTION OF MAGNETO-OPTIC KERR MICROSCOPE AND ITS
VALIDATION ON FERRITE MICROPOWDERS

SUMMARY

Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect occurs when linearly polarized light reflected from
magnetized surface. As a result, polarization axis rotates with respect to magnetic field
magnitude and linearly polarized light becomes elliptically polarized after reflection
from the magnetized surface. It is possible to measure magnetic hysteresis loop of a
material by measuring change of polarization of the reflected light which is proportional
to magnetization of the surface. In this study, a low-cost Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect
magnetometer was constructed to measure given samples in polar MOKE geometry. As
samples, nickel foil and YIG (Yttrium Iron Garnet) are measured. 450 nm (blue) diode
laser used as a light source. Laser light first linearly polarized by first polarizer and
focuses on to the sample. External magnetic field is applied by low-cost commercial
electromagnet and it is driven by controlled current with Arduino and L298N motor
driver. When magnetic field is not applied to the sample rotation of polarization does
not occur. Since second polarizer (analyzer) has relatively 90 degrees difference with
first polarizer no light is detected with detector. When magnetic field is applied,
polarization axis of the reflected light rotates in certain angle and light passes through
second polarizer. After that detected signal sent to the sound-card. Sound-card receives
signal from detector and receives reference signal from function generator. These
measurements sent to computer for analyzing by phase sensitive detection in LabVIEW
lock-in code.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like thank Prof. Dr. Esra Alveroğlu Durucu for given me the opportunity to carry
out my research under her supervision

My special thanks to Asst. Prof. Nuri Solak for his support and guidance on this research
and given me the opportunity to use his laboratory.

I would like to offer my sincerest gratitude to Cem Kıncal. His support, knowledge and
guidance helped me write this paper and taught me a lot.

Finally, I am grateful to my mother, my father and my brother. They gave me the

encouragement, moral and motivation my whole life. Also, I appreciate to my friends who
believe in me and support me.

Ersin Erel

February 2022

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TABLE OF CONTENT

SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF FIGURES

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. FERROMAGNETISM AND LIGHT POLARIZATION
1.1.1. Ferromagnetism
1.1.2. Hysteresis Loop in Ferromagnetic Materials
1.1.3. Polarization of Light
1.1.3.1. Linear Polarization
1.1.3.2. Circularly Polarized Light
1.1.3.3. Elliptically Polarized Light
1.2. MAGNETO-OPTİC KERR EFFECT (MOKE)
1.2.1. MOKE Geometries
1.2.2. Hysteresis Loop With MOKE
1.3. PHASE SENSITIVE DETECTION
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
2.1. Optic Components
2.2. Electronics Components
2.3. Software
3. RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK
4. REFERENCES

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ABBRETIATIONS

MOKE: Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect

YIG: Yttrium Iron Garnet

CCD: Charged-Coupled Device

VSM: Vibrating Sample Magnetometer

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1.1.1. (a) Alignment of magnetic domains in the absence of magnetic field.
(b) Aligned magnetic domains due to external magnetic field [2]

Figure 1.1.2.1. Hysteresis loop with alignment of magnetic domains [3]

Figure 1.1.3.1.1. Linearly Polarized Light [4]

Figure 1.1.3.2.1. Circularly Polarized Light [4]

Figure 1.1.3.3.1. Elliptically Polarized Light [4]

Figure 1.2.1. Schematic for MOKE [6]

Figure 1.2.1.1. MOKE Geometries [7]

Figure 1.2.2.1. Kerr Rotation with MOKE

Figure 1.2.2.2. Kerr Rotation with MOKE in reverse direction

Figure 1.3.1. Block diagram for Phase Sensitive Detection [9]

Figure 2.1. Designed Setup and Constructed Setup

Figure 2.2. Schematic of the Setup

Figure 2.1.1. 450 nm Blue Laser

Figure 2.1.2. Polarizers and Lenses attached to a rotation mount

Figure 2.1.3. Photodetector (a) and Responsivity graph of the Detector(b)

Figure 2.2.1. Electromagnet, Arduino with L298N motor driver and Current vs
Magnetic Field in Gauss graph

Figure 2.2.2. Behringer UMC202HD Sound-Card

Figure 2.2.3. PCE-MFM 3500 gaussmeter

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Figure 2.3.1. LabVIEW block diagram for Lock-in process and electromagnet driving

Figure 2.3.2. LabVIEW front panel for Lock-in process and electromagnet driving

Figure 3.1. Nickel Foil MOKE Data and YIG MOKE Data

Figure 3.2. Zoom in to interested area in figure 3.1. and measured MOKE data for
nickel foil

Figure 3.3. B-H curve for YIG Plate [21]

Figure 3.4. MikroSense VMS measurement of YIG Plate

Figure 3.5. YIG MOKE Data vs YIG VSM Data

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1.INTRODUCTION

The Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect is change in the polarization axis of the incident light
due to magnetization direction. So that the hysteresis loop of a material can be achieved.
MOKE has three geometries due to relative positions with incident plane and
magnetization direction. These geometries are polar, longitudinal and transverse
geometry. While polar and longitudinal geometries exhibit rotation of polarization axis
and ellipticity. On the other hand, transverse geometry does not exhibit rotation but
amplitude of the reflected light changes. Some of the MOKE magnetometers contain
components such as LED light source, objective lens, CCD (Charge-Coupled Device)
camera [10], some use mechanical chopper, lock-in amplifier, optical table, water
cooled electromagnets [11]. In this study, relatively low-cost MOKE setup is
constructed without using optical table, mechanical chopper, lock-in amplifier or water-
cooled electromagnet. Saturation magnetization of the chosen materials is measured
successfully. Some of the phenomena which are, ferromagnetism, light polarization and
Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect and phase sensitive detection method are explained in
following pages.

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1.1 FERROMAGNETISM AND LIGHT POLARIZATION

1.1.1 Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism arises from magnetic dipoles of atoms inside the material lining up with
each other. The magnetic dipoles arise from movement of paired electrons in the outer
orbitals in the atom or molecule. When these magnetic dipoles are aligned in groups
they form magnetic domains [1]. In the absence of magnetic field magnetic domains are
randomly oriented. When external magnetic field is applied these domains aligned in the
direction of magnetic field. Materials that keeps this alignment configuration after the
magnetic field is removed, called ferromagnetic materials and this property is called
ferromagnetism.

(a) (b)

Figure 1.1.1.1 (a) Alignment of magnetic domains in the absence of magnetic field.
(b) Aligned magnetic domains due to external magnetic field [2]

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1.1.2 Hysteresis Loop in Ferromagnetic Materials

An external magnetic field with varying magnitude, applied in arbitrary direction to the
ferromagnetic material, magnetic domains start to align with the direction of the
magnetic field. At a certain magnetic field magnitude all magnetic domains are aligned
and magnetization of the material is saturated. As shown in figure 1.1.2.1. the magnetic
field corresponding to point (a) (Hsat) is called saturation magnetic field and the
magnetization corresponding to point (a) (Ms) is called saturated magnetization.

In figure 1.1.2.1. point (b) where applied magnetic field decreases and reaches to zero.
Magnetic domains retain their alignment. This point is called retentivity or residual
magnetization.

After retentivity magnetic field is applied in reverse direction relative to the first applied
direction. At some point magnetization becomes zero even if the magnetic field exits. At
this point material is demagnetized. This point shown in figure 1.1.2.1. as point (c) is
called coercivity.

As magnetic field increases in the opposite direction, magnetic domains of the material
are fully aligned again but in opposite direction relative to the first saturation point as
shown in figure 1.1.2.1. point (d) [3].

(a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 1.1.2.1. Hysteresis loop with alignment of magnetic domains [3]

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Varying magnetic field forms a loop on the magnetization of the material which is called
hysteresis loop.

1.1.3 Polarization of Light

Light is an electromagnetic wave which composes of electric field and magnetic field
oscillating perpendicularly to each other. Many electromagnetic waves combined and
propagating in the same direction result in unpolarized light. Unpolarized light can be
polarized in three ways such as linear polarization, circularly polarization and elliptical
polarization.

1.1.3.1 Linearly Polarized Light

When unpolarized light passes through a linear polarizer, electric field of the light that is
parallel with the polarization line passes through so that electric field is confined with a
single plane which is linearly polarized.

Figure 1.1.3.1.1. Linearly Polarized Light [4]

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1.1.3.2 Circularly Polarized Light

Two electric field planes that are perpendicular to each other passes through a circular
polarizer. If their amplitudes are the same but they have a phase difference by 90𝑜 ,
observed light will be circularly polarized.

𝜙 = 90o

Figure 1.1.3.2.1 Circularly Polarized Light [4]

1.1.3.3 Elliptically Polarized Light

Elliptically polarized light made of two electric fields are oscillating each other but
different amplitude and phase difference other than 90𝑜 .

𝜙 ≠ 90

Figure 1.1.3.3.1. Elliptically Polarized Light [4]

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1.2 MAGNETO-OPTIC KERR EFFECT (MOKE)

Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect can be described with the dielectric tensor 𝜀 of the medium
where light and applied magnetic field interact with each other.

𝜀 𝜀′ 0
𝜀 = [−𝜀 ′ 𝜀 0]
0 0 𝜀

⃗⃗ of the medium.
For ferromagnetic materials 𝜀 ′ is proportional to magnetization 𝑀

When linearly polarized light enters the magnetized medium, material interacts with the
component of the linearly polarized light which are right circularly polarized light and
left circularly polarized light with different refractive indices,

1
𝑛± = (𝜀 ± ⅈ𝜀 ′ )2

Since reflection coefficients depend on refractive index, these circular polarized

components reflect with different reflectivity, 𝑟 +and 𝑟 − . If 𝑟 +and 𝑟 − have phase
difference, reflected and combined components exhibit a polarization rotation which is
called Kerr rotation and if magnitudes of |𝑟 +| and |𝑟 −| differ, reflected light exhibit
ellipticity which is called Kerr ellipticity [5].

Magnetized Material Kerr

Rotation
Linearly Polarized Light
Kerr
Ellipticity

Figure 1.2.1. Schematic for MOKE [6]

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Three geometries are defined with respect to relative positions of incident light plane
and magnetization direction, which are polar geometry, longitudinal geometry and
transverse geometry.

1.2.1 MOKE Geometries

Relative configurations of incident light plane and magnetization direction define the
Kerr geometries such as polar geometry, longitudinal geometry and transverse
geometry.

Figure 1.2.1.1. MOKE Geometries [7]

⃗⃗ lies in perpendicular to sample surface.

In polar geometry, magnetization 𝑀

⃗⃗ lies in sample plane and parallel to the

In longitudinal geometry, magnetization 𝑀
incident light plane.

⃗⃗ again lies in sample plane but perpendicular to the incident

In transverse geometry, 𝑀
light plane.

Both polar and longitudinal geometries polarization axis of the linearly polarized light
rotate which is Kerr rotation, and due to different reflections some ellipticity occurs
which is Kerr ellipticity. But in transverse geometry reflected light does not exhibit any
rotation of polarization it stays linearly polarized but change of amplitude can be
observed as magnetization changes [8].

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1.2.2 Hysteresis Loop with MOKE

When applied magnetic field increases from point 1 to 2 in figure 1.2.2.1., polarization
axis of linearly polarized light starts to rotate due to magnitude of the magnetic field.
When the magnetization of the material is saturated at point 3 rotation angle reaches to a
certain angle an even if magnetic field increase no rotation occurs after saturation.

Figure 1.2.2.1. Kerr Rotation with MOKE

After saturation magnetic field decrease to zero. Since material retains its magnetization
rotation angle does not came to zero angle at retentivity point. After that magnetic field
increases in reverse direction and angle comes back to zero degrees at coercive magnetic
field and material is demagnetized as shown in figure 1.2.2.2. point 6. If magnetic field
in increased material is saturated again but in reverse direction with respect to the first
saturation point. This way hysteresis loop can be achieved with Magneto-Optic Kerr
Effect.

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 Figure 1.2.2.2. Kerr Rotation with MOKE in reverse direction

1.3 PHASE SENSITIVE DETECTION

Phase sensitive detection method is commonly used for the eliminate the noise in the
acquired signal and to obtain raw signal.

Figure 1.3.1. Block diagram for Phase Sensitive Detection [9]

An input signal which will be analyzed with phase sensitive detection is given as;

𝑣𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑠ⅈ𝑛(𝑤𝑠 𝑡 + 𝛿𝑠 )

9
Reference signal 𝑣𝑅 (𝑡) is split by a phase shifter into in-phase (X) and out-of-phase (Y)
components.

𝑣𝑅𝑋 = 𝑠ⅈ𝑛(𝑤𝑅 𝑡) , 𝑣𝑅𝑌 = cos(𝑤𝑅 𝑡)

𝑣𝑠 signal is then multiplied by these X and Y components and they form output signals
for phase sensitive detection

𝑣𝑃𝑆𝐷𝑋 = 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡)𝑣𝑅𝑥 (𝑡), 𝑣𝑃𝑆𝐷𝑌 = 𝑣𝑠 (𝑡)𝑣𝑅𝑌 (𝑡),

After using trigonometric identities, we get;

1
𝑣𝑃𝑆𝐷𝑋 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑅𝑋 = 2 𝐴𝑠 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 𝑤𝑅 𝑡+ 𝛿𝑠 )]

1
𝑣𝑃𝑆𝐷𝑌 = 𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑅𝑌 = 𝐴 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿𝑠 + 𝑠ⅈ𝑛(2 𝑤𝑅 𝑡+ 𝛿𝑠 )]
2 𝑠

By using low pass-filter AC component can be filtered out and DC component remains,
then the output signal is:

𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑋= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑠 , 𝑌 = 𝑠ⅈ𝑛𝛿𝑠
2 2

𝑌
𝐴𝑠 = 4√𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 , 𝛿𝑠 = arctan(𝑋) [9]

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2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

A MOKE microscope is designed and constructed.

Figure 2.1. Designed Setup and Constructed Setup

Motivation for this setup is to construct a MOKE microscope relatively low-cost

materials.

Figure 2.2. Schematic of the Setup

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Laser that is driven by the function generator with pulsed signals, linearly polarized by
the first polarizer. After that with the focusing lens light focuses to the sample. In the
absence of the magnetic field, since second polarized is crossed polarized with the first
polarizer no signal is detected by the detector. When magnetic field is applied by the
electromagnet, Kerr effect takes place and signal from the detector can be read on the
computer. Detector signal contains both light signal and noise signal. Eliminate the
noise, a reference signal with the same frequency which laser is driven sent to the
sound-card. By the written LabVIEW program, noise of the signal is eliminated and
light signal is remained. Applied magnetic field measured with gauss probe. While
magnetic field increments are not precise this will be worked on and develop. Also,
changing magnetic field direction has some problems so that measurements are taken
with positive magnetic field values. After the measurements are done hysteresis loop of
the measured material can be achieved. Setup contains three main sections: Optic
components, electronics and software.

2.1 Optic Components

Laser: 450 nm (blue) CNC engraver laser and 635 nm (red) THORLABS HL6320G
[13] laser are tested but since 450 nm laser is capable of chopping with signal it was
chosen for the setup. By giving pulse signal in particular frequency with function
generator, laser light is electronically chopped.

Figure 2.1.1. 450 nm Blue Laser

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Polarizers and Lenses: System has two polarizers (THORLABS LPVISE100-A) [14]
and two lenses (THORLABS LA1509-ML) [15] with 100 mm focus length. Light
passes through first polarizer and becomes linearly polarized. By using rotation
mountings (RSP1/M) [16], second polarizer is placed with 90 degrees polarization angle
relative to the first polarizer. Lenses are attached with same mounting with polarizers
and light focuses to sample and focuses to detector.

Figure 2.1.2. Polarizers and Lenses attached to a rotation mount

Photodetector: Switchable gain detector (THORLABS PDA36A2) [17] which has

photodiode that is responsive for laser wavelength is used.

(a) (b)

Figure 2.1.3. Photodetector (a) and Responsivity graph of the Detector(b)

At the first trials 635 nm red laser is used due to detector’s responsivity. Since red laser
is not suitable for electronically chopping, 450 nm blue engraver laser is used. Gain
switch on the detector amplifies the detector signal even if responsivity of the detector is
lower 450 nm than 635 nm.

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2.2 Electronic Components

Electromagnets: Magnetic field magnitude and direction is controlled with Arduino

and L298N motor driver by changing current through changing voltage that drives
electromagnet.

Figure 2.2.1. Electromagnet, Arduino with L298N motor driver and Current vs
Magnetic Field in Gauss graph

Sound-Card: Behringer UMC202HD [18] Sound-Card is used, since it has 24-

Bit/192kHz converters inside and two input signal channels it is suitable for signal
acquisition.

Figure 2.2.2. Behringer UMC202HD Sound-Card

14
 Gauss Probe: PCE-MFM 3500 gaussmeter is capable of measuring up to 30000 gauss
and indicates the direction of the magnetic field. Also, it can be connected to computer
and values displayed on the computer screen.

Figure 2.2.3. PCE-MFM 3500 gaussmeter [12]

2.3 Software

LabVIEW: Chopped laser light and reference signal data received from sound-card and
analyzed with LabVIEW digital lock-in and by using phase sensitive detection light
signal is extracted. Electromagnet is controlled at the same interface for varying
magnetic field magnitude and direction.

Figure 2.3.1. LabVIEW block diagram for Lock-in process and electromagnet driving

15
 Figure 2.3.2. LabVIEW front panel for Lock-in process and electromagnet driving

LabVIEW code uses phase sensitive detection method for eliminate the noise from the
signal.

3. RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK

Two samples are chosen to be measured; Nickel foil an YIG (Yttrium Iron Garnet).
Here it should be mentioned that due to the problems mentioned in experimental part of
the thesis only half loop hysteresis measurements were performed with designed MOKE
setup. Nickel is known as ferromagnetic material which has magnetization 500
𝑒𝑚𝑢/𝑐𝑚3 [19] and coercivity value between 0.7037-289 [Oe] [20].

Figure 3.1. Hysteresis Loop for Bulk Nickel [19]

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In constructed MOKE setup bulk nickel foil with 80 𝜇𝑚 thickness is measurement.

𝐻1′ 𝐻2′

(a) (b)

Figure 3.2. Zoom in to interested area in figure 3.1. (a) and measured MOKE data for
nickel foil (b)

To compare, relative percentage difference is calculated approximately 8.7%.

Yttrium Iron Garnet (Y3Fe5O12) (YIG) ferrites are soft ferromagnetic materials. They are
commonly used in microwave communication devices especially due to their low
coercive field and low dielectric loss. These ferrites commonly doped with rare-earth
elements (Nd, Gd etc.) to tune their magnetic properties. In order to test constructed
MOKE setup with a material which has narrower magnetic hysteresis curve (lower
coercive field than Ni) Gd doped YIG plate from TransTech company was chosen as a
test sample. It has saturation magnetization around 1600 Gauss and coercivity 0.83 Oe
[21].

17
In figure 3.3 B-H curve of Gd doped YIG plate is given.

Figure 3.3. B-H curve for YIG Plate [21]

It is a closed loop measurement with a toroidal shape. Saturation is not seen in figure 3.3
due to limit of applied magnetic field in toroidal geometry measurement. Since applied
magnetic field with VSM is higher and no data is found for this specific sample. By
taking a small piece of this sample a VSM measurement is done with MicroSense VSM.

Figure 3.4. MikroSense VMS measurement of YIG Plate

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After VSM measurement of YIG plate, interested region is compared with MOKE in
figure 3.5.

Figure 3.5. YIG MOKE Data vs YIG VSM Data

Two materials which has relatively high saturation magnetic field and low saturation
magnetic field with respect to each other are chosen. Results of constructed MOKE
setup measurements are compared with literature data and different measurement setup
data. As a result, measured values close to literature values. Setup is successfully built
and confirmed.

In conclusion, Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect is rotation of polarization axis of linearly

polarized light. Three different MOKE geometries are defined due to relative positions
of incident light plane and magnetization direction. By using this principle, a MOKE
setup is designed and constructed. 450 nm Blue laser is driven by giving pulse signals
from function generator so that chopping action can be done electronically without using
mechanical chopper. Light is polarized and focused on the sample. Reflected light from
a magnetized sample passes through the second polarizer and light signal is detected by
the detector transferred to Sound-Card. Sound-Card acquires signal from detector and
reference signal from function generator. After that using phase sensitive detection
method, signal acquired from Sound-Card and processed in LabVIEW to eliminate
noise.

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Chosen samples are measured and compared with literature data and built setup is
working successfully.

As future work, components are configured and a MOKE microscope will be built. For
samples with wider surfaces, x-y stage will be designed for scanning. Stability of the
magnetic field and step increments will be worked on and developed.

Setup configurations for different MOKE geometries will be considered and will be
designed.

LabVIEW code will be worked on for displaying hysteresis loop on the screen in real
time.

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