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Unit-2 (State Variable Analysis)

Introduction
The conventional and old method for the design and analysis of control systems is the transfer
function method. The transfer function method for design and analysis had many drawbacks.
Feature/Advantages of state variable analysis
➢ State Model analysis is Time domain approach.
➢ It can be applied to Linear or Non linear system.
➢ It can be applied to Time variant or Time invariant systems.
➢ It can also be applied to Multiple input Multiple output systems.
➢ In State Model approach, initial condition can be considered.
➢ It also gives idea about the internal state of the system.

Terminology used in State Space Model

State Space System:
A state space representation of a system is a mathematical model where the inputs, outputs and
states (internal variable) are related by first order differential equation.
State Variable:
The state variables of a system are defined as a minimal set of variables such that the knowledge
of these variables at any time t=t0, along with input information are sufficient to determine
the state of the system at any time 𝑡≥𝑡0.
Note:
➢ No. of state variables = Order of the system
➢ Current through inductor and voltage across the capacitor can be considered as state
variables
➢ Output and its derivatives are state variables
➢ Output of an integrator is a state variable
State:
The state of a system at time t0 is the amount of information at t0, that together with input for
time 𝑡≥𝑡0 determine the behavior of system for all 𝑡≥𝑡0.
State Vector:
It is a vector, which contains the state variables as elements.
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State space model:

A representation of the dynamics of an Nth order system as a first order differential equation in
an N-vector, which is called the state.
➢ Convert the Nth order differential equation that governs the dynamics into N first-order
differential equations
State Diagram:
Graphical representation of the state model is called state diagram
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