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LINGUISTICS I
Extra
PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY
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I. Transcribe the following stories into sounds using the IPA symbols. Handwriting is
required!

1. A ninety-year-old man went to the doctor and said, “Doctor, my eighteen-year-old

wife is expecting a baby.”

The doctor said, “Let me tell you a story. A man went hunting, but instead of a gun, he
picked up an umbrella by mistake. When a bear charged at the man, he picked up the
umbrella, shot the bear, and killed it.”

The man said, “Impossible. Someone else must have shot that bear.”

The doctor said, “My point, exactly!”

/ə ˈnaɪn.ti jɪə ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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2. A seeker has heard that the wiest guru in all of India lives atop India’s highest mountain.

So the seeker treks over hills until he reaches the fabled mountain. It is incredibly steep,

and more than once he slips and falls. By the time he reaches the top, he is full of cuts and

bruises, but there is the guru, sitting cross-legged in front of his cave.

“O, wise guru”, the seeker says, “I have come to you to ask what the secret of life is.”

“Ah, yes, the secret of life,” the guru says. “The secret of life is a tea cup.”

“A tea cup? I came all the way up here to find the meaning of life, and you tell me it’s a
tea cup!”

The guru shrugs, “So maybe it isn’t a tea cup.”

/ə ˈsiː.kə hæz ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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II. Identify the sound described in each of the following statements. For each
description, give TWO words that contain the sound mentioned.
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1. Voiced dental fricative………………………….……………………………………………………………

2. Low central to high front vowel………………………….……………………………………………………………

3. Long mid central neutral vowel………………………….……………………………………………………………

4. Voiceless glottal fricative ………………………….……………………………………………………………

5. Voiced palatal glide………………………….………………………………………………

6. Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate……………………….……………………………………………………………

7. Short low back rounded vowel………………………….……………………………………………………………

8. Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative………………………….……………………………………………………………

9. Short low central neutral vowel………………………….……………………………………………………………

10. Low central to high back vowel………………………….……………………………………………………………

11. Long mid back rounded vowel………………………….……………………………………………………………

12. Voiced velar nasal………………………….……………………………………………………………

III. Describe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the following
words

1. Yacht…………………………………….......................................................................................................

2. Brochure…………………………………….......................................................................................................

3. Company…………………………………….......................................................................................................

4. Determine…………………………………….......................................................................................................

7. Purchase…………………………………….......................................................................................................

8. Clothe…………………………………….......................................................................................................

9. Presige…………………………………….......................................................................................................

10. Cloth…………………………………….......................................................................................................

11. Honor…………………………………….......................................................................................................

12. Suggestion…………………………………….......................................................................................................

13.There (RP accent)…………………………………….............................................................................................

14.Don’t…………………………………….......................................................................................................

15. Singer…………………………………….......................................................................................................
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16. Comfort…………………………………….......................................................................................................

17. Lettuce…………………………………….......................................................................................................

18. Centre…………………………………….......................................................................................................

19. Frost…………………………………….......................................................................................................

20. Conquer…………………………………….......................................................................................................

21. Smooth…………………………………….......................................................................................................

22. Mortgage…………………………………….......................................................................................................

23. Cupboard…………………………………….......................................................................................................

IV. Find 2 minimal pairs for each of the following pairs of sounds. Explain your
choice by giving their broad transcriptions

1. /t/ and /m/………………………….……………………………………………………………

2. /e/ and /i:/………………………….……………………………………………………………

3. /ai/ and /i:/………………………….……………………………………………………………

4. /w/ and /g/………………………… .……………………………………………………………

5. /ɜ:/ and /ʊ/………………………….……………………………………………………………

6. /ɔ:/ and /ʌ/………………………….……………………………………………………………

7. /j/ and /p/………………………….……………………………………………………………

8. /dʒ/ and /s/………………………….……………………………………………………………

9. /əʊ/ and /aʊ/………………………….……………………………………………………………

10. /f/ and /ð/ ………………………….……………………………………………………………

11. /z/and // ………………………….……………………………………………………………

12./i:/ - /ʊ/………………………….……………………………………………………………

13./æ/ - /i:/………………………….……………………………………………………………

14./e/ - /ei/………………………….……………………………………………………………
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15./ɔ:/ - /ɪ/………………………….……………………………………………………………

16. /i:/ - /ɔɪ/………………………….……………………………………………………………

17./eə/ - /eɪ/………………………….……………………………………………………………

18./aʊ/ - /ɔɪ/………………………….……………………………………………………………

19./ʊ/ - /ɔ:/………………………….……………………………………………………………

20./ʌ/ - /æ/………………………….……………………………………………………………

21./æ/ - /ɜ:/………………………….……………………………………………………………

22./h/ - /k/ ………………………….……………………………………………………………

V. Give a linguistic term for each of the following definitions

(Source: Adapted from George Yule (2006). The Study of Language. Cambridge University Press)

1. The hard part of the roof of the mouth...........................................

2. The part of the syllable before the vowel..........................................

3. The area inside the throat above the larynx..........................................

4. The smallest meaning distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the
sounds of a language..........................................

5. The study of physical characteristics of speech sounds..........................................

6. A physically produced speech sounds, representing one version of a mental image of the
sounds of a language..........................................

7. A consonant produced by completely blocking the airflow then letting it go, also called
“plosive”..........................................

8. Speech sounds produced without the vibration of the vocal cords..........................................

9. A consonant produced by raising the back of the tongue to the

velum...........................................

10. Thin strips of muscle in the larynx which can be open or close
together..........................................

11. A sound produced through the vocal cords without constriction of the airflow in the
mouth...........................................
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12. The part of the syllable containing the vowel plus any following
consonants..........................................

13. A minimal unit of meaning..........................................

14. Two words that are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme in the same
position in each word..........................................

15. An actual form used as part of a word, representing one version of a

morpheme..........................................

16. The part of the throat that contains the vocal cords, also called the voice
box..........................................

17. A sound produced in the space between the vocal cords...........................................

18. The space between the vocal cords..........................................

19. A consonant produced by almost blocking the air flow..........................................

20. A speech sound produced by restricting the airflow in some way..........................................

21. The part of the syllable after a vowel..........................................

22. One of a closely related set of speech sounds/phones..........................................

23. A consonant produced by stopping then releasing the air flow through a narrow
opening..........................................

24. Two or more consonants in sequence..........................................

25. A consonant produced with the tongue tip behind the upper front
teeth..........................................

26. A morph that can stand by itself as a single word..........................................

27. The analysis of the structure of words..........................................

28. The study of the system and pattern of speech sounds in languages ..........................................

VI. Choose the odd one out and explain. NOTE: There can be more than one
correct answer

1. /t/- /i:/ - /s/ - /dʒ/

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2. /ʌ/- /æ/ - /dʒ/ - /f/

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3. /m/ - /n/ - /b/- /ŋ/

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4. /v/ - /s/ - /t/ - /f/

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5. /ɪ/ - /i:/ - /ʊ/ - /æ/

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6. /ai/ - /e/ - /k/ - /z/

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7. /i:/ - /ɪ/ - /ʊ/ - /ɔ:/

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8. /ʌ/ - /æ/ - /ɜ:/ - /ʊ/

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9. /aʊ/ - /ɔɪ/ - /eə/ - /eɪ/

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VII. Count the number of morphs in each word. Underline the bound morphs.

(Source: https://homepages.wmich.edu/~hillenbr/204/morphemeexercise.pdf)
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Example: unpresentable

1. alligator 8. undeniable 15. dislocation

2. calmly 9. assertion 16. smarten

3. runn/ing 10. certainly 17. ladylike

4. blindness 11. corner 18. suddenly

5. stapler 12. prepay 19. purposeful

6. bargain 13. tighten 20. dislocate

7. regrouping 14. staying 21. Flowers

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VIII. Number the following words by cases of (MORPH)

- Inflection (1)

- Derivation (2)

- Derivation and Inflection (3)

Source: https://www.docsity.com/es/unit-2-exercises-morphemes/4180868/

Amoral Nationality Father’s Additional

Readable Girls Criteria Children’s

Boys Syntactic Inexcusable Systematic

Defrost Promising Categories Fatalistic

Kingdom Unproblematic Complexity Relationship

Employer Foreigners Psycholinguistics Governmental

Exwife Player Doing Unbeatable

Insane Maladjusted Earlier Kindness

Asking Contained Modernize Disobey

Great/est Essential Distortion Cows

Outlive Enable Usually Golobalization

IX> Identify the class (n,v,adj,...) of every word in the following text

A man stumbles into a deep well and plummets a hundred feet before grasping a spindly root,

stopping his fall. His grip grows weaker and weaker, and in his desperation he cries out, “Is there

anybody up there?”
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He looks up, and all he can see is a circle of sky. Suddenly, the clouds part and a beam of light shines

down on him. A deep voice thunders, “I, the Lord, am here. Let go of the root, and I will save you.”

The man thinks for a moment and then yells, “Is there anybody else up there?”

X. Give the morphemic analysis and morphological analysis for each of the following words.

Classify the morphemes/morphs found.

e.g.
- Morphemic analysis:
Does: {DO}: lexical morpheme, content word + {pre}: grammatical morpheme
- Morphological analysis:
Does: do: free morph, content word; es: bound morph, inflectional suffix

1. Computers

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2. His

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3. Broken

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4. Children’s

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5. Hospitalization

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6. Feet

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7. Were (They were happy)

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8. Unfashionable

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9. Criteria

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10. Corners

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15. Prepaid (They have prepaid the car)

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11. Notable

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12. Inputs

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13. Governmental

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14. Globalization

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15. Demilitarized

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16. Relationships

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17.Laptops………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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18.Overdressed………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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19.Supermarkets………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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20.Taxpayers……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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21.Enslaves………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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22.Foretellers’…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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23.Dictatorship…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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24.Teenagers’…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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25.Organizations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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26.Childlike………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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27.Goalkeeprs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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28.Exwives………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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29.Cowardly……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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30.Organizations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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31.Forcibly………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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32.Criminals……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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33.Simplifies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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34.Inhabitants…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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35.Sanity…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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36.Counteroffensive…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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37.Truths…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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XI. Write TWO examples for each word structure given below (5 points)

E.g.: Bound morph, prefix + free morph, content word: rewrite

1. Free morph, content word + bound morph, inflectional suffix .………………………………

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2. Free morph, content word + bound morph, derivational suffix + bound morph,

inflectional suffix ……………………………………....................................................................................

3. Free morph, content word + free morph, content word + bound morph, inflectional

suffix ……………………………………............................................................................................

4. Free morph, content word + bound morph, derivational suffix + bound morph,

derivational suffix ………………………………………………….............................................................

5. Bound morph, prefix + free morph, content word + bound morph, derivational suffix

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6. Free morph, content word + bound morph derivational suffix + bound morph, derivational suffix

+ bound morph, derivational suffix

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7. Bound morph, prefix + bound morph, bound root + bound morph, inflectional suffix

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XII: Draw the tree diagram

0.The camel has long eyelashes.

0a. The camel can go without water for a long time.
0b. The body changes the food into fat.
0c.The weather in Dalas is very warm during the winter.
1.He looked at the dog with one eye.
2.The coach will offer free tennis lessons today at noon.
3.I will be at the meeting tonight.
4.The pie in the oven smells delicious.
5.On his last trip to Russia in spring, he finally felt comfortable.
6. You are very quiet today.
7.Tom waited in the rain for hours.

A. Examples of a B. Examples of a C. Examples of an D. Examples of an E. Examples of a prepositional phrase

basic verb phrase basic noun phrase adjective phrases adverb phrase

Call She High Quickly On the table

Calls The girl So high Very quickly From what he said
Is calling The pretty girl So very high So quickly By singing a song
Is called The pretty girl in Extremely high Extremely quickly To my surprise
Have called the corner On the other hand
Will call The pretty girl (I am sorry) for his parents
Have been who became (He went) to the door
called angry (He was surprised) at her remark
Have been
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calling

IX. Identify the word formation processes

1. Discoloured 8. Flu
2. Misleading 9. Tick-tock
3. Counteract 10. COD (Cash on delivery)
4. Nongradable 11. Motel
5. Playboy 12. Transistor
6. Windmill 13. To mask
7. Photo 14. To nurse

II. Give one word that fits each of the following morphological description
E.g.: Bound morph, prefix + free morph, content word: rewrite

1. Free morph, content word + bound morph, inflectional suffix

……………………………………....................................................................................
1. Free morph, content word + bound morph, derivational suffix + bound morph,
inflectional suffix
……………………………………....................................................................................
1. Free morph, content word + free morph, content word + bound morph,
inflectional suffix
…………………………………….........................................................................................
1. Free morph, content word + bound morph, derivational suffix + bound morph,
derivational suffix
………………………………………………….............................................................
1. Bound morph, prefix + free morph, content word + bound morph, derivational
suffix
………………………………………………………………………………............................

6. Free morph, content word + bound morph derivational suffix + bound morph, derivational
suffix + bound morph, derivational suffix

………………………………………………………………………………............................

WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

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(Lecture Note 6)
(How a language creates its new words)
No. PROCESSES Definition/Concepts/ 5 examples (at least)
How to form the word

1 Derivation

8
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C. Syntax
I. Identify the clause pattern
1. Is the girl now a student?
2. Eric Owens shared a collage of wholesome, affectionate photos of himself and his
son.
3.His brother grew happier gradually.
4. It was raining steadily all day.
5. They ate the meat hungrily in their hut that night.
6. He offered her some chocolates politely outside the hall before the concert.
7. I was walking my dog in the park.
8. I imagined her beautiful.
9. He got his shoes and socks wet.

II. State if the following sentences are simple (S), compound (Cp), complex (Cx) or
compound-complex (Cc)
1. They say the greatest gift you can give someone is your time
2. International Men’s Day is an annual international event that takes place on the 19th of
November.
3. It doesn’t speak to the current medical understanding of mental illness.
4. Google "texting your ex" and you'll get a million articles listing all the rules you have to obey
when undergoing such a brave endeavor.
5. Our exes might even want to hurt us and share our dumb text with the rest of the world.
6. If so, they will probably send it to an Instagram account called Texts From Your Ex.
7. He called his ex and she watched it ring.
8. Take me off the list of women to text when you’re drunk and lonely.
9. Over 440,000 people liked the tweet, and thousands of mothers and fathers replied to
Henpecked Hal's call.

III. Identify the structures (forms) and functions

of the following underlined parts
1. The pretty girl in the corner is Mary Smith.
2. He likes the countryside of France. –
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3. Eric Owens shared a collage of wholesome, affectionate photos of himself and his son.
4. Do you have an opinion about toxic masculinity?
5. However, masculinity is a very deep rabbit hole with lots of different perspectives,
viewpoints, and ideas.
6. His views were very alarming.
7. He slowly drive the car into the garage.
8. To my surprise, the doctor phoned.
9. I was surpised at Sid’s criticizing my work.
10.It’s hard to know how to teach multi-level English class.
11. She insisted on seeing the director of the cosmetics company.