2023 2nd International Conference on Vision Towards Emerging Trends in Communication and Networking Technologies (ViTECoN) | 979-8-3503-4798-2/23/$31.
00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/VITECON58111.2023.10157233
Driver Drowsiness Detection and Warning
using Facial Features and Hand Gestures
Arpit S Agarkar
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering,
Coimbatore
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
r_gandhiraj@cb.amrita.edu
Abstract— According to National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA), drowsy driving is one of the primary
causes of accidents. Numerous valuable lives can be saved,
accidents can be reduced or avoided, and the cost of injury and
damage to infrastructure may be reduced with a timely alert or
warning to the negligent driver. Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems (ADAS) consists of the active safety system which
includes the detection of the driver's face to determine their level
of drowsiness. This paper provides a camera-based technique
which relies on fiducial components, such as lips, eye movement,
and hand gestures of the driver which are often natural
responses of a human to yawning. A front camera installed on
the windscreen is used to continually monitor the driver and
Raspberry Pi is utilized for processing the images. The proposed
warning system gives an audio warning when the driver is
yawning or going into the state of drowsiness. Results illustrate
that the proposed technique is effective at detecting signs of
driver’s drowsiness and yawning. It can differentiate between
when the driver’s hand is placed over the mouth to infer it as
yawning and when it is touching other parts of the face to infer
it as not yawning.
Keywords— Driver Drowsiness, Open CV, Driver Safety,
Driver Monitoring, Advanced Driver Assistance System
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the most common causes of accidents which are
happening across the world is distracted or inattentive driving.
Fatigue affects a driver's ability to react quickly, greatly
increasing the likelihood of an accident. According to recent
research [1], about 1,00,000 road accidents are mainly caused
because the driver is drowsy, which accounts for around 1500
deaths and more than 70,000 injuries per year. Based on the
2018 Global Status Report, which contains information of
about 182 nations, accidents due to drowsy driving are rising
yearly [2]. Driver inattention, driver fatigue, and drunk driving
are the three primary causes reported for these accidents on
the road. People's lives and families are being impacted by this
[3]. In recent times, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
(ADAS) has played a major role in decreasing the dangers
involved in driving [4]. The goal of autonomous vehicles
(AVs) or self-driving cars is to reduce the need for human
drivers [5].
One of the best ways to help drivers is to make them aware
of their drowsiness in real-time. Such driver’s state monitoring
can help detect sleepy driving situations early and could
contribute to accident avoidance. If the driver is alerted well
in advance, then the chances of accidents can be reduced to a
great extent. This paper introduces a technique for effective
early detection of driver’s drowsiness.
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Gandhiraj R Manoj Kumar Panda
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Amrita School of Engineering,
Coimbatore Bengaluru
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India
The paper is structured as follows. Section II discusses
works related to various face detection methodologies and
identification of drowsiness and list the contributions of the
paper relative to the published literature. Section III covers our
proposed methodology and system architecture. Section IV
illustrates the experimental setup. Section V contains the
results and analysis. Section VI concludes the paper.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
There are several ways to detect drowsy driving. Driver
tiredness may be identified using physiological data, ocular
measurements, and certain performance metrics [6]. In
particular, ocular and physiological measures can yield more
accurate findings. Physiological methods results in unpleasant
driving conditions because it is necessary to make physical
contact of the sensors with the driver to assess physiological
variables including heart rate, pulse rate, and brain waves, e.g.,
by affixing an electrode to the body of the driver [7].
Ocular measurements are, however, possible to collect
without physical contact. It can identify the state of the eye
(i.e., if it is open or closed) non-intrusively. For actual driving
scenarios, it is advised to use an ocular measure to assess the
state of the driver's eyes [8]. A load sensor can be used along
with eye blinking ratio to detect drowsiness [9]. Driver’s
performance-based methods may not necessarily give early
warning of sleepiness since performance is assessed after the
driver has experienced fatigue for a certain period of time [10].
There has been substantial research on facial feature
recognition using camera images. An android-based
smartphone application for sleepiness detection was proposed
by Qiao et al. [11]. Using eye characteristics, a convolution
neural network has been used in [12] to identify drowsiness.
Features taken from the driver's eye image area have been
employed to identify signs of fatigue [13]. The effectiveness
of mouth movements in identifying yawning as a sign of
sleepiness has been discussed in [14]. Tracking the head
movement including nodding, along with the use of depth
imaging, may also be utilised to identify tiredness [15]. A
wireless sensor embedded in the steering wheel has been used
for real-time fatigue detection of the driver [16]. The work
[17] detects yawning based on the movement of the mouth,
but the gesture of the hand covering the mouth has not been
used in the aforementioned articles.
Various possible signs of inattention of the driver are:
• If the driver is feeling drowsy then the eyes are closed for
a longer duration compared to normal eye blinks [18].
• If the driver is feeling sleepy, then the distance between the face and derive the landmarks of the detected face,
the upper and lower lips is more than that of the normal respectively.
speaking scenario, suggesting that the driver is feeling or
Detector: haarcascade_frontalface_default
is about to go in the state of drowsiness.
Predictor: shape_predictor_68_face_landmarks
There are significant movements of body parts like the
face, eye, and lips. This is important in determining the state
of the driver. Monitoring such inattentive driver actions and
warning or alerting them at the right moment is important in
such scenarios. In this work, a camera fixed at the front of the
windshield continuously monitors the face and body
movements, viz., eye, mouth, hand, and lips of the driver.
Three parameters are detected to determine whether the driver
is about to go into the state of drowsiness or not. Firstly, the
Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) of the driver which is basically the
distance between lower and upper portion of the eye.
Secondly, the yawn is detected by calculating the distance
between the upper and lower lips. Thirdly, the hand-covering-
the-mouth gesture to detect yawning.
The contributions made in this paper are as follows:
Fig. 1. System architecture of the proposed drowsiness
• Integration of mouth, eyes and hand gestures in order detection and warning system using facial features and hand
to efficiently detect the state of drowsiness of the gestures.
driver.
• Training of a deep learning model and achieving an
overall 92.5% accuracy when driver is placing hand
over mouth while yawning.
• Creation of a unique dataset consisting of different
positions covering the mouth while yawning.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY AND SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The proposed system is shown in Fig.1. First, the number
of frames with the eyes closed is recorded. If the number of
frames with eyes closed is greater than a particular threshold
value, then a relevant warning message is shown on the
display and the corresponding audio warning is also played
denoting that drowsiness has been detected. The system is able
to detect the state of drowsiness irrespective of the driver's
skin tone, complexion, eye colour, or the quantity of interior
light, which is accomplished through a system that employs
appropriate OpenCV classifiers for the detection of the closure
of the eye. Also, yawning is successfully detected in two Fig.2. Facial landmarks of a detected face [19].
cases, one where the driver is not covering his/her mouth with
hand while yawning and the other where the driver places a For any detected face, 68 facial landmarks are obtained as
hand over the mouth while yawning where the latter is shown in Fig. 2. After identifying the facial landmarks, the
generally a natural response of a human being to yawning. points are then classified into two separate parts, one for eyes
The camera continuously records the driver's image for and other for the lips. The yawning is detected with the help
further processing. The camera which can be either a webcam of lips and the state of drowsiness is detected with the
or a raspberry pi camera or a certain camera having minimum movement of the eyes. This is a unique approach wherein
5 Megapixel. The camera should be capable of determining along with the movement of the eyes, the movement of the
the state of the driver is low light conditions also or when the lips and hands is also taken into consideration for detecting
driver has put on the sunglasses. It can be mounted at a the state of drowsiness of the driver. Many a times, while
position just below the Internal Rear View Mirror (IRVM) yawning, it’s a natural response of a human being to place
inside the car. The input from the camera is then given to the hand over mouth. So, such cases cannot be covered by the
Raspberry Pi which does all the processing. OpenCV is used OpenCV based detector and the predictor mentioned earlier.
to first detect the face of the driver in each captured frame Therefore, a novel dataset was created where such cases were
using the built-in OpenCV xml file. The HARR Classifier covered, and the hand-over-the-mouth detector was
Cascade files supplied with OpenCV provide many classifiers
implemented.
for the identification of faces. After the detecting the face, the
main task is to identify the facial landmarks. The following A. Face Detection
detector and predictor have been used in this work to detect Each video frame is independently collected. Live video
processing is supported by OpenCV. The face in each frame

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is detected employing the Viola-Jones object detector [20].
The Haar face detection method is utilised internally for this.
Face detection in photos may be accomplished successfully
using the well-known robust feature-based approach
Haarcascade. Every stage also contains a mix of different Haar
features, and a Haar feature classifier categorises each feature
separately [21]. The face in each frame is searched for and
found using the built-in OpenCV xml file.
The cascade file must first be loaded before the acquired
frame could be sent to an edge detection algorithm, which
locates facial landmarks in the given specific frame. The edge
detector should only identify landmarks in the driver's face
region that fall within a particular size range since the driver's
face takes up a sizable portion of the given frame. The edge
detector output is then stored. It is used to identify which face
is in the frame by comparing it to the cascade file. This
specific module produces a frame which basically contains the
face of the driver.
B. Detection of Eyes
The eyes detector starts to recognise the driver's eyes once
the face detector recognises the driver's face. After face
detection, the eyes are then detected. From the top edge of the
face, Region of Interest (ROI), i.e., the eyes of the driver are
then extracted by cropping the mouth and hair. Then the
region of interest is marked, essentially obtaining the facial
landmarks for the region of both eyes.
The processing time needed to acquire exact eyeballs is
reduced by taking the region of interest into account. Only
after the region of interest is obtained, the designated edge
detection technique is applied to it. Next, the search is for
eyes in ROI; here, Circular Hough Transformation (CHT) is
employed to determine eye shape [22]. The Hough transform
approach, in contrast to edge detectors, is tolerant of gaps in
feature boundary descriptions and is mostly unaffected by
image noise. CHT guarantees that there will only be two eyes.
After detecting the facial landmarks of both the eyes, the
EAR i.e., the Eye Aspect Ratio is then calculated. Euclidean
Distance is used as a measure for calculating the distance
between the eyes. The EAR is given by the formula [23]:
| | || ||
EAR =
∗ | | the driver is covering mouth with hand, the dataset was
The Facial Landmarks points of eye are shown in the Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Landmark points of an Eye [23].
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Fig. 4. Facial Landmarks of the detected Eye.
Through the formula of the EAR, the respective EAR is
calculated for each left and right eye. And then its average is
taken in order to calculate the total EAR value. As shown in
Fig. 4, the value of the EAR suddenly drops as the eye is
closed, so this concept is used in order to detect the state of
drowsiness of the driver.
C. Lips Detection
As the eyes are detected using the predictor, in the same
way, the lips are also detected. And then they are segregated
into the upper and lower lips.
(2)
In equation (2), D is the distance between upper and lower
lips to detect yawn. is the average of all the facial points of
upper lips and is the average of all the facial points of lower
lips. Yawn is detected once the distance between the upper
and lower lips crossed a particular threshold which indicates
that the driver is yawning. The threshold needs to be kept quite
high such that the talking action of the driver should not be
detected as yawning. And after detecting the yawn, the
corresponding audio warning is given to the driver.
D. Detection of Drowsiness
The number of open eyes in each frame is then counted by
the processor to determine how drowsy the driver is. The
driver is marked as drowsy if the requirements are met. The
equivalent audio warning from the system tries to corrects the
driver's unnatural behaviour. For detection of yawning, where
(1)
generated and trained using the Keras model.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A. Hardware Setup of the Project
The following hardware components were used in
showing the demonstration of the proposed solution.
1. Raspberry Pi 4 Model B
2. Pi Camera
3. Bluetooth Speaker
4. LED Screen [to see the output on Screen also]
The hardware was initially setup, as shown in Fig. 5. Then
the raspberry pi was configured with the required OS and all
the basic python libraries that are required. Then through the
remote connection, the display of the raspberry pi was made
available on the laptop. The camera that has been used here
is the raspberry pi camera. It can detect the objects in the low
light conditions also.
 When the driver's eyes are open, then the value of the
EAR will be high. And when the driver’s eyes are closed or
just about to get closed, the value of the EAR will drop down.
The threshold of the EAR is kept at 0.17, so if the value of
EAR drops down below that threshold, drowsiness is
detected. So, through the eyes, the state of drowsiness of the
driver is detected. And when the driver is about to go into the
state of drowsiness, the audio warning is provided through
the system installed. The audio warning “Please don’t sleep.
Be Alert” was played through the system and as shown in Fig.
6, the system detected that the driver is drowsy, and the
corresponding warning was shown is also visible in the
output frame visible on the screen.
Fig. 5. Hardware Setup of the Project.
Now, once the display from the raspberry pi is available
on the laptop, then the execution of the algorithm can be
started. The camera is placed in such a way that it directly
captures the face of the driver and no other persons which are
present in that vehicle do not come in the Field of View (FoV)
of the camera. This is necessary, because only the drivers state
of drowsiness needs to be monitored.
B. Dataset Details
For the detection of drowsiness and yawning when the
driver's hand is not covering the mouth, the dataset is not
required. The facial features are used for detecting the same
and the calculation is done accordingly to detect drowsiness
or yawning. The calculation has already been explained in
Section III.

Table 1. Dataset Details.

Yawning Num of Frames Viewing Illumin Fig. 6. Alert for Drowsiness.
Dataset Images per Angle ation
Class second To detect whether the driver is yawning, the distance
Alert 2500 24 Front Normal between the upper lips and lower lips is calculated. If the
State distance between them is less than 18, then it is considered
that the driver is not yawning. But if that distance crosses the
Yawning 2300 24 Front Normal
threshold value, then based on that value appropriate audio
warning is given to the driver which is “Be Careful and
The dataset was self-captured for training the model. It
attentive while driving”. The system is also able to
consists of around 2300 images with different angles of the
differentiate between normal speaking and yawning.
hand covering the mouth, and both with the right as well as
the left hand for yawning class, and around 2500 images with
alert state of the driver which consists of driver’s hand
touching different parts of the face such as eye, ears and at
other random locations. This was done to avoid such
movements being detected as yawning i.e., to simply lower
the number of false positives at the output. Details of the
dataset are given in Table 1.

The dataset was trained for around 60 epochs, with batch

size of 16 and learning rate of 0.001.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, we will discuss the results outcomes of the
work which was implemented. When the driver's eyes are
closed for four or more frames, the suggested method is
detecting that the driver is about to go into a state of
drowsiness i.e., more than 2 seconds. The applied Fig. 7. Alert for Yawning.
methodology can differentiate accurately between the state of
drowsiness and regular eye blinking. The implementation As shown in Fig. 7, the driver is yawning, and the system
methodology is unobtrusive and can be installed in a vehicle. detected that the driver is yawning and it is visible as the text
warning as shown on the screen.

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 Now, the result of the Keras model are shown. As shown
in Fig. 8, the driver is yawning but covering their mouth so
the Haarcascade classifier will fail here while detecting
yawning. And covering the mouth with the hand while
yawning is a natural response of almost every human being.
The model was trained with such data, where the driver is
yawning and covering mouth with hand, hence while
validation the model detects yawning with an overall
Accuracy of 92.48%.
Fig. 8. Driver yawning and hand covering mouth.
Fig. 9. Driver touching forehead.
The above case was captured to reduce the false positives
that if the driver’s hand is in the frame, then a yawn should not
be detected. Fig.9 shows that the driver is in Active state and
just trying to touch the forehead. In this, the model performs
with an overall Accuracy of 92.75% and predicts that the
driver is not yawning.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Drowsy driving behaviors can be immediately detected
by the developed system. The delay observed in receiving the
response from the system is also not very significant. So, due
to this, the driver can come back to alert stage at a very early
stage. The Drowsiness Detection System, which was
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developed based on the closure of the driver's eyes, can tell
the difference between normal eye blinking and drowsiness
and can detect drowsiness while driving. The recommended
method can prevent accidents happening by the drivers who
are too drowsy to drive.
Even when drivers are in low light, the technology
functions effectively. Information on the location of the head
and eyes is gathered using a variety of internal image
processing techniques. When the eyelids are closed for a
prolonged amount of time, an audio warning signal is
delivered. Also corresponding audio warning is played
through the system.
Future scope of the work includes increasing the number
of images in the dataset and the accuracy of the model may
show a subsequent change. The dataset will also consist of
various postures which are possible, and the model will be
trained such that it will detect the yawning and alert class in
a very accurate manner.
Furthermore, in future this driver monitoring system can
be also be integrated in closed loop with the Minimal Risk
Maneuver (MRM) which basically takes the vehicle to safe
parking state at the side of the road, so the damage will not
be caused or it will be very minimum. MRM is also an ADAS
feature which is currently in development.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We acknowledge time and active participation of my
colleagues for contributing towards yawn detection dataset.
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