Module I

Nagel Memorial Adventist Hospital

Post Office Box MC1031
Takoradi

The Chairperson
Research & Development Division
Ghana Health Service
Post Office Box MB 190
Accra
Dear Sir/ Madam
RESPONSE TO COMMENTS MADE ON RESEARCH PROTOCOL SUBMITTED
FOR ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

PROTOCOL ID NO: GHS -ERC 030/12/23

TITLE: BETA -2 MICROGLOBULIN, SERUM ALBUMIN GLOBULIN RATIO
AND FULL BLOOD COUNT AS PROGNOSTIC MARKERS FOR ASSESSING
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS DISEASE PROGRESSION AMONG
PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ON
ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY.

I would like to thank you for your response dated the 12th of December, 2023 and
the opportunity to resubmit a revised copy of my proposal for ethical consideration.
I want to respectfully inform you that the concerns raised was taken in good faith
and corrections made accordingly.

First and foremost, the budget has been updated to include ethics review
committee’s fee of GHC 300 in page 12 of research protocol

Again, Ethical Consideration section has been updated and can be found in pages 9
&10 of the research protocol.
 Participant’s information sheet has been updated to include privacy, data storage
and usage and conflict of interest and can be found in page 18 & 19 of the rese arch
protocol.
I am hopeful this revised protocol will be considered for ethical approval

Yours faithfully,

Gabriel Addai Manu

Principal Investigator
Nagel Memorial Adventist Hospital
Post Office Box MC1031
Takoradi, Western Region
20th November, 2023.

The Chairperson
Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee
Research and Development Division
P. O. Box MB 190
Accra
Dear Chairperson,
APPLICATION FOR ETHICAL APPROVAL
I, Gabriel Addai Manu, an MPhil. Haematology final year student of Kwame Nkrumah University
of Science and Technology would like to request for ethical approval to undertake research on the
topic: Beta – 2 Microglobulin, Full blood count and Albumin Globulin ratio as prognostic
markers for assessing human immunodeficiency virus disease progression of people living
with human immunodeficiency virus on Antiretroviral therapy at Effia Nkwanta Regional
Hospital.
The research forms part of the requirement for the award of certificate in MPhil. Haematology.
The research seeks to assess other easily available markers that can be used to assess HIV disease
progression.
I hope this letter will be given the needed consideration.
Counting on your usual cooperation.

Yours faithfully,

Gabriel Addai Manu

Nagel Memorial Adventist Hospital
Post Office Box MC1031
Takoradi
20th November, 2023.

The Medical Director

Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital
Sekondi

Dear Sir,
APPLICATION FOR PERMISSION TO UNDERTAKE RESEARCH AT EFFIA NKWANTA
HOSPITAL
I am Gabriel Addai Manu a final year MPhil. Hematology student at Kwame Nkrumah University
of Science and Technology. I am writing to seek for permission to conduct research at
Comprehensive Care Center on the title: Beta – 2 Microglobulin, Full blood count and Serum
Albumin Globulin ratio as prognostic markers for assessing human immunodeficiency virus
disease progression of people living with human immunodeficiency virus on Antiretroviral
therapy.
The main objective of the study is to assess the significance of serum albumin and globulin, full
blood count and Beta – 2 microglobulin in monitoring Human Immunodeficiency virus disease
progression. The study will involve people living with human immunodeficiency virus on
Antiretroviral therapy visiting Comprehensive Care Center in Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital.
Blood samples will be drawn from them after obtaining their consent. Ghana Health Service ethical
guidelines and protocols will be strictly followed. The study will commence in January 2024 and
the duration for sample taken will be three months. The entire duration for the study is seven
months.
I therefore pled that you permit me to access the Comprehensive Care Center and pledge to comply
with all regulations that will be set by the hospital.
Thank you for considering my request.
Yours faithfully,

Gabriel Addai Manu

 GHANA HEALTH SERVICE ETHICS REVIEW COMMITTEE

APPLICATION FORM FOR PROTOCOL SUBMISSION

(Please complete all sections of this form electronically and submit together with full Protocol for ERC
Consideration )

PART I: ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)

1.1 Title of study: Beta -2 microglobulin, Serum Albumin Globulin ratio, and Full blood count as prognostic markers for
assessing Human Immunodeficiency virus disease progression among people living with human immunodeficiency
virus on Antiretroviral therapy

1.2 Full name of Principal Investigator (PI) (Surname first):

i. Surname: MANU First Name: GABRIEL

Other(s): ADDAI
ii. Institutional Affiliation: KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

iii. Full Postal Address of Principal Investigator: NAGEL MEM. ADVENTIST HOSPITAL P.O. BOX
MC1031
TAKORADI

iv. Telephone: (Landline and Mobile) : 0242236953

v. Email: gadman77@gmail.com

1.3 Full name of Co- Investigator ( Surname first):

(Please specify if more than one)

i. Surname: First Name:

Other(s):
ii. Institutional Affiliation:

iii. Full Postal Address:

iv. Telephone: (Landline and Mobile):

v. Email:

PART II: INFORMATION ON COLLABORATOR(S)

(please specify if more than one)
1.4 (a) Name of first Collaborator: Institutional Affiliations: KWAME NKRUMAH
UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
WINA IVY OFRI BOADU (DR) Full Address: DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL
DIAGNOSTICS
KNUST

Telephone: (Landline and Mobile):

0200897769
Email: wioforiboadu@knust.edu.gh
1.5 (b) Name of second Collaborator: Institutional Affiliation:

Full Address:

Telephone: (Landline and Mobile) :

Email:

1.6(c) Name of third Collaborator Institutional Affiliation:

Full Address:

Telephone: (Landline and Mobile) :

Email:

PART III: INFORMATION ON SPONSOR(S)

1.7 Name of Sponsor or Sponsoring Agency
 (please specify name of lead person) Institutional Affiliation(s): KWAME NKRUMAH
UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GABRIEL ADDAI MANU Full Address: NAGEL MEM. ADVENTIST HOSPITAL

P.O. BOX MC1031, TAKORADI

Telephone: (Landline and Mobil): 0242236953

Email:gadman77@gmail.com

PART IV: INFORMATION ON PROPOSED STUDY

1. NATURE OF PROTOCOL (Please tick appropriate box)

i) Institutional ii) Academic Protocols  iii) Individual iv. Others(specify)

Protocol   

PhD Msc Mphil MP Undergraduate 

   H
 Fellowship 

2. TYPE OF STUDY(Please tick appropriate box)

Type A Type B Type C

i) Clinical Trial  Social Science  Implementation Research 
(Specify the type of social
science study below)
ii) Biomedical Study  a. Economic studies 

iii) Epidemiological Study 

iv) Others (specify):  b. Policy Studies 

c. Exploratory studies 

d. Monitoring and Evaluation

studies 
e. Other (Specify) 
........................................................................

3. RESEARCH AREA (E.g. Maternal, HIV/AIDS

Adolescent, Child Health, etc)
4. STUDY SITE (S)
i. Name of Study Site: Effia Nkwanta Region(s): Western
Regional Hospital
District(s): Sekondi / Takoradi Metropolis

Sub-District(s)
Sekondi – Sub Metro
ii. Name of Study Site: Region(s):

District(s):

Sub-District(s)

iii. Name of Study Site: Region(s):

District(s):
Sub-District(s)

iv. Name of Study Site: Region(s):

District(s):

Sub-District(s)

v. Name of Study Site: Region(s):

District(s):

Sub-District(s)

vi. Name of Study Site: Region(s):

District(s):

Sub-District(s)

5. a) DATE OF INITIAL SUBMISSION TO GHS-ERC (dd-mm-yyyy): 21-12-2023

b) Date of Re-Submission (If Applicable) : 24 -01 -24

 Proposed Start Date: End of Study:

FEBRUARY, 2024 SEPTEMBER, 2024

PART V: TYPE OF REQUEST ( Tick appropriate box )

A) New Submission: 1. Yes  2. No 

B) Request for Amendment: 1. Yes  2. No 

If yes also complete ERC amendment form and continuing Review form. In addition, provide justification for the
amendment and a Progress report of the study

C. Type of Amendment: 

i. Additional information to ii. Change of study site iii. Additional study site i. Additional PI (s)
protocol    

v. Change of PI(s)  vi. Change of Informed Consent  vii. Change of Questionnaire (s) 

viii. Others (please specify):

PART VI: FOR ERC OFFICIAL USE ONLY

1. Protocol ID No: ............................. Date Received (dd-mm-yyyy).........................:...............

2. Recommended Review Process:

i. For Full General Review  ii Expedited Review 

3. Date of Initial Review: ..............................................................

4. Outcome of Initial Review:

i. Outright approval ii. Conditional approval iii. Redesign document iv. Rejection Other (specify: 
   

5. Date of Re-submission (dd-mm-yyyy): ........................................................

6. Outcome of Resubmission Review:

i. Approved  ii. Conditional  iii. Pending  Others (specify): 

7. Date of Final Approval: ......................................................

8. Status of Approved Study:

i. Started  ii. Ongoing  iii. Completed  iv. Yet to Start 

vi. Suspended  vi. Discontinued  vii. Others (specify) 

9. Request for Presentation of Study by PI (s) (1) Yes  (2) No 

10.Submission of Reports:

A. Submitted  B. Not Submitted 

Type of Report Submitted:

i. Initial/ Inception report 
ii. Interim Report 
iii. Progress report 
iv. Adverse Report/Serious Adverse report 
v. Final /Completion report 
vi. Others (Specify) 
 Module II
RESEARCH PROPOSAL

BETA-2 MICROGLOBULIN, SERUM ALBUMIN GLOBULIN RATIO, AND FULL BLOOD

COUNT AS PROGNOSTIC MARKERS FOR ASSESSING HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY
VIRUS DISEASE PROGRESSION AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS ON ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY

STUDENT
GABRIEL ADDAI MANU
MPHIL. HAEMATOLOGY CANDIDATE
TEL. : +233242236953
Email : gadman77@gmail.com

SUPERVISOR
DR. WINA IVY OFORI BOADI
TEL. : +233200897769
Email:wioforiboadu@knust.edu.gh
 ABSTRACT
Background: HIV is one of the leading causes of mortality amongst infectious diseases globally,
and is recognized as a main public health problem. The introduction of ART has led to an improved
survival of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWHIV) with significantly
decreased in mortality.
Using viral load to monitor HIV disease progression of people living with human
immunodeficiency virus on Antiretroviral Therapy is very critical for effective care as it enhance
patient- centered differential care.
Even though WHO recommend the use of viral load to monitor HIV disease progression, the
marker has substantial challenges for countries in Sub – Sahara Africa with limited resources
because of limited molecular diagnostic centers, probably due to high operational cost.
Aim: This study seeks to assess Beta – 2 microglobulin, Full Blood Count and Albumin Globulin
ratio as prognostic markers for monitoring disease progression among HIV infected individuals on
ART
Methodology: A facility based cross -sectional study which will be conducted on PLWHIV on
ART visiting Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital Comprehensive Care Unit. A well-organized
questionnaire will be used to collect consented participants’ Socio -demographic and clinical
information. 6mls of venous blood will be taken, 4mls into EDTA tube for FBC and Viral load
and 2mls into gel tube for Serum Albumin, Protein and Beta – 2 microglobulin. The results will
be entered into excel and data analyzed using SPSS version 26. descriptive and inferential
statistics. Students T –test and Pearson’s correlation will be used. P value of < 0.05 will be
interpreted as significant.
Expected Outcome: it is expected that the research will provide useful information on the
significance of Beta – 2 microglobulin, FBC and Serum Albumin Globulin ratio as prognostic
markers for monitoring HIV disease progression among PLWHIV on ART.

i
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

WHO World Health Organization

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
PLWHIV People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid
ART Antiretroviral Therapy
FBC Full Blood Count
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA Ribonucleic Acid
NACP National Aids Control Program
GHS Ghana Health Service
UNAIDS United Nations joint Programme on HIV/AIDS
MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex
CD4 Clusters of Differentiation 4

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACTS ……………………………………………………………………………… I
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ………………………………………………………………II
CHAPTER ONE ………………………………………………………………………… 1
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ………………………………………………… 2
1.2 JUSTIFICATION ………………………………………………………………3
1.3 AIM ………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES …………………………………………………… 3
1.5 HYPOTHESIS …………………………………………………………………4

CHAPTER TWO ………………………………………………………………………… 5

LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………………………………5
2.1 ALBUMIN – GLOBULIN RATIO …………………………………………… …….. 6
2.2 FULL BLOOD COUNT AND HIV ……………………………………………… 6-7
2.3 BETA – 2 MICROGLOBULIN ………………………………………………… 7-8
CHAPTER THREE ………………………………………………………………………. 9
METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………….. 9
3.1 STUDY SITE ………………………………………………………………… 9
3.2 STUDY POPULATION …………………………………………………….. 9
3.3 SAMPLE SIZE ……………………………………………………………… 9-10
3.4 STUDY DESIGN …………………………………………………………… 10
3.5 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA ……………………………… 10
3.6 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS …… 10-11
3.7 EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE STUDY ……………………………………….11
3.8 DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS ………………………………………….. 11
3.9 ETHICAL CLEARANCE AND INFORMED CONSENT ……………………11
3.10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ………………………………………………… 11
3.11 PROJECT TIMELINE ……………………………………………………… 12
3.12 BUDJECT …………………………………………………………………… 13
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………… 14-18

iii
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………………19

iv
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic still pose a challenge to both public health and
socioeconomic well- being (Degavi G.et al., 2021). Human immunodeficiency virus is a virus that
attacks the body’s immune system. The virus attaches to and penetrates host T-cells via 𝐶𝐷4+
molecules and chemokine receptors. After attachment, HIV RNA and several HIV-encoded
enzymes are released into the host cell. HIV reverse transcriptase copies viral RNA as Proviral
DNA. Proviral DNA enters the host cell’s nucleus, and HIV integrase facilitates the Proviral
DNA’s integration into the host’s DNA. The host cell then produces HIV virion and budded from
the cell surface. HIV Protease cleaves viral proteins, converting the immature virion to a mature
infectious virus (Edward RC, 2023).
Globally, an estimated 37.7 million people in the world are living with HIV with 36 million of the
number being adults as in 2020 (Astuti G et al.,2020; UNAIDS,2021). 76.1 million people have
become infected by the human immunodeficiency virus and 35 million people have died from
AIDS – related illnesses since the start of the epidemic in 1981(Birhanu H et al.,2021).

In Africa, more than 2/3 of the global population are people living in Africa (Dukhi N. et al., 2021).
In Africa, the hardest region hit by human immunodeficiency virus is East and Southern Africa
(Tsegaw M. et al.,2017). In Sub – Sahara Africa, one of the leading causes of mortality among
adults is AIDS – related illnesses (Chisumpa VH, et al., 2019).

In Ghana, 346,120 people are living with human immunodeficiency virus, with 19,267 new
infections and 11,797 AIDS – related deaths as at 2020 (NACP/GHS ,2021).
The rate of progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection is highly variable among
individuals but progresses through three main stages; Rapid or acute, intermediate or chronic and
late or AIDS (Fauci AS and Lane HC, 2005).
The acute HIV infection is the earliest stage of the infection and generally develops within 2-4
weeks after infection, there is rapid viral replication and viral levels may reach several million
virus particles per milliliter of blood.

1
The chronic stage or asymptomatic HIV infection. In this stage, there is slower viral replication
with no HIV related symptoms in most patients. Following treatment (ART) people in this stage
usually advances to AIDS in 10 years or longer though some may progress faster.
The final stage (AIDS) is the most severe form of the HIV-infection. The immune system becomes
seriously damaged. Lymph nodes and tissues are damaged and 𝐶𝐷4+ T-cells are not replaced. The
host body becomes prone to opportunistic infections or diseases.
The introduction of ART has led to an improved survival of people living with HIV (USAIDS
Data, 2020) and according to (Marcus JL et al.,2016), the introduction of Antiretroviral therapy
has led to a significantly decrease in mortality and increased in the life expectancy of people living
with human immunodeficiency virus in high income countries.
Beta – 2 microglobulin is a globular protein of molecular weight 11.8 kilo Daltons. It is present on
the surface of nearly all nucleated cells in the body and linked non – covalently to the MHC Class
1. It forms the light chain of MHC Class 1. It is found in circulation and about ½ in serum is
contributed by the turnover of lymphocytes. Serum concentration of beta – 2 microglobulin
depends on the integrity of the kidney which excretes it.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Hematological abnormalities are the commonest outcomes of HIV / AIDS and has been linked to
illness progression and death (Wisaksana R et al., 2013; Merino KM et al., 2017).
Diarrhea is a common presenting feature of AIDS. Most AIDS patients who have diarrhea develop
some degree of Jejunal villous atrophy leading to malabsorption in most patients. There is reduced
albumin probably due to hyper catabolism, malabsorption or protein losing enteropathy.
Monitoring disease progression of people living with HIV / AIDS on ART is very crucial for
effective care. It helps to determine whether or not a treatment regimen is effective or not, and also
to identify adverse events related to the administration of the medication and to find out whether
there is viral resistance. WHO recommends the use of viral load in monitoring HIV disease
progression among HIV infected individuals on ART (WHO,2013) and viral load suppression has
been incorporated as one of the ultimate indicators in the UNAIDS 95 – 95 – 95 fast track targets
(USAIDS,2014). HIV / AIDS disease progression monitoring is very important in treatment and
viral load which is the WHO recommended marker has substantial challenges for countries in

2
Sub – Sahara Africa with limited resources because of limited molecular diagnostic centres’
probably due to high operational cost.

1.2 JUSTIFICATION
Monitoring disease progression of people living with HIV / AIDS on ART is very crucial for
effective care. It helps to determine whether or not a treatment regimen is effective or not, to
identify adverse events related to the administration of the medication and to find out whether
there is viral resistance.

Haematological abnormalities have a significant impact on the well – being of people living with
human immunodeficiency virus. There are conflicting reports on the effects of ART on red cell
indices. Since full blood count, albumin, total protein and beta -2 microglobulin are common
laboratory investigations and monitoring HIV /AIDS disease progression is very critical in
patients’ management, assessing their prognostic value in monitoring HIV disease progression is
beneficial in resource – limited countries.

1.3 AIM

To assess Beta – 2 microglobulin, Full Blood Count and Albumin Globulin ratio as prognostic
markers for monitoring HIV disease progression among PLWHIV on ART

1.4 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. To evaluate the viral load of PLWHIV on ART.

2. To estimate Beta – 2 microglobulin of PLWHIV on ART
3. To estimate albumin, total protein and A/G ratio of PLWHIV on ART
4. To estimate the full blood count of PLWHIV on ART
5. To assess the correlation between Beta – 2 microglobulin and viral load
6. To assess the correlation between A/G ratio and viral load
7. To assess the correlation between full blood count and viral load

1.5 HYPOTHESIS: Null hypothesis: Beta -2 microglobulin, full blood count and albumin globulin
ratio are not good prognostic marker

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic still pose a challenge to both public health and
socioeconomic well- being (Degavi G.et al., 2021). Globally, an estimated 37.7 million people in
the world are living with HIV with 36 million of the number being adults in 2020 (Astuti G et
al.,2020; UNAIDS,2021). 76.1 million people have become infected by the human
immunodeficiency virus and 35 million people have died from AIDS – related illnesses since the
start of the epidemic in 1981(Birhanu H et al.,2021).

In Africa, more than 2/3 of the global population are people living in Africa (Dukhi N. et al., 2021).
In Africa, the hardest region hit by human immunodeficiency virus is East and Southern Africa
(Tsegaw M. et al.,2017). In Sub – Sahara Africa, one of the leading causes of mortality among
adults is AIDS – related illnesses (Chisumpa VH, et al., 2019).
Despite a decline in the incidence rates of the disease over the past two decades, with an
improved survival rate due to the introduction of antiretroviral therapies, more people are still
living with HIV infection than ever before (USAIDS Data, 2020). In spite of the enhanced life
expectancy of people living with human immunodeficiency virus as a result of the introduction
of Antiretroviral Therapies, haematological changes are still one of the most common
complications and could impact both the length and quality of their lives (Wisaksana R et al.,
2013; Merino KM et al., 2017).
Monitoring disease progression of people living with HIV / AIDS on ART is very crucial for
effective care. Viral load which measures the number of human immunodeficiency virus copies
in a milliliter of blood is the preferred test to monitor patients on Antiretroviral therapy
(WHO,2013). The viral load result help clinicians to monitor treatment and guide treatment
choices (Bhangu A. et al.,2020). Viral suppression is defined as viral load less than 1000 copies /
ml (WHO,2016; Lokpo SY et al.,2020). A consistent viremia of more than 1000copies/ml after a
minimum of six months of Antiretroviral therapy is considered viral failure (WHO,2016; Tsegaw
A et al, 2019). It also predicts how fast the disease is progressing (Ironson G et al. 2014). The
value of viral load as a prognostic marker has long been established (Bartlett JG and Lane HC,
2005; Bhatia R and Narain JP, 2005)

4
2.1 ALBUMIN – GLOBULIN RATIO
Serum total protein is made up of albumin and globulin. Albumin is mainly synthesized by the
liver and its value mostly reflects liver function. Some major physiological functions of the liver
include transporting nutrient contents (Cholesterol, Fatty acids and Bile acids), and scavenging
free oxygen radicals (Ferris S and Allman – Farinelli M.,2013; Kim S et al, 2017; Wada Y.
Takeda Y, Kuwahata M.,2017). Studies have shown the important role of albumin in a variety of
diseases (Li S et al.,2017). Emerging evidence suggests that hypoalbuminemia may be a good
indicator of an enhanced cancer-related inflammatory response, which is mainly associated with
cytokine-induced impairment of albumin synthesis and excessive albumin dehydration
(Mirsaeidi M, et al., 2018; Guo HW, et al., 2018).
Low levels of serum albumin have been associated with higher rates of mortality in different
acute and chronic conditions. Recent studies have suggested that low levels of serum albumin are
associated with rapid disease progression to AIDS, AIDS associated mortality and all cause of
mortality, independent of CD4 cell counts and viral load (Gupta and Prakash J, 2015)
Immune globulin is mainly used to evaluate the status of immune and inflammatory responses
(Hill LA, et al.,2016; Meyer EJ etal.,2016)
In general, serum albumin is used to reflect malnutrition, whereas serum globulin serves as an
indicator of chronic inflammation.
AGR in recent studies has been identified as a valuable marker for predicting the survival of
patients with different types of lymphoma (Bi XW et al., 2016; Yue W et al.,2018). Several
studies have shown the prognostic value of AGR in cancers, chronic kidney disease, heart failure
and peritoneal dialysis (Li K et al.,2018; Lv GY et al.,2018; Wu PP et al.,2019; Peng F et
al.,2020)
2.2 FULL BLOOD COUNT AND HIV
In human immunodeficiency virus infection, there is rapid intracellular replication which elicits
activation of the host immune system and this is characterized by the release of Pro –
inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. There is also Polyclonal B- cell activation which leads
to the depletion of CD4+ T- cells (Gudina EK et al., 2015). There is a lot of host immune
activation in PLWHIV and this chronic immune activation and inflammation contribute to the
clinical progression and disease outcomes of PLHWIV (Wisaksana R et al., 2013; Merino KM et
al., 2017).

5
Although clinical outcomes of PLWHIV are broad, haematological abnormalities especially
cytopenias are commonly identifies as the first clinical complications in the disease process
(Wisaksana R et al., 2013; Thulasi RR et al., 2016; Fan L et al., 2020).
Several studies have suggested anaemia as a major clinical outcome of PLWHIV before the start
of antiretroviral therapy (Daka D et al., 2013; Fiseha T et al.,2017; Woldeamanuel GG et
al.,2018; Tesfaye Z and Enawgaw B, 2014; Negesse A et al.,2018).
A work done by (Owiredu W.et al,2011), also indicated that absolute CD4 count, viral load and
haematological parameters are the most common indicator for monitoring HIV disease
progression. Studies done by (Wankah PN et al.,2014) indicates a correlation between red cell
indices, haemoglobin and other haematological parameters to HIV disease progression and
decrease in CD4 count. Haemoglobin levels reflect rapidity of disease progression rates and
independently predict prognosis across demographically diverse cohorts (Opie J.,2012). A study
done by (Gebreweld A et al., 2020) shows a decrease in red cell indices after the start of HAART
whiles studies by (Enawgaw B et al., 2014; Rezaei E et al., 2016) suggest otherwise.
2.3 BETA – 2 MICROGLOBULIN
Beta – 2 microglobulin is a globular protein of molecular weight 11.8 kilo Daltons. It is present
on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells in the body and linked non – covalently to the MHC
Class 1. Beta -2 microglobulin regulates immune recognition and immunoglobulin transport in
human (Monlealegre et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2020). It is also involved in inflammatory
response and regulation of cytokine expressions, activation of cellular immune systems and some
haematological malignancies (Nomura et al.,2014; Yoo C et al.,2015; Seo S et al.,2014; Wu L.,
et al.,2014). A study by (Wu et al., 2017) associated elevated levels of Beta – 2 microglobulin to
chronic renal failure, inflammation and some viral infections. In metabolic abnormalities and
inflammation, the level of Beta – 2 microglobulin release increases with decrease degradation
which leads to increase levels in serum or plasma (Li et al., 2014; Vianello et al., 2015). Under
normal physiological conditions, Beta – 2 microglobulin is eliminated from the blood by the
kidneys (Li L et al., 2016; Priziment AE et al.,2016) and is considered a marker of kidney
function (Argyropoulos et al., 2017). Elevated levels of Beta – 2 microglobulin has also been
associated with poor prognosis in Covid – 19 patients (Conca et al., 2021)

6
 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY SITE

The research will be undertaken at Comprehensive Care Center in Effia Nkwanta Regional
hospital in Sekondi / Takoradi Metropolitan Assembly, Sekondi. Effia Nkwanta Regional
hospital was established in 1938 as a military hospital by the colonial government of the Gold
coast for the British West African Royal Force which was based in Takoradi during the second
world war.
The purpose of the hospital was to offer medical services to recruited soldiers during the final
training of war. In 1948, the military authorities handed over the hospital to the Ministry of
Health. Currently, Effia Nkwanta Regional hospital is the only secondary level health facility in
the Western and Western North regions of Ghana. It serves as a referral center for the entire
Western corridor of the country. The facility has a lot of units including the comprehensive care
center which takes care of people living with human immunodeficiency virus. The hospital has a
bed capacity of 300.

3.2 TARGET AND STUDY POPULATION:

The target population for this study will be confirmed PLWHIV on ART who visits
Comprehensive Care Center in Effia Nkwanta Regional hospital for their routine viral load testing.
People of both genders aged 18 -65 years will be included in this study.

3.3 SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size will be determine using the formula, n = Z2p(1-p)

e2

where:

n == the required sample size

z == the standard normal variant at a confidence interval of 95% = 1.96

p== the prevalence of HIV in western = 2.7% (NACP,2022)

7
e == margin of error = 0.05

n== 1.962 *0.27(1-0.27)

0.052

n= 302

A minimum sample size of 302 will be required, However, 310 participants will be used for this
project involving a one-time sampling from each participant over the period of three months.

3.4 STUDY DESIGN

A hospital-based Cross – Sectional design will be conducted.

3.5 INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Inclusion

✓ Confirmed PLWHIV on ART

✓ Patients willing to participate
✓ Confirmed PLWHIV on ART aged 18 -65 years
Exclusion

✓ HIV infected individuals on ART with evidence of co-existing health conditions.

3.6 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS

Participants of this study will be interviewed to seek their consent and clinical history. 6mls of
venous blood samples will be taken from each participants visiting the clinic for their routine viral
load testing after they have given their consent to partake in the study, 4mls of the blood will be
placed in an EDTA tube for Full blood count using Sysmex XN -350 after the sample has been
mixed on the roller. The sample will be centrifuged at 1500rpm for 5minutes and plasma taken
for the viral load. The remaining 2mls of the blood will be placed in a gel tube (yellow top) and
centrifuged at 1500rpm for 5 minutes for serum albumin, total protein and Beta – 2 microglobulin.

8
Rt-PCR will be used to estimate participants’ viral load and Selectra Pro S fully automated clinical
chemistry analyser will be used to estimate Serum albumin and total protein. Getein 1110 will be
used to estimate their Beta -2 Microglobulin.

Storage: All blood samples that cannot be worked on within four hours will be stored at 2 -8 ℃.
Serum that cannot be worked on within the day will be placed in cryotubes and stored at -25℃

3.7 EXPECTED OUTCOME

It is expected that the research will provide useful information on the significance of Beta – 2
microglobulin, FBC and Serum Albumin Globulin ratio as prognostic markers for monitoring
HIV disease progression among PLWHIV on ART.

3.8 DISSEMINAION OF RESULTS

The findings of the study will be made available to the management of ENRH, presented in
seminars as well. The researcher hopes to publish the article in peer -reviewed journal.

3.8 ETHICAL CLEARNCE AND INFORMED CONSENT

Ethical clearance will be sought from Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee, Kwame
Nkrumah University of Science and Technology’s Human Research and Publication Ethics
Committee and permission sought from Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital Management.

Informed consent will be obtained from participants in writing before commencement of the
study. Before the start of the study, ethical Approval from the Ghana Health Service Ethics
Review Committee, Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital and Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science and Technology Human Ethics Committee will be sought. Again, participants
anonymity and confidentiality will be ensured. Before the administration of the study
instrument, a document stating the study title, objectives, anonymity, confidentiality and
merits of the study would be explained to respondents and the respondents will be made
aware of the purpose of the information provided and will be assured that their identity will
not be revealed to the general public. Participants will also be informed of their right to opt
out of the study at any given time if they so desire. Informed consent will be obtained from
all study participants before being interviewed and given questionnaire to fill.

9
During consent seeking process, the purpose of the study, all procedures and all possible
risks will be explained to participants and once they decide to be part of the study, consent
forms will be given to them to fill.

All participants will be given information sheets which will contain information on the
nature of the research involved, risks and benefits associated with the study and an assent
section. The information and consent form will be supplied in English and research
assistants will translate to Twi, Fante and Ahanta for participants who do not understand
English. All participants will be informed that they have the right to refuse to participate
or answer some questions without giving any reason for not answering.
Participants will also be assured of confidentiality and privacy and these will be applied
throughout and after the study. They will also be assured that information by them will be
used for the sole purpose of the study. They will also be informed that the information
given will not be disclosed to a third party. The participants will also be informed that
information they give will be free from personal details. Once a person agrees to partake in
the study, an informed consent form will be administered to the participant to append his
or her signature or thumbprint on the form.
The study has no conflict of interest and this will be communicated to study participants.
The research is funded entirely by the principal investigator, a student of KNUST. Hence
the funding will be disclosed to study participants. Appendix I and III provide details of
ethical issues concerning the study.

3.10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Data will be imputed in Microsoft Excel 2016 and analysed using descriptive and inferential
statistics. Students T –test and Pearson’s correlation will be the statistical method employed and
SPSS software version 26 will be used. P value of < 0.05 will be considered statistically
significant.

10
 3.11 STUDY TIMELINES

MONTH/ACTIVITIES SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY AUG SEP
2023 2023 2023 2023 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024 2024
PROPOSAL
WRITING
ETHICAL
CLEARANCE
PROCUREMENT OF
MATERIALS
RECRUITMENT
AND SAMPLING
TESTING

DATA ANALYSIS

MANUSCRIPT
WRITING

11
 3.12 BUDGET

ITEM UNIT PRICE TOTAL

EDTA tubes 70*2 140
Gel tubes 100*2 200
Syringe & needle (10cc) 70*2 140
Cotton 30 30
Cellpack 692.16 692.16
Sulfolyser 772.8 772.80
Flourocell 1560 1560
Lysercell 748.8 748.8
Cell clean 2352 2352
Albumin reagent 145.2*2 290.4
Total protein 168*2 336
Beta -2 microglobulin 1200*8 9600
Examination Gloves 80*2 160
GHS ERC Fee 300 300
Miscellaneous 1000 1000
TOTAL 18322.16

12
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ANTIRETROVIRAL THEAPY. South East Asia Regional Branch. World Health
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Adults and Adolescents. Clinical Guidelines for the treatment and Management of HIV
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17. Rezaei E, Ebrahim –Saraie HS, Heidari H,et al. Impact of vitamin supplements on HAART
related hematological abnormalities in HIV – infected patients. Med J Islam Repub Iran.
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Wollo, Ethiopia. J Psychiatr Res. 2017; 85:37 -41

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Journal, p. 465-468, mar. 2012.
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in the critically ill. A systemic review. Nutr Clin Pract. (2013) 28:463-84.
29. Kim S, Mcclave SA, Martindale RG, Miller KR, Hurt RT. Hypoalbuminemia and clinical
outcomes: What is the mechanism behind the relationship? Am surg. (2017) 83:1220-7.
30. Wada Y. Takeda Y, Kuwahata M. Potential role of amino acid. Protein nutrition and
exercise in serum albumin redox state. Nutrients (2017) 10:17.
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32. Hill LA, Bodnar TS, Weinberg J, Hammond GL, Corticosteroid-binding globulin is a
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34. Li K, Fu W Bo Y, Zhu Y. Effect of albumin-globulin score and albumin to globulin ratio
on survival in patients with heart failure: a retrospective cohort study in China. BMJ Open.
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35. Lv GY, AnL, Sun XD, Hu YL, Sun DW. Pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio can serve
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91.
36. Wu PP, Hsieh YP, Kor CT, Chiu PF. Association between albumin-globulin ratio and
mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Med. (2019) 8:1991.
37. Peng F, Sun L, Chen T, ZhuY, Zhou W, Li P, et al, Albumin-globulin ratio and mortality
in patients on Peritoneal dialysis: a retrospective study BMC Nephrol. (2020) 31:51.
38. Wisaksana R, de Mast Q, Alisjahbana B, et al. Inverse relationship of serum hepcidin levels
with CD4+ cell count in HIV – Infected Patients selected from an Indonesian Prospective
Cohort study. PLoS ONE 2013;8(11)
39. Gudina EK, Teklu AM, Berhan A, et al. Magnitude of antiretroviral drug toxicity in adult
HIV patients in Ethiopia: a cohort study at seven teaching hospitals. Ethiop J. Health Sci
2017;27(Suppl.1): 39 -52.
40. Merino KM, Allers C, Didier ES, et al. Role of Monocytes/ macrophages during HIV/SIV
infection in adults and pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome Front Immunol
2017;8:1693
41. Thulasi RR, Manimaran D, Hemanathan G, et al, Hematological abnormalities in HIV
infected individuals in correlation to CD4 counts and ART status. Asian J Med Sci
2016;7(4):14 -18
42. Fan L, Li C, Zhao H. Prevalence and the risk factors of Cytopenia in HIV -infected patients
before and after the initiation of HAART. Biomed Res Int 2020:3132589.
43. Daka D, Lelissa D, Amsalu A. Prevalence of Anemia before and after the initiation of
antiretroviral therapy at ART centre of Hawassa University Referral Hospital, Hawassa,
South Ethiopia. Sch J Med 2013;3(1):1-6
44. Fiseha T, Tamir Z, Seid A, et al. Prevalence of anemia in renal insufficiency among HIV
infected patients initiating ART at a hospital in northern Ethiopia. BMC Hematol 2017;
17:1

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45. Woldeamanuel GG, Wondimu DH. Prevalence of anemia before and after initiation of
antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected patients at Black Lion Specialized Hospital,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross -sectional study. BMC Hematol 2018; 18:7
46. Tesfaye Z, Enawgaw B. Prevalence of anemia before and after initiation of highly active
antiretroviral therapy among HIV positive patients in northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective
study. BMC Res Note 2014; 7:745.
47. Negesse A, Getanah T, Temesgen H, et al. Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors
in human immune deficiency virus infected adult individuals in Ethiopia. A systematic
review and meta – analysis. BMC Hematol 2018; 18:32
48. Yoo C, Yoon DH, Suh C. Serum beta – 2 microglobulin in malignant lymphomas: An old
but powerful prognostic factor. Blood Res. 2014; 49:148 -53.
49. Wu L, Wang T, Gui W, Lin H, Xie K, Wang H et al. Prognostic significance of serum beta
– 2 microglobulin in patients with non -Hodgkin lymphoma. Oncology. 2014; 87:40 -7.
50. Yoo C, Yoon DH, Kim S,HuhJ, Park CS, et al. serum beta -2 microglobulin as a prognostic
biomarker in patients with Mantle cell lymphoma. Hematol Oncol. 2015.
51. Prizment A.E, Linabery A.M, Lutsey P.L. Circulating beta – 2 microglobulin and risk of
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52. Li L, Dong M, Wang X-G. The implication and significance of Beta -2 microglobulin. Chi
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microglobulin and TIMP1 are linked together in cardiorenal remodeling and failure.
Cardiorenal Med. 2015 ;5(1): 1-11.

17
 PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET

Research title: Beta – 2 Microglobulin, Full blood count and Albumin Globulin ratio as
prognostic markers for assessing human immunodeficiency virus disease progression among
people living with human immunodeficiency virus on Antiretroviral therapy at Effia Nkwanta
Regional Hospital
Name of Researcher: Gabriel Addai Manu
Place of Study: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Background and purpose of research
You are invited to participate in research which seeks to find out whether routine laboratory tests
like full blood count, Albumin, Globulin and Beta -2 microglobulin could be used to assess
human immunodeficiency virus disease progression. The study will involve all HIV infected
individuals on Antiretroviral therapy aged 18 -65 years visiting Comprehensive Care Center at
Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital. 180 participants will be used. The research is for academic
purposes but findings of the research could be used to improve the care of people living with
human immunodeficiency virus.
Participants involvement
If you agree to participate in the research, you will be interviewed to get your demographical
information, age and year of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation. Your decision not to answer
questions which you feel uncomfortable will be respected. Extra 3mls of your venous blood will
be taken when you come for the routine viral load testing. 7 -10 minutes of your time will be
required to go through the Interview, Information Sheet and Consent Form. You will not be
exposed to any health risk when you participate in the research. It is expected that the finding of
the research could be used to reduce HIV complications like liver and kidney disease.
Confidentiality: the information you give will be kept confidential and will only be made
accessibly to those involved in the research. The information you give will be used strictly for
the research alone. The survey instruments, files and data collected during the study will not
have any personal details, therefore participants’ confidentiality will be assured
Voluntary participation/ Withdrawal
Participation in this study is purely voluntary and participants have the right to withdraw from
the research even after signing the consent form without having to give any reason for
withdrawing. Participants will not be given any compensation.
COVID – 19 preventive measures will be strictly adhered to, which include proper hand washing
and physical distancing.
Privacy and Confidentiality: Any information you give will be kept confidential (the
information will be used strictly for academic purposes). The study will use collective
response to questions and will not disclose names or personal details that may be traced
back to the person who gave the information. Again, any individual who is not part of the
research team will not have access to the information obtained from you. The answers you
give will be recorded on a questionnaire which does not bear your name nor personal
details which can be used to trace your identity. The consent which has your signature or
thumbprint on it will not be added to the survey instruments and will be destroyed five

18
years after the study. We want to reassure you that the responses you will provide will not
be accessible to anyone outside the study team.
Data Storage and Usage: Data (questionnaire and field notes) collected during the study
would be kept in a lock and safe filing cabinet in a locked office at KNUST. The files will be
password protected and securely saved in the personal folder of the researcher on the
KNUST server. The data will be stored for 5 years and discarded completely per KNUST
protocol. The information obtained will be used strictly for academic purposes.
Conflict of Interest: The study has no conflict of interest and this will be communicated to
study participants.

Findings of the research will be made known to the center (CCC). You will not be asked to pay
any money, everything will be funded solely by the principal investigator
The data will be owned by the principal investigator and will be stored in a password protected
folder on the principal investigators laptop. The data will be stored for five years and will be
discarded completely.
Storage of samples
Samples will be stored for a maximum of six months and clearance will be sought from Ghana
Health Service Ethical Committee if further research will be done on the sample.
A copy of the information sheet and consent form will be made available to participants after it
has been signed or thumb printed
For Clarification/Questions
For clarification or questions please contact;
Principal Investigator details:
Gabriel Addai Manu
Nagel Mem. Adventist Hospital
Contact: 0242236953
Email: gadman77@gmail.com

ERC Administrator

Nana Abena Apatu

Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee Administrator

Contact: 0503539896 (ethical issues only)

Email: ethics.research@ghs.gov.gh

19
 CONSENT FORM

Beta – 2 Microglobulin, Full blood count and Albumin Globulin ratio as prognostic markers for
assessing human immunodeficiency virus disease progression of people living with human
immunodeficiency virus on Antiretroviral therapy at Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital.

PARTICIPANTS’ STATEMENT
I acknowledge that I have read or have had the purpose and contents of the Participants’
Information Sheet read and all questions satisfactorily explained to me in a language I
understand (English, Twi, Fante and Ahanta). I fully understand the contents and any potential
implications as well as my right to change my mind (i.e., withdraw from the research) even after
I have signed this form.
I voluntarily agree to be part of this research

Name of Participant …………………………………………….

Participants’ Signature …………………………… OR Thumb Print ………………….
Date ………………………………

INTERPRETERS’ STATEMENT
I interpreted the purpose and contents of the Participants’ Information Sheet to the afore named
participant to the best of my ability in (English, Twi, Fante and Ahanta) language to his proper
understanding.
All questions, appropriate clarifications sort by the participant and answers were also duly
interpreted to his/ her satisfaction.

Name of Interpreter ……………………………………

Signature of Interpreter ………………………………. OR Thumb Print ………………….
Date ……………………..
0544757424

STATEMENT OF WITNESS
I was present when the purpose and contents of the Participant Information Sheet was read and
explained satisfactorily to the participant in the language, he/she understood (English, Twi, Fante
and Ahanta)
I confirmed that he/she was given the opportunity to ask questions/seek clarifications and same
were duly answered to his/her satisfaction before voluntarily agreeing to be part of the research.

Name …………………………………………………………….

Signature ………………………. OR Thumb Print ………………………...

20
Date ………………………….

INVESTIGATOR STATEMENT AND SIGNATURE

I certify that the participant has been given ample time to read and learn about the study. All
questions and clarifications raised by the participant have been addressed.

Researcher’s name …………………………………

Signature ……………………………………………

Date ……………………………………………….

21
 Module III

QUESTIONNAIRE
Introduction:
Thank you for participating in our research work. Your input will contribute significantly to our
understanding of the use of Beta – 2 microglobulin, FBC and Albumin Globulin ratio as a
prognostic marker for monitoring HIV disease progression. Please answer the following
questions honestly and to the best of your knowledge.
Section 1: Participant Information
1.1 Participant Identification number ………………………………………….
1.2 Demographic Information
• Age …………………………………………………..

Educational Level: None / Primary / Secondary / Tertiary

• Occupation ……………………………………………..
• Ethnicity …………………………………………………..
• Marital Status ………………………………………….

Section 2: Health History

2.1 Year of ART Initiation ………………………………
2.2 Do you have any history of liver disease
• Yes
• No
• Not sure

2.3 Do you have any kidney disease

• Yes
• No
• Not sure

22
2.4 Have you been diagnosed of any Cancer?
• Yes
• No
• Not sure

2.5 Do you take you ART drug as prescribed?

• Yes
• No
• Not sure

Section 3: Additional Remarks

3.1 is there anything else you will like to share?

23
 CURRICULUM VITAE

GABRIEL ADDAI MANU

TEACHER’S CERT A, WESLEY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

BSC MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST

HEAD OF LABORATORY, NAGEL MEMORIAL ADVENTIST HOSPITAL, TAKORADI

PERSONAL INFORMATION

FULL NAME: Gabriel Addai Manu

DATE OF BIRTH: 27th May, 1981

MARITAL STATUS: Married

NUMBER OF CHILDREN: Two

RELIGION: Christian

SEX: Male

TELEPHONE: 0242236953

E-MAIL ADDRESS: gadman77@gmail.com

HOMETOWN: Tepa

NATIONALITY: Ghanaian

LANGUAGES SPOKEN: English and Akan (mother tongue)

24
PROFILE

I am a Medical Laboratory Scientist with eight (8) years’ experience in Haematology, Clinical

chemistry, parasitology, bacteriology and blood transfusion science. Extensive knowledge in

quality control standardization and calibration of Medical Laboratory Equipment as well as

hospital laboratory management.

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS / BACKGROUND

INSTITUTION: Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

DURATION: 2023 –

QUALIFICATION: N/A

INSTITUTION: University of Cape Coast

DURATION: 2008 – 2012

QUALIFICATION: Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory

Technology.

INSTITUTION: Wesley College of Education

DURATION : 2001 – 2004

CERTIFICATE OBTAINED: Teacher’s Certificate ‘A’

25
 INSTITUTION: Tepa Senior High School

DURATION: 1998 – 2000

QUALIFICATION: West Africa Senior Secondary Certificate Examination.

SKILLS

Laboratory techniques (professional), Data analysis (professional), Quality control

(professional), communication skills(professional)

STRENGTHS

Problem solving, attention to detail, laboratory techniques, analytical skills, time management

and communication skills

PROFESSIONAL WORK EXPERIENCE

• Conducted complex laboratory tests and analyses on patient samples, ensuring accurate

and timely results for diagnosis and treatment purposes.

• Collaborated with medical professionals and other laboratory staff to develop and

implement new testing methods, improving efficiency and effectiveness of laboratory

operations.

• Evaluated quality control measures and participated in proficiency testing, maintaining

high standards of accuracy and precision in laboratory testing.

26
 • Documented and maintained comprehensive records of test result, equipment

maintenance, and quality assurance activities, ensuring compliance with regulatory

standards and facilitating future analysis and audits.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• With the help of the hospital management, I was able to set-up a modern laboratory with

Clinical Chemistry, Bacteriology, Hematology and Immunology Units.

• In conjunction with the youth ministry of the South West Ghana Conference (SWGC)

and some Adventist Health Professionals, 1,200 were trained during the youth awareness

project with sponsorships from various pharmaceutical companies and Indomie Ghana.

This project was highlighted as one of the best programs for the Adventist church in the

year 2015.

• Was a member of a committee that was responsible for the safe reopening of Adventist

churches during the COVID-19 era, by developing a policy to be used.

OTHER ACHIEVEMENT: PUBLICATION OR ARTICLE

Gastroprotective Effect and Safety Assessment of Zanthoxylum
Zanthoxyloides(Lam) Waterm Root Bark Extract
(http://doi.org/10.3844/ajptsp.2012.73.80)

MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES

• Ghana Association of Medical Laboratory Scientist (GAMLS)

• Allied Health Professions Council (AHPC) Ghana (PIN – 09012418)
• Society of Medical Laboratory Managers, Ghana
• Ghana Adventist Health Service (GAHS) Biomedical Laboratory Scientist Association

27
WORKSHOPS: Covid – 19 Sample taking and RDT – 5th to 10th April, 2020

Infection Prevention and Control – STIs

Malaria Microscopy – 11th to 15th May,2015

Safety at the Health Facility – 20th 29th June, 2019

Laboratory Diagnosis of Hepatitis B Profile and Interpretatio - 29th to 30th

Nov. 2019

Laboratory Quality Management Systems – 23rd to 27th October, 2023

WORKPLACE: Nagel Memorial Adventist Hospital

POSITION OCCUPIED: Head of Department

DURATION: 2018 to date

RESPONSIBILITIES: Training of laboratory staff and performing competence

assessment for staffs, running of quality controls and validation,

supervision of laboratory tests performed in the department.

WORKPLACE: Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital

POSITION OCCUPIED: Infection Prevention and Control Officer

DURATION: 2015 – 2018

RESPONSIBILITIES: Verification of reports, microscopy, sample taking, running clinical

chemistry test and ensuring safety at the workplace.

ACHIEVEMENT: Certified WHO Malaria Microscopist

28
WORKPLACE: Public Health Reference Lab (Effia Nkwanta)

DURATION: 2014 – 2015

RESPONSIBILITIES: Running serological tests, culture and sensitivity.

HOBBIES AND INTEREST

Exploring distant lands, getting lost in a good book, academic journals, listening to music, every

kind of sports and health promotions.

29
REFERENCES

• Dr. Ivy Ofori Boadu

Lecturer, Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Knust,

Kumasi

wioforiboadu@knust.edu.gh

• Dr. Kwaku Oduro – Appiah

Senior Lecturer, Water and Sanitation Department, University of Cape Coast

0209333876

• Dr. Adu Patrick

Senior Lecturer, School of Allied Health, University of Cape Coast

0504607803

• Mr. Ebenezer Mensah

Epidemiologist and Head of Reference Laboratory, Effia Nkwanta Regional Hospital

0244528615

30
 CURRICULUM VITAE

1. Family name: OFORI BOADU

2. First names: WINA IVY
3. Date of birth: 08-07-1979
4. Passport Number: G1806329
5. Contact: E -mail wioforiboadu@knust. edu.gh or iboadu@yahoo.com

6. Mobile Phone: +233-200897769

7. Education

Degree(s)/Diploma(s)/Certificates
Institution (Start – End dates)
obtained
Institute of Commercial Management (2009) Diploma in strategic management
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and BSc MEDICAL LABORATORY
Technology; August 1999 - June 2003 TECHNOLOGY
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Msc HEALTH EDUCATION AND
Technology; August 2005 - June 2007 PROMOTION
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and
PhD CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY
Technology; August 2012 - June 2019

8. Language skills: Competence on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 - excellent; 5 - basic)

Language Reading Speaking Writing
Akan Mother Tongue

English 1 1 1

Ga 3

9. Key qualifications:
Dr Wina Ivy Ofori Boadu is a Medical Laboratory Scientist with over 20 years post
qualification experience in Haematology, clinical chemistry, parasitology, bacteriology.
and blood transfusion science. She has extensive knowledge in quality control,
standardization and calibration of Medical Laboratory Equipment as well as hospital
laboratory management.

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10. Skills/Experiences:

Ivy holds a PhD in Chemical Pathology and has been lecturing since 2020. She teaches
chemical pathology, immunology and biochemistry. She has worked on the bench since
2004 in the area of Medical Laboratory Practice. She has since 2014 being actively
involved in the training of Medical Laboratory Interns, preparing them for their license
examination which is a pre-requisite for Medical Laboratory Practice in Ghana. She has
been involved in the teaching of Medical Laboratory Students (PRECEPTOR) for various
tertiary institution in the country in the area of clinical practice at the University hospital
(KNUST)for the past 10 years.
.

11. Present position:

 Lecturer, Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Allied Health Science,
KNUST, Kumasi.
 Head of diagnostic laboratory, University Health Services, KNUST , Kumasi
(20182020)
 Superintendent Laboratory Technologist, Laboratory Department, University Health
Services, KNUST , Kumasi

12. WORK EXPERIENCE:

 LECTURER, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi. 2020 - present •
Teaches courses in chemical pathology, enzymology, cancer biochemistry, fluid and
electrolyte balance, lipids and lipoprotein metabolism, renal function test, liver function
test, vaccinology

 SUPERINTENDANT LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST, University Health

Services, KNUST Kumasi. January 2019. till date.

• Provides supervision to other cadres of staff in the hospital laboratory sector.

• Plans, and undertake clinical, scientific and technological research to develop,
improve and advance current knowledge and practice of medical laboratory science
• Develops and maintains laboratory quality management system.
• Teaches other health professionals the practical aspect of medical laboratory
techniques, principles and methods.

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  PRINCIPAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST, University Health Services,
KNUST - Jan 2013-Dec 2018.
• Provide medical diagnostic support and the acquisition of medical equipment.
• Commission new equipment and associated computer software for use in medical
laboratory facilities
• Define standard for the quality control of laboratory equipment and devices.
• Validates and take full responsibility for medical laboratory test report.
• Use professional judgement to advise the users of the right samples and procedures
for medical laboratory practice.

 MEDICAL LABORATORY INTERN; Komfo Anokye teaching hospital Oct

2003- Sep 2004
• Under took rotations in major areas of Medical Laboratory Practice, haematology,
clinical chemistry, clinical microbiology, histopathology and immuno-
haematology
.

 REGIONAL FINANCIAL SECRETARY, Ghana Association of Medical

Laboratory Scientist. Ashanti Region September 2018 – 2020

 MEMBER, INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL COMMITTEE.

University Health Services JAN 2018 -till date KNUST, Kumasi.

 MEMBER COVID 19 RAPID RESPONSE TEAM, UNIVERSITY HEALTH

SERVICES.KNUST HOSPITAL. March 2020-July 2020

 MEMBER MUNICIPAL COVID 19 RESPONSE TEAM, Oforikrom Municipal

Assembly. March 2020- to date

13. MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES:

• Fellow, West Africa Postgraduate College of Medical Laboratory Science.
(WAPCMLS)
• Ghana Association of Medical Laboratory Scientist.(GAMLS)
• Allied Health Professions Council (AHPC) Ghana (pin-09033312)
• American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC)
• International Federation of Biomedical Laboratory Scientist (IFBLS)

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14. PAST POSITIONS HELD
• MEMBER , LIBRARY SUB COMMITTEE, School of Medical Science, KNUST,
Kumasi 2000/2001 academic year

• MEMBER (line president) welfare committee, Independence Hall KNUST, Kumasi

2001-2002 academic year.

• 1996-1997 ASSISTANT SCHOOL PREFECT. Kumasi Girls Senior High School,

Kumasi

15. PUBLISHED ABSTRACTS (CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS)

1. Owiredu, W. K. B. A., Obirikorang, Chris., Ofori-Boadu, W. I., Boadu, K. O.,

Donkoh,
E. T., (2019). Association Between Anaemia and Chronic Kidney Disease Among
PreDialysis Diabetes Patients in Kumasi, Ghana. Book of Abstracts 71st AACC Annual
Scientific Meeting & Clinical Lab Expo, 4-8 August, 2019, Anaheim, USA

16. RESEARCH INTEREST

1. Diabetes , Hypertension, cardiovascular diseases

2. Haematological profile of metabolic diseases.

3. Adverse pregnancy outcomes

4. Iron studies: Deficiency, overload, cognitive function and polymorphisms 5. Laboratory

quality management systems,

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17. PROJECTS (PAST AND PRESENT)

1. 2021- Prevalence and Determinants of gestational diabetes among pregnant women at

selected hospitals in Ashanti region.
2. 2021- Knowledge and Lifestyle Associated Prevalence of Dyslipidaemia, a
Comparative study among urban and rural type 2 diabetics.
3. 2021- Prevalence of nephropathy among diabetics in selected hospitals in Ashanti
Region.
4. 2019- Assessment of Haemato- biochemical indices in diabetes in the Ashanti region
of Ghana.

5. 2013:- Effect Of Pre-Analytical Testing Practices In Coagulation Laboratories In The

Kumasi Metropolis

6. 2007. The health-seeking behaviour of women in their reproductive age with respect to
abortion in the Kumasi metropolis

7. 2003 Assessment of dyslipidaemia in renal impairment at Komfo Anokye teaching

hospital

18. PUBLICATIONS (OR ARTICLES):

• Ofori-Boadu, W. I., Kuglenu Philomina, Senu Ebenezer, Opoku Stephen, Anto
Odame Enoch. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Gestational
diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Women, a cross sectional study in Ghana.
Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare. March 2022.

• Enoch Odame Anto, Wina Ivy Ofori Boadu, Stephen Opoku, Ebenezer Senu,
Valentine Christian Kodzo Tsatsu Tamakloe, Augustine Tawiah, Frank Ankobea,
Emmanuel Acheampong, Agartha Odame Anto, Michael Appiah, Yaw Amo
Wiafe, Max Efui Annani-Akollor, Christian Obirikorang and Otchere
AddaiMensah. Prevalence and risk factors of preterm birth among pregnant
women admitted at the labor ward of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital,
Ghana. Frontiers in Global Humans Health, June 2022

• Ruth Nana Efua McCarthy1,Emmanuel Timmy Donkoh , Dominic DeGraft Arthur,

Edward Tieru Dassah, Kwame Ofori Boadu, John Ekow Otoo5, Ivy Wina Ofori
Boadu and Samuel Fosu Gyasi. Public relations strategies employed by the
Ghana Health Service to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: a qualitative
inquiry. Tropical Medicine and Health, (2023)

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 • Enoch Odame Anto, Wina Ivy Ofori Boadu, Emmanuel Ekow Korsah, Ezekiel
Ansah, Eric Adua4, Joseph Frimpong, Patience Nyarkoa, Valentine Christian
Kodzo Tsatsu Tamakloe, Emmanuel Acheampong, Evans Adu Asamoah, Stephen
Opoku, Ebenezer Afrifa-Yamoah, Max Efui Annani-Akollor, Christian
Obirikorang. Unrecognized hypertension among a general adult Ghanaian
population: An urban community-based cross-sectional study of prevalence
and putative risk factors of lifestyle and obesity indices. PLOS Global Public
Health, May , 2023

19. REFEREES

PROFESSOR OTCHERE ADDAI -MENSAH

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS
E-mail; oaddai-mensah.chs@knust.edu.gh
Telephone. 0240779977

DR W. K. B. A OWIREDU, SENIOR
LECTURER, DEPT OF
MOLECULAR MEDCINE, KNUST
E-mail: wkbaowiredu@yahoo.com

Telephone: +233-244228667

PROF CHRISTIAN OBIRIKORANG SENIOR

LECTURER, DEPT OF
MOLECULAR MEDCINE, KNUST
E-mail: krisobiri@yahoo.com
Telephone: +233-244512452

PROF BENJAMIN GORMAN.

PRINCIPAL MEDICAL OFFICER /HEAD OF CLINICAL CARE
KNUST HOSPITAL. KUMASI
E-mail: drbengor2014@gmail.com
Telephone: +233-208164379

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CERTIFICATION
I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, these data
correctly describe me, my qualifications, and my experience.

………………………………………
(DR WINA IVY OFORI BOADU)
Date: 15/11/2019

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